低压闪蒸液滴形态和温度变化的研究

将液滴在常压下突然置于低压环境中,液滴由最初的平衡状态变成过热状态,发生闪蒸.本文实验研究了低压闪蒸液滴内部形态和温度的变化,系统描述了液滴闪蒸过程中的各种形态变化,总结了稳态闪蒸和稳态结冰过程中环境压力和初始温度对温度变化的影响.实验结果表明液滴闪蒸分六种形态.稳态闪蒸中环境压力越低,液滴的最终温度也越低;液滴的初始温度越高,降到最低温度的时间越长.稳态结冰过程中,液滴初始温度增加,液滴结冰温度和结冰回升最高温度也随之增加;液滴的结冰温度和回升最高温度随环境压力的增高而减小.     

直流电场作用下生物柴油液滴的雾化特性和燃烧特性研究

设计搭建了电场作用下燃油液滴燃烧实验装置,对比了不同电压下生物柴油液滴的形态演变、变形程度、子液滴等行为,分析了不同电压下液滴火焰形貌演变、火焰尺寸等燃烧特性及最高液滴温度变化。结果表明,电压为3 k V和4 k V的电场会诱发生物柴油液滴产生锥射流,其破碎生成子液滴,尺寸范围为20～120μm,速度基本低于2.5 m·s^-1;受电场对火焰和液滴的综合影响,火焰变化主要表现为高度减小、宽度增大,纵横比减小;电压为1 k V和2 k V的电场降低了最高液滴温度,而当电压增加至3 k V和4 k V时最高液滴温度增加。     

苄基叠氮化合物液滴蒸发特性试验研究

为了探究叠氮复合柴油实现快速燃烧的根本原因,本文在挂滴试验装置上利用高速摄像技术观察了初始直径为1.42 mm的苄基叠氮化合物液滴蒸发过程中的形态变化,研究了环境温度对液滴蒸发特性的影响。试验结果表明当环境温度达到苄基叠氮化合物发生液相化学反应的温度时,液滴的蒸发特性将发生根本改变,而且在液滴蒸发过程中观察到了液滴变形、气泡产生和膨胀、喷气、微爆等四种主要现象,这一强烈的反应是液滴内部的苄基叠氮化合物在液相中分解高速释放出的N_2所引起地。     

超临界环境条件对碳氢燃料液滴燃烧特性的影响

利用开发的液滴燃烧模型,研究了环境压力、温度以及液滴初始温度对液滴燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在燃料的临界压力下液滴的燃烧寿命最短。随着环境压力的升高,着火延迟逐渐缩短,火焰半径逐渐减小,并且火焰温度在快速上升期的上升速度逐渐减慢。随着环境温度的升高,液滴寿命和着火延迟均逐渐变短,火焰半径逐渐增大。随着液滴初始温度的升高,液滴寿命和着火延迟均线性减小,液滴初始温度只会使液滴的燃烧过程整体提前或延后。     

液滴在气流中破碎的数值分析

液滴的破碎是液体抛撒、破碎和雾化中的一个非常重要的阶段,它直接影响到最终的液滴的尺寸和散布。为了揭示液滴破碎的机理和影响破碎的因素,本文通过应用VOF方法和湍流模型对液滴在气流中的破碎过程进行了数值计算。数值计算得到了与国外实验研究相一致的液滴破碎形状。并根据数值计算的结果,分析了几个特征参数对液滴破碎过程的影响。     

高温熔融液滴的破碎特性研究

本文采用高速摄影和数字图像处理技术对高温熔融液滴与冷却水作用时的破碎现象进行了研究,用图像技术对高速摄影(1000 fps,512×512象素)照片进行处理,识别液滴破碎后所形成的碎片,并统计出碎片的数目及尺寸分布;还对液滴温度、冲击速度、水温等因素对液滴破碎过程的影响进行了实验研究和分析。研究结果表明,随着实验条件的改变,液滴破碎后的碎片有三种典型形态,冷却水温度对碎片形态有重要影响;碎片的当量直径符合累积高斯分布,分布曲线可用Sigmoid函数表示;冷却水温度越高,冲击高度越大,液滴温度越高,液滴的破碎过程进行得越彻底。     

