基于相对论Hartree-Fock理论的原子核壳结构性质研究

一直以来，原子核壳结构是原子核物理研究的重点关注内容。特别是随着近年来新一代放射性核束装置和探测技术的蓬勃发展，丰中子原子核中新的壳结构及其演化与形成机制等成为核物理关注的热点之一。在基于核力介子交换图像建立的相对论Hartree-Fock 理论框架下，本工作以Ca同位素、双幻核 208Pb、超重核以及极端丰中子核为例，综述丰中子原子核中新的壳结构形成机制，高角动量态赝自旋对称性恢复与介质中核力吸引-排斥平衡，赝自旋对称性恢复/破缺与原子核壳结构、新奇现象等研究工作，并着重关注了与原子核新壳结构形成、赝自旋对称性恢复以及新奇现象等密切相关的交换(Fock)项效应。     

核结构的新挑战

评述了原子核结构研究的新进展和面临的新挑战，讨论了原子核结构的发展方向，基本特点和新实验技术的保证，指出当今原子核结构发展方向的基本特点是“极端条件下的核结构”，它的主要内容是高自旋态物理和远离稳定线直至滴线原子核这两个方面，而新一代的超级γ谱探测器系统和放射性核束加速器的发展和建造是新发展的技术保证。     

弱束缚原子核引起的熔合反应机制研究

弱束缚原子核引起的熔合反应机制研究是近几十年中实验核物理研究的重要课题之一。相比于放射性核束，加速器提供的稳定弱束缚原子核束流的强度要高几个数量级，利用稳定弱束缚原子核作为弹核进行反应机制的研究，可以在保证统计性和准确性的基础上，深入研究原子核的破裂、转移等反应道对熔合过程的耦合作用。已有很多实验数据表明，在库仑位垒附近，弱束缚原子核引发的熔合反应有很多有趣的现象，例如完全熔合截面的“垒下增强”和“垒上压低”。本文主要回顾近年来弱束缚原子核“垒上压低”的研究结果，并探讨造成“垒上压低”的可能原因。完全熔合截面“垒上压低”的主要原因是弱束缚原子核在进入熔合位垒之前发生破裂，从而降低了完全熔合反应道的入射通量。同时，实验研究表明完全熔合截面压低的程度可能与靶核质量数以及靶核结构相关。目前，在实验上对弱束缚原子核引起的熔合反应研究主要有3种测量方法，分别为$\gamma$射线测量方法、带电粒子测量方法以及带电粒子-$\gamma$射线符合测量的方法。其中，带电粒子-$\gamma$射线符合测量的方法在反应道鉴别方面具有明显的优势。本文对这3种测量方法进行了概要介绍，并就国内外对运用这3种方法开展的研究进行了介绍，包括本研究组在此方面的研究工作。此外，对弱束缚原子核引起的熔合反应近期在理论方面的研究工作也做了些介绍。     

阻挡杂质带红外探测器中的界面势垒效应

通过变温暗电流和变偏压光电流谱实验对阻挡杂质带红外探测器的跃迁机理和输运特性进行了研究. 结合器件能带结构计算的结果, 证明了在阻挡杂质带红外探测器中主要由导带底下移效应引起的界面势垒的存在. 提出了阻挡杂质带红外探测器的双激发工作模型, 并从变偏压光电流谱中成功地分离出了与这两种物理过程所对应的光谱峰, 进一步证实了器件的能带结构. 研究了界面势垒效应对阻挡杂质带红外探测器的光电流谱、响应率和内量子效率的影响. 研究表明, 考虑进界面势垒效应, 计算得到的器件响应率与实验值符合得很好. 同时发现阻挡杂质带红外探测器中内建电场的存在等效降低了发生碰撞电离增益所需的临界电场强度.     

