Coma compensation of o-ring driven liquid-filled lenses

The purpose of this study was to analyze the coma compensation of bi-convex o-ring driven liquid-filled lenses. In a previous study, the o-ring driven liquid-filled lens was composed of a base plate, a glass covered liquid container, an elastic membrane, an o-ring, a spring, and three hand-driven screws. The movement of the ring is used to control the focal length or the focus position. However, the o-ring driven liquid lens exhibited a coma effect when trying to use it to tilt the direction of light. To resolve this problem, in this study the bi-convex o-ring driven liquid-filled lens was constructed of two single o-ring driven liquid-filled lenses, and a coma compensation analysis of this new design is carried out. zemax software was used to construct the model, and the Zernike polynomials were used to estimate the compensation result. According to the simulation results, the following two actions could compensate for the initial coma aberration: (1) the same tilt direction of the front and back lenses; (2) increased the curvature of the back lens.     

A study of the sensor shape of a hemispherical electronic eye variable focus camera lens

The purpose of this study is to find the best shapes of a flexible image sensor of a hemispherical electronic eye to fit with the Petzval surface of a variable focus lens. The flexible image sensor which can obtain a clearer and wider image compared with that attained by an electronic eye with a flat image sensor. In this study, the sensor chips are on a flexible membrane, and that membrane is deformed by applying a hydraulic pressure load. The deformed shape of the membrane for different pressure and different material properties are fit with the Petzval surface to find which conditions of the membrane have the best fit. It is found that the deformation shapes of membranes of Young’s modulus 0.75 and 1.5 MPa, thickness 0.3 mm, and diameter 20 to 25mm are fit for Petzval surfaces of different focal lengths from 15 to 40 mm.     

温度对星敏感器光学系统像面位移的影响研究

光学系统的温度变化会使系统产生像面位移。根据镜面材料特性公式,选用铝合金作为星敏感器的镜筒,透镜组选用ψ值大的材料,并进一步通过I-DEAS软件进行了计算验证。在此基础上根据矩阵光学理论和温度的变化推导出了含有多个光学器件的星敏感器像面位移计算公式,并运用该公式对一个特定的星敏感器光学系统的像面位移进行了计算。结果发现,光学系统从一个温度均匀分布状态变到另一个温度均匀分布状态的温差越大,像面位移量的绝对值越大。同时还发现,对此星敏感器成像精度影响最大的透镜是第4块、第5块和第6块,明显地减少了在热补偿条件下的系统像面位移。     

非球面透镜在两波长间的补偿检验

在检验光路中,采用补偿透镜来补偿口径为φ500mm的非球面透镜的使用波长(λ=1053nm)与检测波长(λ=632.8nm)之间的色差。给出补偿透镜的求解方法,得到非球面透镜的补偿检验光路,并就非球面透镜的检验精度进行分析。通过精度分析可以看出,在此种补偿检验光路下,非球面透镜的透射波前PV不低于0.2λ(λ=632.8nm),可满足元件的精度要求。     

基于自由曲面设计的全景鱼眼光学系统

全景鱼眼光学系统的成像圆通常为完整的圆形,小于感光芯片的垂直方向尺寸,相比长方形芯片,圆形成像圆面积较小,芯片有效像素利用率低。结合全景鱼眼光学系统成像圆小于芯片的特点,介绍一种基于自由曲面设计的全景鱼眼光学系统,可实现椭圆形成像区域,大大提高芯片有效像素的利用率。采用光学设计软件,构建自由曲面模型,运用玻璃镜片加塑料镜片混合构成的方法,通过消像差和控制不同温度场下焦点漂移设计非对称全景鱼眼光学系统的成像区域为椭圆,实现了镜头成像像高X方向接近芯片的水平尺寸,Y方向接近芯片的垂直尺寸。在不考虑制造公差的理想情况下,对于4:3芯片,根据圆和椭圆面积公式可得圆形成像区域的芯片像素有效利用率约为58.9%,椭圆形成像区域的芯片像素有效利用率约为78.5%。仿真和计算结果表明,采用椭圆形成像光学设计比圆形成像光学设计的芯片有效像素利用率提升15%左右。     

数码相机原理与系统设计研究

介绍了数码相机的工作原理 ,分析了数码相机的系统结构 ,提出了设计数码相机的处理流程。典型的数码相机系统有镜头、闪光灯、光学取景器、LCD显示屏、图像数据存储扩展设备接口、图像数据传输接口、供电系统以及核心处理器等八个主要模块。数码相机的数据流向从图像传感器开始 ,止于图像数据的存储和传输。数据流的处理主要包括模数转换、光学黑电平钳位、针对镜头的边缘畸变的运算修正、坏像素处理、白平衡处理、伽马校正、色彩合成处理、边缘检测 (锐度检测 )和伪彩色检测 (伪彩色抑制 )、JPEG压缩和图像存储器等模块     