燃油液滴蒸发的一维导热模型与压力效应

考虑液滴内一维瞬态导热以及液滴,气流热物性随温度与组分的变化,建立了对流热环境中燃油液滴的蒸发计算模型.以柴油液滴为例,通过数值模拟,分析了蒸发过程中液滴内部的瞬态热响应,考察了不同条件下的环境压力效应.结果表明,对流蒸发过程中,燃油液滴内部温度梯度很大,导热作用明显;在温度不同的气流环境中,环境压力效应存在非单调性;压力效应发生转捩的气流温度与液滴初始粒径和气流速度相关.     

多组分生物燃料液滴蒸发过程研究

生物乙醇和生物柴油是发展迅速且潜力巨大的两种生物燃料,在最近关于生物乙醇、生物柴油与常规柴油掺混的三组分燃料的研究中发现了许多良好的燃烧特性。然而,人们对于这种轻质+中质+重质组成的新燃料的蒸发和燃烧机理尚不清楚,其蒸发特性尚待研究。本文在建立的描述多组分液滴蒸发所需的气相模型、液相模型、气液界面耦合方程基础上,对多组分生物燃料液滴的蒸发过程进行了研究并得到液滴表面以及内部详细的组分和温度分布。     

带凹槽的微通道中液滴运动数值模拟

运用改进的耗散粒子动力学方法模拟了液滴在由凹槽所构成的粗糙表面微通道内的运动行为.改进的耗散粒子动力学方法采用新近提出的一种短程排斥、长程吸引相互作用势能函数,从而可以模拟带有自由面的流体,如液滴等.模拟了新势能函数下液滴与固体壁面的静态接触角,并用2次多项式拟合了"接触角-a_wf/a_f"变化曲线.研究了液滴在带凹槽的微通道中运动时,微通道壁面浸润性、外场力、液滴温度对液滴流动特性的影响.研究表明壁面浸润性和外场力对液滴流动特性的影响较大,液滴温度对液滴流动特性的影响较小.研究结果对运用耗散粒子动力学方法模拟并分析微流体在复杂微通道的流动有一定的参考价值.     

离子液体液滴在加热平板上的铺展特性研究

采用FLIR红外热像仪对离子液体及其水溶液液滴撞击加热平板后的表面温度分布进行研究,分析了液滴铺展直径随平板加热温度及加热时间的变化规律。结果表明:随着液滴与平板加热时间的增加,液滴表面温度分布均由凹状分布变化至均匀分布;随着平板温度的增加,液滴表面温度增加。随着加热时间的增加,水液滴直径缓慢减小,并在某一时刻急剧降低;而对于60wt%离子液体液滴及纯离子液体液滴,液滴直径反而缓慢增加并趋于稳定。随着加热温度的增加,水液滴直径急剧降低的时刻点前移,对于60wt%离子液体溶液液滴,液滴直径变化规律不明显,而对于纯离子液体液滴,液滴直径逐渐增加。     

Numerical modeling of condensate droplet on superhydrophobic nanoarrays using the lattice Boltzmann method

In the present study,the process of droplet condensation on superhydrophobic nanoarrays is simulated using a multicomponent multi-phase lattice Boltzmann model.The results indicate that three typical nucleation modes of condensate droplets are produced by changing the geometrical parameters of nanoarrays.Droplets nucleated at the top(top-nucleation mode),or in the upside interpillar space of nanoarrays(side-nucleation mode),generate the non-wetting Cassie state,whereas the ones nucleated at the bottom corners between the nanoarrays(bottom-nucleation mode) present the wetting Wenzel state.Time evolutions of droplet pressures at the upside and downside of the liquid phase are analyzed to understand the wetting behaviors of the droplets condensed from different nucleation modes.The phenomena of droplet condensation on nanoarrays patterned with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions are simulated,indicating that the nucleation mode of condensate droplets can also be manipulated by modifying the local intrinsic wettability of nanoarray surface.The simulation results are compared well with the experimental observations reported in the literature.     