极端条件下原子核性质的研究

近几年来，北京大学重离子物理研究所低能核物理研究组，对极端条件下原子核性质研究取得了一些成果，其中包括原子核的高自旋态，超形变带及远高β稳定线核的性质。     

远离稳定线的原子核的研究

纵观近年来召开的一系列有关原子核物理的国际会议,可以发觉,由于固体探测器、电子计算机技术的进展和广泛应用,由于高能物理和原子核物理的相互靠拢,特别是利用了高能加速器,利用了介子探针的结果。还由于高质量重离子束的产生,使原子核物理的实验广度和精度有了大大的扩展和提高[1-4],原子核物理的发展正进入一个新的阶段,正处于可能发生重大突破的前夕.本文就这些发展中的一个重要方面,即对于远离稳定线的原子核的研究,给以适当介绍[5] 一、什么是远离稳定线的 原子核? 在自然界中,人们发现了原子序数Z-1—94的各种原子核(大多是稳定的)…     

在实验室中获得高密态物质

联邦德国和美国的一些科学家们利用美国加州L-awrence-Berkeley实验室中的Bavalac加速器,把能量为400 × 10 2MeV的铌离子束打到固定的铌靶上,导致在几分之一秒内单个核子(质子和中子)的并合,从而在实验室中获得了极小量的高密态物质,其密度接近于中子星的物质密度. 这类研究的目的之一是使重原子核剧烈地相撞,导致它们的核子失去“个性”,成为夸克“汤”.这种夸克物质可能存在于中子星的内部,在那里,巨大的万有引力紧紧地将原子核挤压在一起直至它们互相吞并. 以前,用较轻原子核做的实验曾使碰撞碎片沿随机方向飞散,但这一次,反弹回来的…     

凝聚态理论和材料计算研究进展

文章介绍了中国科学院物理研究所凝聚态理论与材料计算实验室的历史渊源和发展现状,重点介绍了该室研究人员自2001年以来在表面与半导体物理、强关联物理、自旋与轨道电子学、冷原子与玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体、固体物理中的贝里相位效应、低维量子输运与量子信息等方向所做的研究工作.     

趋向统一发展的团簇科学

团簇科学在发展过程中，从原子核物理、凝聚态物理和量子化学等引入许多概念和方法，构成团簇研究的中心议题，逐渐形成一门介于原子分子物理和凝聚态物理之间的交叉学科．文章就团簇结构和性质研究的某些最新进展进行了评述，并与原子核和量子点等的性质进行了比较．     

高能质子发射和冷原子核多重碎裂类型

通过高能质子发射和多重碎裂事件的关联研究了原子核多重碎裂. 在数值模拟随机Boltzmann-Langevin输运方程用于描述中能区重离子碰撞的基础上提出了冷原子核多重碎裂类型,即高能非平衡质子带走了体系很多能量,体系的碎裂是由于剧烈的、但很冷的膨胀引起的. 给出了在描述⁴⁰Ca+⁴⁰Ca反应系统中轰击能量为90MeV/u的中心碰撞时所出现的典型事例. 提出了采用4π探测器测量时可能给出的实验信号.     

CdZnTe像素探测器的电输运性能

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)是一种性能优异的室温核辐射半导体探测器材料,广泛应用于核安全、核医学以及空间科学等领域.然而,传统的CdZnTe平面探测器受制于"空穴拖尾"效应的影响,探测性能有待改善.采用改进的垂直布里奇曼法生长的In掺杂Cd_(0.9)Zn_(0.1)Te单晶制备出单载流子收集的4×4像素阵列探测器,通过电流-电压(I-V)测试和γ射线能谱响应测试,研究了像素探测器的电学性能和载流子电输运性能,随之与相应的CdZnTe平面探测器进行了性能对比.结果表明,CdZnTe像素探测器的电阻率约为1.73×10~(10)?·cm,且施加100 V偏压后单像素点的最大漏电流小于2.2 nA;当施加偏压升高至300 V时,单像素点对~(241)Am@59.5 keV的γ射线的最佳能量分辨率可达5.78%,探测性能优于相同条件下制备的CdZnTe平面探测器.     

Silicon detector technology development in India for the participation in international experiments

A specific research and development program has been carried out by BARC in India to develop the technology for large area silicon strip detectors for application in nuclear and high energy physics experiments. These strip detectors will be used as pre-shower detector in the CMS experiment at LHC, CERN for π ⁰/λ rejection. The fabrication technology to produce silicon strip detectors with very good uniformity over a large area of ∼40 cm², low leakage currents of the order of 10 nA/cm² per strip and high breakdown voltage of >500 V has been developed by BARC. The production of detectors is already under way to deliver 1000 detector modules for the CMS and 90% production is completed. In this paper, research and development work carried out to develop the detector fabrication technology is briefly described. The performance of the silicon strip detectors produced in India is presented. The present status of the detector technology is discussed.      

