Characterization of a 10-MHz quadrant APD for measuring frequency oscillations and tip displacements of microcantilevers

The room-temperature response of a 10-MHz quadrant avalanche photodiode (APD) is investigated for detection of high frequency oscillations and tip displacements of fabricated microcantilevers. Currently, no quadrant detectors with a response bandwidth in the megahertz range are available, and oscillations on the order of a few microseconds cannot be resolved. A comparison is made between optical and opto-mechanical measurements to characterize this detector by investigating the frequency response and signal-to-noise (SNR) of pulsed laser signals up to 10?MHz and reflected laser signals from freely vibrating microcantilevers up to 1.64?MHz. The power level of the minimum detectable signal incident on the APD is found to be 28.2?±?5.0?nW for optical measurements and 1.0???W?±?5.0?nW for opto-mechanical measurements.     

基于EKF的水下LD通信精对准控制算法

高速激光通信中接收机与光斑中心很难处于精对准状态,导致水下光通信链路难以稳定建立.首先采用蒙特卡洛仿真统计法分析激光光子在海水中传输的接收光强分布规律,再通过实验对接收端的光斑图像进行采样分析,利用曲线拟合得到接收器位置与接收光强的关系.仿真与实验结果表明:光束经过25 m的水下传输,接收光强分布仍近似为高斯分布.采用非线性估计算法(扩展卡尔曼滤波)与基本状态控制反馈理论,根据接收光强度估计接收器当前位置与最大光强处的距离,通过反馈算法实现接收端与光斑中心的主动跟踪对准.算法仿真结果显示,接收端对准误差在2 mm以下,稳定后接收效率超过98%.     

大视场四象限探测光学系统设计

为了实现大视场激光探测跟踪,分析了大视场激光探测光学系统的研制特点。首先,根据四象限探测对光学系统光斑均匀性的要求,结合系统的指标参数,选定合理的光学结构型式,提出像差校正的设计方案。然后,基于ZEMAX软件完成大视场四象限探测光学系统设计,并利用点列图、光线足迹图、包围圆能量定性评价系统光斑质量;通过TRACEPRO光学分析软件,得到探测器靶面的光线照度分布。最后,依据设计结果完成光学系统的加工装配及性能测试。测试结果表明：激光探测系统线性视场为±6°,测角精度优于0.15°,并根据实测数据针对线性视场进行曲线拟合,与理论曲线相符,验证了设计结果的正确性。     

天基激光告警系统成像特征及信噪比研究

目标成像特征和信噪比是天基激光告警系统优化设计、目标检测及攻击事件判定的重要依据.在介绍告警系统结构的基础上,分析计算了攻击激光成像光斑的情况,并进行了实验验证,讨论了系统的背景光噪声环境,计算了入瞳处的背景光辐照度,推导了系统成像信噪比公式,并得到了攻击激光成像信噪比.结果表明:攻击激光在正入射情况下的理论光斑直径约...     

A study of the impact on telecentricity to the illumination system based on CCD imaging

One of the important properties of the illumination system is of determining telecentricity for the realization of the place of wafer in the optical lithography. In this paper, we present numerical simulations of the optical imaging using four different illumination models and based on CCD imaging. We simulate the imaging of light source for different illumination pupil distributions and determine the energy centroid through the imaging of the conventional illumination which exist telecentricity of 11 mrad. Furthermore, we discuss the influencing factors of two aspects on telecentricity. One is the non-uniformity of light intensity distribution, and the other is pinhole defocus in the wafer. The range between the non-uniformity of light intensity distribution and pinhole defocus are quantified by computing the allowed telecentricity error in the illumination system. Finally, experiments have verified telecentricity measurement feasibility and validity. The presented scheme that with CCD imaging instead the actual wafer which saves cost and improves the accuracy in the optical lithography. In comparison with the measurement methods of convention the CCD imaging has a series of advantages such as fast response, high sensibility, high precision and the measurement is carried out on-line.     

Avalanche photo-diodes for high frequency applications

The aim of this paper is to encourage the use of avalanche photo-diodes in optical communication systems, especially if high speeds are required. The basic theory of the device is first briefly reviewed. This is followed by a few examples of the possible performance compared to that of a PIN photodiode. Some frequency response measurements of recent avalanche photodiodes are then presented.     