Wave-front curvature compensation of polarization phase-shifting digital holography

An on-axis polarization phase-shifting digital holographic microscope, based on a normal upright optical microscope, is constructed to quantitatively measure both the amplitude and phase distributions of specimen. The condenser lens and microscope objective employed in the object beam path enhance the illumination and magnification of the image, however, they induce additional phase aberration of the object wave. The physical formation of the phase aberration is theoretically analyzed, and a formula for the object wave front involving the phase aberration in the CCD plane is derived. The phase aberration can be eliminated in the reconstruction procedure by measuring a specimen-free hologram and then fitting the aberration phase with a least square ellipsoidal model to determine the parameters of the system. This phase aberration compensation procedure also reduces some of noises in the reconstructed phase of the specimen. The practicability of this method is demonstrated by a test experiment on microlenses.     

红外双焦无热化空间相机光学镜头设计

针对空间碎片探测相机光学镜头的设计要求,提出了一种全新的紧凑型、小型化、轻量化、高像质、可全天候工作、使用环境恶劣的光学镜头,突破了以往该类系统结构复杂、体积大、重量重、仅有一个焦距的瓶颈。利用衍射光学元件特殊的特性进行消色差和消热差设计,并利用锗和硅混合来校正系统色球差,最终设计镜头的焦距为30, 120 mm,相对孔径为1/4。设计结果表明,在空间频率16 lp/mm处,－40～60 ℃温度范围内,短焦距、长焦距的传递函数值分别优于0.45和0.55,接近衍射极限;短焦距、长焦距的最大RMS弥散斑直径分别为15.8, 7.2 m,远小于探测器像元尺寸30 m,表明该系统在实际使用温度环境下具有良好的成像质量。     

放大率恒定的二元光学超光谱成像仪光学系统设计

二元光学元件具有多种应用。用作透镜，在原理上色差非常大，若不在设计上做出补偿，则会限制其在宽波段上的使用。从理论上简单阐述了利用具有独特色散特性的二元光学元件的新型超光谱成像仪的基本原理和应用前景。在此超光谱成像仪中，二元光学透镜焦距随波长的变化改变了系统的F数，因此改变了系统的放大率，既系统放大率是波长的函数，这将引起光谱图像的像元配准误差，得到并不精确的相对光谱信号强度，从而限制了光谱图像重建算法的精度，为了补偿这一缺点，通过光学二组元法设计的变焦系统成功地解决了这一问题，并给出了理论设计公式。     

应用动态光学理论求解变焦光学系统补偿组凸轮曲线

变焦镜头在校正像差的同时,还要求像面稳定,才能保证成像质量。采用机械补偿的方法,可以保证凸轮的准确性以使像面稳定,从而保证成像质量。首先应用动态光学理论推导出变焦光学系统的像移补偿组公式,从而得到像移补偿组的轨迹曲线。再根据推导得出的补偿曲线加工出凸轮机构,可对光学系统变焦带来的像移实现完全补偿。此外还给出三个变焦系统的设计实例,用来验证该方法的正确性和实用性。     

Model-based adaptive non-null interferometry for freeform surface metrology

A model-based adaptive non-null interferometry(MANI) is proposed for steep optical freeform surfaces in situ testing. The deformable mirror(DM) affording the flexible compensation is monitored with the beam in the interferometer by a wavefront sensor. The residual wavefront aberration in the non-null interferogram is eliminated by the multi-configuration ray tracing algorithm based on the system model, especially the DM surface model. The final figure error can be extracted together with the surface misalignment aberration correction.Experiments proving the feasibility of the MANI are shown.     

离轴多程放大系统中光学设计的初步研究

 通过对离轴多程放大系统的光学设计的分析，并结合三大高功率固体激光装置的实际应用情况，指出在此类系统的光学设计中应重视抑制鬼点破坏和控制系统像差。设计的关键在于确定合适的透镜F数，并通过控制透镜的曲率半径和倾斜角度，在保证无鬼点破坏的情况下使得系统像差较小。     

基于ZEMAX的手机摄像镜头设计

在光学工程软件ZEMAX的辅助下,配套采用像元大小为1.75μm的CMOS图像传感器,设计了一款500万像素的手机镜头,镜头视场角60°,F/#2.8,半像高2.87 mm,镜头总长为6 mm,镜头为3P1G结构,第1、3、4片镜片采用非球面塑料,第2片镜片采用球面透镜。各个视场的横向像差均小于20μm,均方根半径(RMS Radius)都在艾利斑之内,在1/2奈奎斯特频率处绝大部分视场MTF值都大于0.6,可以获得优质的成像效果。     

