外磁场与温度对低温超导光子晶体低频禁带特性的影响

文中用传输矩阵法(TMM)分析了TM波垂直入时,超导光子晶体的低频禁带特性,并讨论了外磁场与温度对禁带的影响.分析结果表明:超导光子晶体存在频率从0开始的低频禁带;当没有外磁场作用时,由于超导中正常态电子的影响,低频禁带的截止频率与温度无关;有外磁场作用时,温度才对截止频率具有可调性.外加恒定磁场时,低频禁带的截止频率随温度升高而减小;而在正常态电子的作用下,温度对处在超导态超导光子晶体禁带截止频率的调节范围相对忽略正常态电子情况下减小.恒温下,通过调节外磁场来控制带隙时,正常态电子的贡献很小可忽略不计;外磁场强度增大禁带截止频率减小.当超导体完全处于正常态时,低频禁带消失.     

Computing for second harmonic generation in one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals

A numerical study of second harmonic generation (SHG) in one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals based on full nonlinear system of equations, implemented by a combination of the method of finite elements and fixed-point iterations, is reported. This model is derived from a nonlinear system of Maxwell’s equations, which partly overcomes the known shortcoming of some existing models relied on the undepleted-pump approximation. We derive a general solution of SHG in one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals structures. The convergence of our method is fast. Numerical simulations also show the conversion efficiency of SHG can be significantly enhanced when the frequencies of the fundamental wave are located at the photonic band edges or are assigned to the designed defect states.     

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应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法,对Compton散射对时变非磁化等离子体光子晶体禁带的影响进行了研究,提出了将多光子非线性Compton散射电磁波和入射电磁波作为等离子体光子晶体产生光子禁带的新机制,给出了电磁场的Maxwell方程组和叠代方程的修正方程,并进行了数值模拟。结果表明,Compton散射使等离子体禁带宽随等离子体上升时间的增大比散射前有明显减小而最后趋于定值,均匀等离子体透射率峰值比线性等离子体增大得更多,利用Compton散射可实现对光子禁带的控制。     

A way for enhancing second harmonic generation in one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals

We investigate one-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals consisting of ferroelectric domains with the modulated polarization directions. Significant enhancement of second harmonic generation (SHG) is observed from numerical simulations when the frequency of fundamental wave is aimed at the photonic band edge. We devise the model structure with optimal configuration of the polarization directions of the ferroelectric domains in terms of simulated annealing algorithm. The conversion efficiencies of the ‘forward’ and ‘backward’ SHGs can be engineered.     

Second harmonic generation of a self-focused Hermite-Gaussian laser in plasma

Second harmonic generation (SHG) using intense Hermite-Gaussian laser beam (HGLB) propagating through the plasma for mode-indices m = 0 and m = 1 is reported in the present work. Ponderomotive force induced density perturbation beats with the oscillatory velocity of electrons at incident laser frequency, generate the second harmonic nonlinear current that give rise to SHG. Using paraxial approximations, we have derived the coupled equations for the beam width parameter of HGLB and second harmonic's normalized amplitude. Resonance condition is obtained by considering wiggler magnetic field which providing an extra momentum to the second harmonic photon and this result a significant increase in the amplitude of SHG. Our analysis shows the prominent rise in normalized amplitude of second harmonic on increasing the value of the intensity of fundamental laser pulse, normalized wiggler magnetic field and normalized density of plasma. It is notified that the gain of SHG is more prominent for m = 1. Dependency of laser and plasma parameters on SHG is also reported in the current work.     

二维光子晶体线缺陷结构的光谱辐射特性

光子晶体的禁带特性是该新兴材料的最根本特征。本文运用平面波展开法(PWE)计算了一种正方晶格Si光子晶体材料的禁带特性,并基于该材料设计出一种红外波段的线缺陷光子晶体波导结构。运用时域有限差分法(FDTD)研究了线缺陷二维光子晶体波导宽度对通频带、电场强度及透射能量的影响,研究结果为二维光子晶体波导器件的开发和利用提供了理论支撑。     

基于法拉第效应磁化等离子体光子晶体FDTD分析

通过增加外磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,采用时域有限差分算法分析了由本征层为磁化等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,数值模拟中采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件以防止边界的反射。由于外磁场的法拉第磁光效应,使等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场的变化而改变。数值结果表明,等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节,实现了频率低于等离子体频率的电磁波也能在等离子体中传播。     

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通过增加外磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,采用时域有限差分算法分析了由本征层为磁化等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构,数值模拟中采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件以防止边界的反射。由于外磁场的法拉第磁光效应,使等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场的变化而改变。数值结果表明,等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节,实现了频率低于等离子体频率的电磁波也能在等离子体中传播。     

High conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation in a short nonlinear photonic crystal with distributed Bragg reflector mirrors

Second harmonic generation (SHG) in a short nonlinear photonic bandgap (PBG) structure coated with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors is theoretically investigated by means of an iteration approach that fully considers pump depletion. A total conversion efficiency of about 96% can be obtained in an optimized structure with a size scale of about 0.2 mm and at the modest pump intensity of about 0.133 MW/cm², which is four orders of magnitude more than that in a quasi-phase-matching (QPM) structure with the same sample length. Such a high conversion efficiency of SHG will greatly facilitate the success of short frequency conversion devices and all-optical integration in nanostructures.     

Second harmonic generations in aperiodic optical superlattices with finite width and in one-dimensional defective photonic crystals made of nonlinear optical materials

The characteristics of the second harmonic generations (SHGs) in homogeneous and inhomogeneous systems are investigated. We consider two kinds of structures: one is aperiodic optical superlattices (AOSs) with homogeneous linear susceptibility and the modulated second-order nonlinear susceptibility; the second is linear and nonlinear susceptibilities both the system with inhomogeneous. We derive a general solution of SHG for the AOS with finite lateral width and of SHG in considering the depletion of the pump light power. We carry out the design of AOSs by using simulation annealing (SA) algorithm and show that the constructed AOSs can implement multiple wavelength SHGs with identical effective nonlinear coefficient at the preassigned wavelengths of incident light. We observe great enhancement of SHGs in the one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) with defects consisting of multiple photonic quantum wells made of nonlinear material when the frequency of fundamental wave aims at one of the defect states. We also propose an effective design approach of aperiodically stacked layers of nonlinear material and air in terms of the SA method. The constructed structure can achieve multiple-wavelength SHGs at the preas-signed wavelengths.      

空气环型二维光子晶体完全带隙特性研究

采用平面波展开法, 系统研究了空气环型二维光子晶体的完全光子带隙随结构参数变化而改变的规律, 并将其与普通的空气孔型和介质柱型二维光子晶体的完全带隙进行了比较. 研究表明: 空气环型二维光子晶体不仅可以获得更宽的完全带隙, 而且, 当介质折射率较低时, 其可以获得普通空气孔型和介质柱型二维光子晶体在低折射率条件下所无法获得的完全带隙. 关键词： 空气环型二维光子晶体 完全带隙 平面波展开法     

Photonic Band Gap in Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Photonic Crystal with Rectangular Bars

Photonic band gap (PBG) in two-dimensional (2D) anisotropic photonic crystal (PC) constructed of rectangular bars has been numerically studied by using Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). The results show that the PBG is bounded by the lower band edge of TE wave and the upper band edge of TM wave. Its width simply increases with increasing of shape parameter . It reaches a maximum value as the structure degenerates into its 1D counterpart, due to the complete overlapping of gaps in TE and TM waves. The anisotropy in PC structure results in the transmission anisotropic property. One can design the PBG structures in different incident directions to match their application demand.     

光子带隙谐振腔回旋管振荡器的自洽非线性理论

定义了光子带隙谐振腔(photonic-band-gap cavity, PBGC)的等效半径,论证了使用该半径将PBGC等效为具有模式选择性的金属圆柱谐振腔的有效性,揭示了其在PBGC设计过程中的指导性作用.基于等效半径的运用,建立起光子带隙谐振腔回旋管振荡器(PBG回旋管)的自洽非线性理论,并对工作于TE₃₂模的PBG回旋管作了理论分析和数值计算.目前的研究表明:高频电磁场沿角向呈行波或驻波的不同极化形式对PBG回旋管的注-波互作用过程具有较大的影响;较之电子回旋基波,该器件中二 关键词： 光子带隙谐振腔 等效半径 回旋管 自洽非线性理论     

Second harmonic generation due to quadrupole interaction in a photonic crystal slab: angle dependence and symmetry of the unit cell

We investigate second harmonic generation (SHG) from a photonic crystal slab consisting of centrosymmetric materials. The SHG signal is observed in the transmission direction when the incident laser excites the quasiwaveguide mode. As the SHG frequency approaches the exciton level, the SHG intensity increases resonantly. When the incident angle is exactly 0, the SHG signal vanishes even if the transmission dip is excited. This fact is readily explained by a quadrupole theory based on the Lorentz oscillator model, where the source of the nonlinearity is the Lorentz force. When the unit cell in the photonic crystal lacks inversion symmetry, the SHG signal is expected even for the normal incidence. It is experimentally demonstrated for a square array of triangular semiconductor slabs.     