单探头中子/伽马甄别能谱仪系统研制

针对放射性物质异常泄漏、防范核材料的非法转移和任意携带,提出一种基于单探头中子/伽马甄别能谱仪系统,实现敏感控制区中特殊核材料和放射性物质的监测。围绕核信号获取与数字化采集、辐射射线粒子甄别与能谱分析,开展基于FPGA与EJ299-33A的核数据采集电路设计、核信号处理算法设计和Matlab中子/伽马鉴别与能谱离线分析方法等关键技术研究。设计上位机软件实时处理辐射能谱数据,为正确做出应急预案提供数据参考。利用新型探测器和分型频谱数学模型在FPGA内部实现射线种类甄别,有效地解决了采用传统老式探测器和模拟电路的方法鉴别困难的问题,验证了分型频谱法在核信号处理上具有一定的可行性。开发完成集放射性种类判定、核素识别于一体的多功能集成中子/伽马探测器,在中子/伽马的混合辐射场中,既能实现射线甄别又能测量能谱,解决在复杂放射性环境中对不同射线种类的能谱分析和核素识别问题。     

Nuclear physics with superconducting cyclotron at Kolkata: Scopes and possibilities

The K500 superconducting cyclotron at the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India is getting ready to deliver its first accelerated ion beam for experiment. At the same time, the nuclear physics programme and related experimental facility development activities are taking shape. A general review of the nuclear physics research opportunities with the superconducting cyclotron and the present status of the development of different detector arrays and other experimental facilities will be presented.     

Influence of Bonner sphere response functions above 20 MeV on unfolded neutron spectra and doses

Monte Carlo (MC) codes for neutron transport calculations such as MCNP, MCNPX, FLUKA, PHITS, and GEANT4, crucially rely on cross sections that describe the interaction of neutrons with nuclei. For neutron energies below 20 MeV, evaluated cross sections are available that are validated against experimental data. In contrast, for high energies (above 20 MeV) experimental data are scarce and, for this reason, every neutron transport code is based on theoretical nuclear models to describe interactions of neutrons with nuclei in matter. Here we report on the calculation of a complete set of response functions for a Bonner spheres spectrometer (BSS), by means of GEANT4 using the Bertini and Binary Intranuclear Cascade (INC) models for energies above 20 MeV. The recent results were compared with those calculated by MCNP/LAHET and MCNP/HADRON MC codes. It turns out that, whatever code used, the response functions were rather similar for neutron energies below 20 MeV, for all 16 detector/moderator combinations of the considered BSS system. For higher energies, however, differences of more than a factor of 2 were observed, depending on neutron energy, detector/moderator combination, MC code, and nuclear model used. These differences are discussed in terms of neutron fluence rates measured at the environmental research station (UFS), “Schneefernerhaus”, (Zugspitze mountain, Germany, 2650 m a.s.l.) for energies below 0.4 eV (thermal neutrons), between 0.4 eV and 100 keV (epithermal neutrons), between 100 keV and 20 MeV (evaporation neutrons), and above 20 MeV (cascade neutrons). In terms of total neutron fluence rates, relative differences of up to 4% were obtained when compared to the standard MCNP/LAHET results, while in terms of total ambient dose equivalent, relative differences of up to 8% were obtained. Both the GEANT4 Binary INC and Bertini INC gave somewhat larger fluence and dose rates in the epithermal region. Most relevant for dose, however, those response functions calculated with the GEANT4 Bertini INC model provided about 18% less neutrons in the cascade region, which led to a roughly 13% smaller contribution of these neutrons to ambient dose equivalent. It is concluded that doses from secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation as deduced from BSS measurements are uncertain by about 10%, simply because of some differences in nuclear models used by various neutron transport codes.     