半导体量子器件物理讲座第七讲半导体异质结光电探测器

光电探测器是一类用于接收光波并转变为电信号的专门器件，文章描述了PIN光电二极`管雪崩光电二极管、MSM（金属－半导体－金属）光电二极管的器件结构和工作原理，并对它们的响应度、噪声、带宽等特性进行了讨论，这类器件已在光通信、光信息处理等许多系统中得到广泛的应用。     

激光制导目标方位探测系统的光学设计

根据激光制导目标方位探测系统技术指标,分析了系统光学设计的特点,选定了光学系统的结构形式,探讨了激光回波光斑大小与四象限探测器光敏面大小之间的相互关系及其对目标探测跟踪的影响,并利用ZEMAX软件进行了系统参数优化,设计结果满足了使用要求。     

兰州地区光强分布及其起伏特性研究

在兰州地区夜间进行了链路长为610m的激光传输实验,研究了高斯激光在不同天气条件下的光强分布及其起伏特性.采用三维伪彩色变换方法,分析了光斑光强的空间分布规律,得到了光斑主瓣光强服从类高斯分布,并按照晴天、多云天、阴天的顺序,光斑几何中心位置附近光强分布的陡峭度依次减小,而其衰减则依次增大的结论.同时,利用实测光强值分析了大气闪烁指数,结果表明:晴天、雨后晴天和阴天下的闪烁指数分别为0.225 4、0.189 2、0.188 8,这说明晴天下的光强起伏大于雨后晴天和阴天的,且均为弱起伏.通过对归一化光强的频数分布进行非线性拟合得到了光强的概率密度分布,它们均服从对数正态分布,其中晴天下的概率密度曲线的拟合优度更是达到了0.997 50.     

基于背向喇曼散射的分布式光纤温度传感器APD最佳雪崩增益的分析

本文分析了基于背向喇曼散射的分布式光纤温度传感器中光电接收用雪崩光电二极管雪崩增益对接收电路信噪比的影响,给出了使传感系统接收电路输出信号信噪比最大这一最佳意义下APD雪崩增益的表达式并进行了分析,实验结果和理论分析基本一致.     

New relationship of displacement signal at quadrant photodiode: Control signal analysis and simulation of a laser tracker

New relationship of displacement signal using opposite sectors on a quadrant photodiode is derived. Standard and new displacement signals are analyzed in details. Through MATLAB^® laser tracking simulation models, based on common and suggested approaches, detailed analysis is performed, and it is shown that better results for the new relationship signal processing are obtained. Within new relationship of displacement signal, the sensitivity of the system to the displacement of the spot increases and, hence, provides better accuracy in positioning up to 30%.     

基于1.06μm波长的谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器的信噪比分析

雪崩光电二极管由于具有高增益特性而广泛应用于激光测距机中,但由于在电流倍增过程中引入的高附加噪声,使激光测距机进一步提高信噪比遇到了瓶颈。石墨烯具有高电子迁移率、零带隙结构、独特光吸收系数等特性使其广泛应用于激光器、光调制器、透明电极以及超快光电探测器。该研究提出了一种高信噪比的谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器的设计方法。以波长为1.06μm的激光为例,采用光学传输矩阵法和散射矩阵法,研究了光波在谐振腔传输和吸收层吸收的机理,建立了谐振腔型光电探测器的光吸收模型,通过优化,器件最终量子效率达到91.2%,响应度达到0.778A·W~(-1),半高全宽达到6nm;分析石墨烯在谐振腔中的位置对器件吸收率的影响,发现在满足谐振条件下,器件吸收率随石墨烯位置呈现周期性变化,腔长的改变不改变吸收率峰值,而是改变了吸收率峰值对应的石墨烯在谐振腔中的位置,当腔长是入射光半波长的n倍时,随着石墨烯位置变化,将出现2n个吸收率峰值,且关于谐振腔中心点对称分布;选择石墨烯距顶层反射镜0.402 8μm时,器件吸收率达到94%,相比单层石墨烯,吸收率提高了16dB;通过对比求解谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器和雪崩光电二极管信噪比方程,得出谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器信噪比可达到90.3,较雪崩光电二极管提高了10dB;理论分析表明,谐振腔型石墨烯光电探测器具有高吸收率、高量子效率和高信噪比,研究成果将对激光测距机接收系统中光电探测器的更新设计和应用提供理论参考。     

High speed pseudorandom modulation fiber laser ranging system

A laser ranging system using all fiber high speed pseudorandom （PN） coded laser at 1550 nm and photon counting is proposed to realize high spatial resolution. Different lengths of PN code are employed in the optical fiber delay ranging test, the results show the improvement in both ranging accuracy and signal-tonoise ratio （SNR） as PN code trains increase. A ranging accuracy of 3 cm is acquired when transmitting pulses propagate to a target of 1.77 km away and received by an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode （APD）. Simulation is also carried out under space borne condition based on current system. The system is demonstrated to have a potential for remote ranging and imaging.     