二维三角柱光子晶体的传输特性

利用时域有限差分方法对二维三角介质柱光子晶体的传输特性进行了研究,计算了不同晶格、同一晶格柱体截面面积不同、放置方位角不同、入射波入射方向不同时光子晶体的传输特性。结果表明:光子禁带的宽度与中心频率和晶格结构有很大关系,三角晶格更易形成平坦光子禁带,柱体截面面积大,则形成的禁带较宽,在其他因素相同的条件下柱体放置的方位角在一定范围内对光子禁带有重要影响;对不同入射方向时光子晶体的传输特性的研究结果表明,在低频范围内,入射角对禁带宽度和中心频率没有任何影响,在高频段,透射率随入射角变大而降低。研究结果为实验上制作三角柱光子晶体器件提供了重要的理论依据。     

Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙的影响

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法,对多光子非线性Compton散射对非均匀等离子体光子晶体光子带隙特性的影响进行了研究,提出将入射和散射光作为形成光子带隙的新机制,对电磁波方程进行了修正.结果表明:与Compton散射前相比,散射使电磁波幅值衰减更快|随等离子体密度增加,透射谱禁带宽度几乎无变化,其中心频率向高频方向有明显移动,向上的峰值有较大增加,反射谱向下的峰值有明显减小|随温度增加,透射谱禁带宽明显减小,向上的峰值略有减小,透射能量有所降低|随两种介质介电系数比增加,光子禁带数增加,且带隙间距显著减小.     

基于横向磁光效应磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙特性

通过外加与电磁波传播方向垂直的磁场来调控等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构。采用时域有限差分方法数值分析了由本征层为等离子体层和其他电介质材料层交替堆叠而成的磁化等离子体光子晶体的光子带隙结构和频谱特性。数值结果表明,光子晶体中等离子体的介电常数随着外磁场大小的变化而改变,从而使磁化等离子体光子晶体的带隙特性在一定的频率范围相应地得到调节。     

Near-field optics with photonic crystals

Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis of light propagation in a defect mode of a two-dimensional photonic band-gap (PBG) structure demonstrates that the light field is localized in such a structure within areas with subwavelength (λ/10) sizes. FDTD simulations reveal efficient formation of an evanescent wave at the output of such a PBG structure, permitting the subwavelength resolution to be achieved in the near field. A probe object with a size less than the wavelength of incident light is shown to perturb the near-field distribution behind the PBG structure and to change the signal detected in the far-field zone. The field intensity distribution inside a PBG structure is also sensitive to the presence of a probe object, offering a way to control the light field localized in defect modes of PBG structures. Received: 9 August 1999 / Accepted: 18 October 1999 / Published online: 10 November 1999     

Three-dimensional simulation of Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with metal photonic-band-gap structures

This paper presents a three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of a Ka-band relativistic Cherenkov source with a slow wave structure (SWS) consisting of metal photonic band gap (PBG) structures. In the simulation, a perfect match layer boundary is employed to absorb passing band modes supported by the PBG lattice with an artificial metal boundary. The simulated axial field distributions in the cross section and surface of the SWS demonstrate that the device operates in the vicinity of the π point of a TM01-like mode. The Fourier transformation spectra of the axial fields as functions of time and space show that only a single frequency appears at 36.27 GHz, which is in good agreement with that of the intersection of the dispersion curve with the slow space charge wave generated on the beam. The simulation results demonstrate that the SWS has good mode selectivity.     

Photonic band-gap enhanced second-harmonic generation in a planar lithium niobate waveguide

Enhanced second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency was theoretically predicted in waveguide geometry with coupling to a one-dimensional grating photonic band gap (PBG). We report a series of experiments using samples made with lithium niobate. A waveguide was fabricated near the surface by applying the proton-exchange technique. The characteristics of waveguide modes were determined by several techniques: prism coupling, diffraction, and Cherenkov radiation. The WKB method was used to analyze the results. Ultraviolet laser lithography was applied to make PBG gratings on the sample. We further investigated Cherenkov second-harmonic generation (CSHG), i.e., SHG radiated into the substrate, under the condition of a band-edge PBG resonance in the waveguides. The SHG inside planar waveguides was also experimentally investigated. We fabricated waveguides with multiple pump modes and found that the second mode was more efficient in enhancing the second harmonic signal. This result is explained by our model. Several samples were investigated in detail; the highest conversion efficiency of CSHG with a PBG was enhanced around 50 times above the CSHG signal without a PBG. A numerical model was constructed with parameters calculated from our sample characterization data to interpret the experimental results.