高炉渣熔融液滴撞击壁面行为特性实验研究

针对高温熔渣粒化技术的开发,本文通过可视化实验研究了高炉渣熔融液滴撞击不锈钢壁面的动态行为特性。结果表明:随液滴雷诺数增大,撞击过程液滴形态演变模式依次由铺展-回缩转变为铺展-回缩破碎和铺展-破碎-凝固;增大壁面粗糙度可减弱与壁面换热,抑制液滴铺展;减小壁面粗糙度促进液滴发生破碎;液膜回缩过程普遍出现回卷现象,壁面倾角越大,液膜回卷和液滴滚动现象越显著,且液滴铺展面积越大,在壁面停留时间越长;减小液滴雷诺数、减小壁面粗糙度并采用垂直粒化仓壁面有利于壁面防黏结。     

Generation of Monodisperse Micron‐Sized Droplets using Free Adjustable Signals

This paper describes the generation of small water droplets in the size range down to a few microns. Commercially available inkjet printing devices are not suitable for producing such droplets since they produce satellite droplets. Furthermore, standard drop‐on‐demand devices are normally restricted to the generation of droplets with the same size as the orifice diameter. Using a new and more sophisticated computer‐based signal generation system, smaller‐sized droplets can be generated from the same orifice. A key feature of the design is the generation of freely definable pulses. This enables the generation of acoustic modes within the fluid of the droplet generator, which leads to the generation of droplets without satellites. Only very few pulse forms enable the generation of suitable acoustic modes. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the specific pulse corresponding to the chosen droplet generator. Flexible pulse form generation appears to be more suitable than simple pulse forms for the generation of such droplets.     

Transient convective burning of interactive fuel droplets in single-layer arrays

The transient convective burning of n-octane droplets interacting within single-layer arrays in a hot gas flow perpendicular to the layer is studied numerically, with considerations of droplet surface regression, deceleration due to the drag of the droplets, internal liquid motion, variable properties, non-uniform liquid temperature and surface tension. Infinite periodic arrays, semi-infinite periodic arrays with one row of droplets (linear array) or two rows of droplets, and finite arrays with nine droplets with centers in a plane are investigated. All arrays are aligned orthogonal to the free stream direction. This paper compares the behavior of semi-infinite periodic arrays and finite arrays with the behavior of previously studied infinite periodic arrays. Furthermore, it identifies the critical values of the initial Damköhler number for bifurcations in flame behavior at various initial droplet spacing for all these arrays. The initial flame shape is either an envelope flame or a wake flame as determined by the initial Damköhler number, the array configuration and the initial droplet spacing. The critical initial Damköhler number separating initial wake flames from initial envelope flames decreases with increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing (when the number of rows in the array increases or the initial droplet spacing decreases for a specific number of rows in the array). In the transient process, an initial wake flame has a tendency to develop from a wake flame to an envelope flame, with the moment of wake-to-envelope transition advanced for the increasing interaction amongst droplets at intermediate droplet spacing. For the array with nine droplets with centers in a plane, the droplets at different types of positions have different critical initial Damköhler number and different wake-to-envelope transition time for initial wake flame.     

