空间频率对透射式全息图衍射率的影响

为研究干涉条纹空间频率与透射式全息图衍射率的关系,在相同条件下,拍摄以平面波、发散的和会聚的球面波分别作参考光、物光的透射式全息图,通过实验测量其衍射效率,同时计算了干涉条纹的空间频率。然后以会聚的球面波为物光,平面波为参考光,分别改变入射角和球面波会聚点到记录面的距离制作另外4块透射式全息图,并计算了它们的空间频率,测量了其衍射效率。结果表明：在相同条件下制作透射式全息图时,衍射效率只由空间频率决定,与使用何种参考光和物光无关,空间频率仅随参考光和物光的夹角变化而变化。     

以球面波为参考光的体全息图衍射特性研究

研究以球面波为参考光时体全息图的相对衍射效率问题，从理论计算中发现，当以球面波为参考光时，体全息图的串扰（ｃｒｏｓｓ－ｔａｌｋ）性能比用平面波时要略好一些，文章对此进行了分析解释并给出了实验验证。根据分析及实际读出的存储图像，发现球面参考光相对于平面参考光也不引起像质退化。这些特性表明了体全息存储器对于参考光平行度调节的要求并不十分严格。此外，文章还给出了以球面波为参考光时体全息图相对衍射效率的近似解析计算公式。     

反射层析激光雷达小系统成像模拟

对反射层析激光雷达近场小系统成像进行了理论分析与模拟验证,当目标处于瑞利-索末菲衍射区域,到达目标的波前属于球面波衍射。根据奈奎斯特定律对球面波反射层析图像重建所需角度采样数,单投影采样点数约束条件进行了推导。引入了折线的方法,用于避免平方开方的距离运算,缩短图像重建时间。数值模拟表明此方法可以在降低计算量的前提下实现图像重建,随着探测距离的拉长,折线重建图像与参考图像相似度越来越高。     

产生多个高光强梯度局域空心光束的理论与实验

在实验中用贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加得到多个具有高强度梯度的局域空心光束(BB)。用衍射理论分析了贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加的光场,借助软件对两光场相干叠加的光强分布进行了模拟,结果表明在球面波的焦点附近能够形成多个高强度梯度的BB。实验中贝塞尔光束和球面波分别用轴棱锥和透镜对平行光聚焦获得,使两光场在同一传播轴上相干叠加,在球面波焦点附近观察到多个BB。通过对比可知,贝塞尔光束与球面波叠加所得BB比用两束贝塞尔光束干涉产生的BB在暗域处具有更大的光强梯度,更有利于稳定的粒子囚禁。     

球面波全息微粒测量系统性能的研究

在测量微粒场的全息技术中,通常采用平面波系统进行记录和再现.由于全息图衍射效率低,微粒全息像误差大,限制了使用范围.本文导出了用球面波系统记录微粒全息图和再现微粒像的理论公式.并对两种系统全息记录的调制度、全息图衍射效率、再现像误差作出比较.分析和实验结果表明,在这些方面球面波系统较之平面波系统更为优越.     

散射光彩色数字全息光学系统及波面重建算法研究

令物体表面为散射面,参考光及重建光为球面波,详细研究了离轴数字全息物光场重建平面的光波场.导出物光、共轭物光及零级衍射光分布与光学系统参数的关系.根据彩色数字全息的特点,提出抑制零级衍射干扰的光学系统设计方法,并且对一种能够避免插值误差的波面重建算法进行了优化研究,给出了相应的实验证明.     

体全息成像系统中非周期体光栅的深度选择性研究

由一束球面波和一束平面波或者两束球面波干涉所形成的体全息光栅,由于其光栅矢量在全息图体积内是随位置的变化而变化的,所以被称为非周期型的体光栅。主要研究了用于体全息三维成像系统的非周期体光栅的深度选择特性。根据叠加的原理,将非周期体光栅看作多个固定周期的基元体光栅的叠加,结合耦合波理论分析非周期体光栅的衍射特性。采用这一方法,利用Matlab软件模拟,研究了两束记录光夹角对所记录的非周期体光栅深度选择性的影响和在两束记录光夹角相同时,球面参考光体全息成像系统及平面参考光体全息成像系统深度选择性的差别,最后在光折变晶体材料中进行非周期型和周期型体光栅的记录和再现,对模拟结果进行了实验验证。     