四象限探测器光斑尺寸测量方法的研究

由于四象限探测器具有低噪声、高灵敏度和高带宽的优势,因此被广泛应用于激光光斑跟踪、准直和位置检测等领域。靶面上的光斑尺寸是影响系统性能的重要参数之一。对探测器的光斑位置探测灵敏度指标Sx进行了分析,比较了象限间沟道大小对Sx的影响关系。提出了一种测量光斑半径的方法,该方法利用电控偏转镜扫描探测器靶面,获得位置探测器灵敏度,基于位置探测灵敏度与光斑半径的对应关系,间接测得光斑尺寸。     

红外系统后向反射光的光强研究

 根据衍射光学理论分析了红外系统后向反射光强的分布,反射区域可以分成近场传输区域、菲涅耳衍射区域和夫琅和费衍射区域。在菲涅耳衍射区域内,反射光斑中心光强是呈明暗变化的,反射光斑中心光强在0～1km内剧烈振荡,1～3km之间达到峰值,然后随传输距离的继续增加,反射光斑中心光强逐渐减小。在夫琅和费衍射区域内,光斑图像中央是亮光斑,周围环绕着明暗交替的圆环。     

分布式光纤温度传感器APD最佳倍增因子的分析

本文分析了分布式光纤温度传感器中光电接收用雪崩光电二极管倍增因子对接收信号的信噪比的影响，给出依据使传感系统光电接收电路输出信号信噪比最大这一最佳意义下ＡＰＤ雪崩因子的表达式，并对此结果进行了分析。     

A novel method to improve detecting sensitivity of quadrant detector

This paper presents a set of formulae for estimating the light spot position projected on a quadrant detector (QD). A novel method of annular segmentation calculus (ASC) is designed to analyze the detecting light spot of QD. The influences of the spot movement mode, spot energy distribution, and dead area to the dynamic range and the detection sensitivity are analyzed. It is shown in simulations that our new formulae have achieved a much better results to increase measurement accuracy. It is also shown that on the condition of the same spot size, the detection sensitivity of Gaussian distribution is prior to uniform distribution. The detection sensitivity of diagonal mode is better than cross mode. The detection sensitivity increases with increase in the size ratio of dead area to spot. The simulating and experimental results show that the measuring range of QD is 400 μm, and the resolution is 50 μm. The study presented here will be beneficial in developing the nanomechanical displacement detection techniques.     

Small Gaussian laser beam diameter measurement using a quadrant photodiode

A method that uses the quadrant photodiode has been shown to be relatively inexpensive and robust in measuring Gaussian laser beam diameters in two axes. This approach requires neither component rotation nor precision alignment, and it facilitates integration of Gaussian laser beam diameter measurement with laser beam tracking in instruments. The physical gap between sensors in the quadrant photodiode, however, limits laser beam diameter measurements to those in the millimeter range. Here, we describe a modified approach to measure Gaussian laser beam diameters that are significantly smaller.     

Calculation of error probability in an optical communication channel in the presence of intersymbol interference,using a characteristic function method

In this paper the error rate of an optical channel is calculated. The channel considered consists of a laser or light emitting diode as the optical source and a glass fibre as transmission medium. The transmitted optical pulses are spread in the fibre causing intersymbol interference. The receiver is assumed to be an avalanche photodiode which is considered as a p-n junction and a random multiplier whose electron probability distribution function is known, and a filter. In calculating the probability of error, their characteristic functions are multiplied and the probability density function of all the noises put together is truncated to a finite interval and described in a trigonometric series form. The total characteristic function is related to the Fourier coefficients of the periodic probability density function, resulting in an expression that is then used, for a given bit rate, to determine the worst case and average probability of error as functions of transmitted power or signal-to-noise ratio, for different amounts of intersymbol interference.     

低噪音光折变体全息存储

光折变全息存储中,透过晶体的散射光会影响再现象的信噪比,本文基于两波耦合理论,对光折变存储中的散射噪音随光斑尺寸的变化作了简化计算和分析,结果表明减小辐照在晶体上的光斑尺寸能降低散射噪音,提高衍射效率和信噪比,采用球面参考波小光斑尺寸入射,在KNSBN光折变晶体中存储了傅里叶全息图,并得到了低噪音的再现象.