Primary result of ~(236)U measurement with accelerator mass spectrometry at CIAE

The rare isotope 236U has a half-life of 2.342(3)×107 years,and is produced principally by thermal neutron capture on 235U.The isotopic atom ratio of 236U/238U depends on the integral thermal neutron flux received by the material of interest.236U is potentially useful as a "fingerprint" for indicating the presence of neutron-irradiated uranium usually originating from nuclear activity.By extracting negative molecular ion UO- from the uranium oxide target,simulating the 236U16O- beam transport with 238U16O- and 208Pb12 6O- pilot molecular ion beam,transporting the 236U-containing ion beam with a high resolution injection magnet analyzer and electrostatic analyzer system,and finally identifying and detecting 236U with a time-of-flight detector(TOF),a method for AMS(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) measurement of 236U was established on the HI-13 Accelerator AMS system at China Institute of Atomic Energy.     

Optoelectronic Devices: Design,Modeling, and Simulation,by Xun Li

A historical survey of the development of solid-state detectors is given, and it is shown why semiconductor detectors are superior to the earlier crystal counters. The physical processes which occur during the detection of nuclear radiation in a solid-state device are considered in detail, and the merits of the reverse-biased semiconductor junction in silicon or germanium are set out. Factors which determine the energy resolution of such a detector are analysed, and also the effects of radiation damage. The preparation of such detectors is not treated in detail, but the physical principles on which the important types of detector depend are described. The final section surveys the field of applications of solid-state detectors in nuclear physics, radiochemical analysis, space research, medicine and biology.     

气体喷嘴反冲传输技术及在核科学中的应用

气体喷嘴反冲传输技术是继“跑兔”装置之后发展和完善起来的适合于短寿命核素研究的一种快速而有效的在线脱束方法。 它能够将短寿命核反应产物传输至远离高辐射区的低本底场所进行收集和测量。 该技术已在加速器和反应堆上得到了广泛的应用, 是一种研究核反应、 核谱学和合成与鉴别新元素、 新核素的一种不可缺少的基本实验技术和工具。 描述了气嘴系统的结构、 基本原理、 设计要求以及它的主要特性, 特别是对系统的气体动力学机制以及各种参数对系统特性的影响等进行了讨论。 最后, 综述了它在核物理、 核化学以及质谱学等领域的应用情况, 并且给出了几个应用的典型例子。 The gas jet recoil transport technique is developed and improved as a new rapid and effective on line and off beam method following “rabbit” apparatus in the study of short lives nuclei. It can transport the short half life nuclear reaction products far from high radioactive area for collection and measurement at low background area. This technique has been widely used in the researches with accelerator and reactor. It is indispensable basic experimental technology and tool applied to nuclear reaction, spectroscopy, as well as synthesis and identification of new elements and nuclei. The basic principle, structure, design requirement and main characteristics of gas jet system are described in this paper, especially the mechanism of gas dynamics and the effect of several parameters on the system properties are discussed. Finally, the applications of this technique in several fields such as nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry and mass spectroscopy etc. are comprehensively represented. Several typical applications are also illustrated.     

JMCT光子-电子耦合输运模拟计算研究

为满足光子-电子耦合输运应用模拟需求,自主研发了JMCT光子-电子耦合输运功能,并实现了多种光电耦合输运处理方式,以便满足不同的工程需求。利用光子-电子耦合输运典型算例验证了JMCT光子-电子耦合输运功能的正确性,并应用到了探测器响应函数模拟、闪光照相模拟计算中,表明JMCT在实验核物理、核分析技术应用等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。     

PET探测器技术的新进展

PET设备中探测器的研发, 一直是很活跃且具有高创新性的领域。 提高现有基于闪烁晶体探测器的性能, 研究适用于多模式成像设备（PET/CT和PET/MRI）的新型探测器, 满足TOF和DOI技术的需求并促进其发展应用, 构成PET探测器的几个主要研究方向。 介绍了PET探测器在闪烁晶体、 光电探测器和半导体探测器等方面的最新进展, 指出未来最有潜力的探测器设计方案。 The research on PET detector is a very active and highly innovative field. The main research interests of PET detector include improving performances of scintillation crystal detectors, investigating new detectors being suitable for multimodality imaging (e.g., PET/CT and PET/MRI), meeting needs of TOF and DOI technologies in order to promote their development and application. In this paper, new developments in PET detector technology about scintillation crystal, photodetector and semiconductor detector are introduced and the most potential detector design scheme in the future is brought forward.