液滴室内的氢液滴超冷条件下的结晶(英文)

液滴室内超冷现象的存在使得氢微球在自身温度低于其三相点温度的情况下依然处于液态。这可能导致液滴在真空注入过程中发生碎裂。结合液氢的超冷知识, 对液滴室内的氢液滴进行了热力学模拟, 理论上提出了利于氢液滴尽快冷却成固体小丸的最佳实验条件, 即保持液滴室内氦背景气体和氢蒸汽的压强尽可能低, 并将液滴室长度延长到6 cm以上。Because of the existence of supercooling in a droplet formation chamber, the hydrogen micro spheres are still in liquid phase even though their temperature is lower than the triple point temperature. This may cause the droplets to shatter in the vacuum injection capillary. Based on the knowledge about supercooling of liquid hydrogen, we have done a thermodynamic simulation of the droplets in the droplet formation chamber, and theoretically suggested the optimal working conditions under which the droplets will most properly nucleate to solid pellets. The suggested working conditions are that the helium gas pressure and the hydrogen vapor pressure in the droplet formation chamber are kept as low as possible, and the droplet formation chamber should be no less than 6 cm in the length.     

振荡液滴内部流态

在外界来流作用下,液滴在固体表面上呈现周期性振荡特性.利用数值方法模拟平板上二维液滴在气流剪切作用下的界面及内部流动特性,重构二维液滴内部流场,着重认识液滴内部速度分布和压力分布.     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

Field dependent shape variation of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic dots

The morphology of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic thin film dots is studied experimentally, including the aspect ratio and the contact angle variation of the droplets. Under a uniform external magnetic field, the droplet's aspect ratio increases with the external field and with the diameter of the magnetic dot due to the concentrated magnetic flux inside the magnetic fluid droplet. Similar to the electrical wetting phenomenon, the induced magnetic dipoles in the magnetic film and in the magnetic fluid near the solid–liquid interface change the solid–liquid interfacial tension, and in consequence reduce the apparent contact angle of the magnetic fluid droplet.     

单液滴正碰球面动态行为特性实验研究

在考虑空气阻力影响,确定液滴撞击球面速度的基础上,对较高韦伯数液滴撞击干燥球面动态行为过程进行了实验研究,分析了球面曲率与韦伯数对液滴撞击行为和铺展因子的影响,并与前人撞击平面结果进行了对比.实验表明,靠近撞击球面时,液滴降落速度出现明显波动;球面曲率对液滴撞击后行为影响明显,曲率较大时,液滴撞击后铺展液膜会超出球面直径并滑落,曲率较小时,液滴撞击后在球面上呈现明显的铺展、回缩、震荡、着附动态变化行为,此时最大铺展因子受曲率影响小,随曲率减小,逐渐趋向于撞击平面时的最大铺展因子;韦伯数对液膜铺展速率影响较小,但对液膜回缩时间影响明显,最大铺展因子随韦伯数增加逐渐增大,获得的关联式呈指数变化.     

Influence of water mist on propagation and suppression of laminar premixed flame

The combustion of premixed gas mixtures containing micro droplets of water was studied using one-dimensional approximation. The dependencies of the burning velocity and flammability limits on the initial conditions and on the properties of liquid droplets were analyzed. Effects of droplet size and concentration of added liquid were studied. It was demonstrated that the droplets with smaller diameters are more effective in reducing the flame velocity. For droplets vaporizing in the reaction zone, the burning velocity is independent of droplet size, and it depends only on the concentration of added liquid. With further increase of the droplet diameter the droplets are passing through the reaction zone with completion of vaporization in the combustion products. It was demonstrated that for droplets above a certain size there are two stable stationary modes of flame propagation with transition of hysteresis type. The critical conditions of the transition are due to the appearance of the temperature maximum at the flame front and the temperature gradient with heat losses from the reaction zone to the products, as a result of droplet vaporization passing through the reaction zone. The critical conditions are similar to the critical conditions of the classical flammability limits of flame with the thermal mechanism of flame propagation. The maximum decrease in the burning velocity and decrease in the combustion temperature at the critical turning point corresponds to predictions of the classical theories of flammability limits of Zel'dovich and Spalding. The stability analysis of stationary modes of flame propagation in the presence of water mist showed the lack of oscillatory processes in the frames of the assumed model.