相位光栅分离双波长宽角度光线的理论分析

使用衍射光栅的分色分光方式一般以平行光入射情况为讨论基础,对于非平行光入射的情况讨论较少.本文基于菲涅尔衍射理论和角谱理论,将球面波与平面波的衍射波场联系起来,从而在传播函数中引入角度参量,结合分数泰伯效应的理论基础,推导出双波长宽角度入射光线经相位光栅衍射后的波场分布函数,并对推导出的函数进行数值模拟,得到像面不同位置衍射波场分布.与平行光入射时的标准波场分布相比较,得到宽角度入射时的衍射波场的横向展宽量和偏移量.通过调节光栅台阶的宽度,改变衍射场的展宽和偏移,使各个单一波长的衍射波场宽度小于光栅周期的一半,从而减少双波长光衍射波场的混叠.同时本文给出波场宽度与光栅台阶宽度的变化关系,选取光栅面上多个位置作为台阶宽度的计算点,并对整个光栅的台阶宽度进行曲线拟合,得到可以使双波长宽角度入射光实现良好空间分离的光栅参量.该结果可用于各类宽角度入射光线的光谱分离场合,如双波长成像、液晶显示和液晶投影等.     

DMD衍射效应及其产生的杂散光分析

针对数字微镜器件（digital micromirror device,DMD）衍射效应对系统成像影响严重的问题,对DMD元件产生的杂散光进行研究。基于严格耦合波理论构建了DMD衍射模型,分析不同波段和入射角度对其衍射效率的影响,分析结果表明,在长波红外波段DMD衍射效应较明显,且随着入射角度增大,DMD衍射效应更为显著。分析投影系统中DMD的衍射杂光产生途径,通过改变系统的F数来控制入射角度,计算出DMD衍射效应产生的杂光能量占比,给出不同波长下,不同F数的光学系统杂光随衍射效应的变化曲线,即F数越大,DMD衍射效应对系统杂光影响越小。     

基于空间光调制器的三维相位全息图再现像优化

在现有的二维图像再现效果改善方法的基础上,对三维物体再现像质量提高的方法进行研究。基于衍射理论,分析了具有有限填充因子空间光调制器的栅格结构对重构图像质量的影响。编入双线性相位因子到纯相位全息图,使得有效光偏移中心光轴传播,让图像细节得到完整重构再现。然后迭加双会聚球面波相位因子,使得各再现像面与空间光调制器栅格结构引起的多级衍射光聚焦平面的位置进行分离,利用光阑和空间滤波器共同作用来消除高级衍射光以及零级光对重构图像质量的影响。搭建了基于LC-SLM的相位全息图光电再现系统用于实验验证。实验结果表明三维物体再现像质量得到明显的提高。     

Intensity distributions near focus of strongly converging spherical waves diffracted at a circular aperture

Based on the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction integral, the diffraction of converging spherical waves at a circular aperture is studied in a general case. The expression for the intensity near focus of strongly converging spherical diffracted waves is derived, which reduces to the well known result expressed in terms of Lommel functions for the case of weakly converging spherical diffracted waves. The intensity distributions at the geometrical focal plane and along the axis are given. Numerical comparative examples are presented to illustrate the more general applicability of our results.     

Cylindrical and spherical dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in quantum plasmas

Dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in unmagnetized quantum plasmas are studied in spherical and cylindrical geometries. Using quantum hydrodynamic model, the electrostatic waves are investigated in the weakly nonlinear limit. A deformed Korteweg-de Vries (dKdV) equation is derived by using the reductive perturbation method and its numerical solutions are also presented. The quantum diffraction and quantum statistical effects incorporated in the system modifies the characteristics of dust ion-acoustic waves in cylindrical and spherical geometries. The role of stationary dust particles in quantum plasmas are also discussed. It is shown that the cylindrical and spherical dust ion-acoustic solitary waves behave quite differently from one-dimensional planar solitary waves in quantum plasmas.     