航空光电成像系统像移补偿技术研究

航空光电成像系统由于像移的存在导致成像分辨率下降,严重影响航空光电系统的整机性能。采用像移补偿技术可以提高航空光电系统成像质量。分析了移动探测器像移补偿技术原理与运动光学元件像移补偿技术原理,重点研究了基于快调反射镜(FSM)的高精度像移补偿技术。通过工程简化分析,分别推导了快调反射镜位于平行光路和会聚光路的像移补偿随动角度规律,并针对会聚光路中快调反射镜带来的离焦量进行分析,讨论了离焦量对光学系统波像差的影响。仿真结果表明,随着离焦量的增加,波像差呈线性增大趋势。通过分析光学系统波像差对其光学调制传递函数（MTF）的影响,结果表明F数等于8,在奈奎斯特频率处,当离焦量在0.1 mm以内,光学调制传递函数MTF的下降量在26.6%以内。     

Design of a dynamic refocus system based on the Seidel aberration theory

This Letter presents an optical design method based on the Seidel aberration theory for dynamic refocus systems.The function of a dynamic refocus system is to increase the amount of return photons when a pulsed laser travels over an extended height range. In this study, the dynamic refocus system is a short focal image system. The aberrations of the dynamic refocus system are calculated individually. Aplanatic lenses are used to eliminate the main spherical aberration. A field lens is used to change the stop position in order to eliminate comas and astigmatism. The effectiveness of the initial design results are confirmed, and the designed dynamic refocus objective with an aperture of F-number 0.98 and a focal length of 14.325 mm is achieved. The total motion of the dynamic refocus mirror is approximately 216 at heights that ranged from 8 to 18 km. The optimum result shows that the dynamic refocus system is an ideal optical image system at each conjugating height with10 km sample thicknesses.     

减小球差的环带透镜设计

根据光线经过折射面后像距和折射面参数之间的关系,将折射面划分为若干同心圆环,各圆环之间沿光轴有一定的轴向间隔。一束平行于光轴的光线入射后,经过不同部分光线的像点相互重叠从而使球差减小。根据上述思想用单透镜构造一个透镜称为环带透镜,然后以环数为2的透镜为例用CODE V进行像差分析。和双胶合透镜比较得出:环带透镜的球差、波像差以及轴上点的弥散斑优于胶合透镜,同时光学传递函数指标提高,接近衍射极限。     

Diffractive-Refractive Achromatic Lens for Optical Disk System by Glass Molding

An erasable optical disk system requires an objective lens having minimum chromatic aberration. We estimated the chromatic aberration of a conventional refractive singlet. At shorter wavelengths, the focus shift of an objective lens exceeds its depth of focus. A diffractive-refractive hybrid lens can compensate chromatic aberration perfectly. Diffraction efficiency, however, decreases with the degree of compensation. We simulated the relationship between chromatic aberration and diffraction efficiency. Fabrication of designed lenses by glass molding was achieved, and the results showed excellent agreement with the simulation.     

Optimal corrections of the optical defects by minimizing the caustic merit function

Summary Until recently corrections of the defects of the optical system in the lens design such as a triplet lens system have been based on classical conceptions of the image formation through refraction surfaces of the system, or based on the third-order Siedel's aberration coefficient. This paper continues emphasizing the use of the caustic merit function, that describes the spread of the caustic surfaces from an ideal image point. This caustic merit function is then used to optimize a triplet lens. Results show that optimizing the caustic merit function is still the fastest and an effective method in the optical design in the case of plane waves.     

Chromatic aberration elimination for digital rear projection television L-type lens by genetic algorithms

Following the development of a digitalized image optics system, chromatic aberration has become increasingly important especially in lateral color aberration. For rear projection television L-type lens, chromatic aberration plays the significant role because it is easily seen when facing bright screen. Basically, the elimination of axial chromatic and lateral color aberration for an optical lens depends on the choice of optical glass. DLS (damped least squares), a Ray-tracing-based method, is limited, owing to its inability to identify an enhanced optical system configuration. Genetic algorithms were applied to so-called global optimization but unfortunately so far the results show little success. Additionally, L-type optics with aspherical surface might complicate optimization due to being nonlinear response during optimization. As an alternative, this research proposes a new feasible chromatic aberration optimization process by using algorithms involving theories of geometric optics in a lens, real encoding, multiple dynamic crossover and random gene mutation techniques. In this research, rear projection television lens with aspherical surface and L-type lens are mainly discussed. Results and conclusions show that attempts to eliminate difficult axial and lateral color aberration are successful.     

激光靶心冲击波观测镜折反式光学系统设计

设计了一种激光靶心冲击波观测镜的光学系统.用反射式光学系统代替折射式光学系统,解决了普通玻璃在200 nm端透过率较低的问题.反射镜不引入色差,有利于系统在200~800 nm谱段消色差.为消系统轴外像差,反射系统选型为对称式.反射镜全部采用球面镜,为消反射镜以及平板玻璃窗带入的球差,引入校正镜(材料JGS1),在满足要求的条件下,控制折射镜的厚度,使系统色差满足瑞利判据的色差允差,得到了良好的成像质量.