Diffraction of spherical waves at an annular aperture in the use of the boundary diffraction wave theory: A comparison of different diffraction integral approaches

The integral expression for divergent spherical waves diffracted at an annular aperture is derived based on the theory of the boundary diffraction wave. The expressions for divergent spherical waves diffracted at a circular aperture and a disk, and the axial field are treated as the special cases of our general one. Numerical calculation results for axial and transversal intensity distributions are given to compare our results with the Kirchhoff diffraction integral, first and second Rayleigh diffraction integrals. As expected, our results are in agreement with those in the use of the Kirchhoff diffraction integral, but the computer time is reduced greatly by using the boundary diffraction wave theory. The four diffraction formulae are shown to be consistent for axial and transversal intensity distributions, if the source and observation points are positioned equally from the aperture, or the observation point is located enough far from the aperture. Otherwise, the mean value of the first and second Rayleigh diffraction integrals is equal to the result of the boundary diffraction wave theory.     

Transient stationary waves and angular momentum

We report new transient stationary spherical waves generated by the time evolution of wave functions with angular momentum. In the study the 3D problem of the sudden release of a particle which initially was inside a spherical trap, the exact solution for the particle's time evolution is described by expected traveling incoming and outgoing spherical waves. However, unexpected transient stationary spherical waves are also present. The traveling waves have amplitudes describing diffraction in time, in a way similar to the optical diffraction by a single slit. In striking contrast with the similar 1D problem, the angular momentum generates unexpected transient stationary spherical waves which have their main contribution at points inside the sphere but only for very short times.     

The vectorial angular-spectrum representation and Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction formulae

The equivalence of the vectorial angular-spectrum representation and Rayleigh–Sommerfeld (RS) diffraction formulae is studied. Based on the angular-spectrum representation and the Weyl representation of a spherical wave, the vectorial RS diffraction formulae of the first and second kinds are derived in a simple way. Numercial results of diffracted divergent spherical waves are given to illustrate the application of the two vectorial RS diffraction formulae.     

A hybrid Maliuzhinets/PO method for diffraction problems by impedance wedges

The solution of Maliuzhinets of the diffraction problem of waves by an impedance wedge is transformed into a physical optics integral. The resultant expression is suitable for the investigation of various diffraction problems having impedance wedges. The method is applied to the scattering of waves by an impedance spherical reflector with wedge structure at its discontinuity. The results are examined numerically.     

The method of the boundary diffraction wave for impedance surfaces

The line integral of the boundary diffraction wave theory is extended for the diffraction process of waves by the impedance surfaces with edge discontinuities. With this aim, the exact diffraction field expression of Maliuzhinets is transformed into a line integral. The method is applied to the scattering problems of waves by a spherical reflector with edge discontinuity and the diffracted fields are evaluated asymptotically. The resultant expressions of the waves are examined numerically.     

平面透射光栅的菲涅耳衍射

从标量场的菲涅耳衍射理论出发,研究了球面波入射平面透射光栅的衍射场,导出菲涅耳衍射场的复振幅分布,并得到光栅菲涅耳衍射角的计算公式．结果表明,在理想情况下菲涅耳衍射的每一级衍射波都是一个球面波;在对菲涅耳衍射角进行新的定义后,衍射角的计算仍然可以采用夫琅禾费衍射的光栅方程．     

Specific features of the spatiotemporal structure of a broadband signal in the vicinity of the focal point of a converging spherical wave

The propagation and spatiotemporal evolution of a spherical delta wave are investigated. It is shown that the pulse response of a circular aperture at the symmetry axis of the system can be represented as the sum of two delta pulses that have opposite polarities and come close together as the focal point is approached. The delta signal at the focal point is described by the derivative of the delta function. The results of the analysis performed in this paper are confirmed by computer simulation of the propagation of a short spherical Gaussian pulse and agree well with the data obtained in the framework of the diffraction theory of monochromatic waves.     

Microwave induced thermoelastic process in dielectrics-theory and experiments

Theoretical and experimental studies on microwave pulse induced pressure waves are reported. A thermodynamical formulation of microwave interaction with dielectrics is summarized. It is shown that acoustic waves may be generated by pulsed microwaves even in the absence of inhomogeneity of microwave absorption, owing to discontinuities of thermodynamical variables and microwave exposure conditions across the dielectric interface. The formulation is applied to a spherical system and some numerical results are presented. Experimental results include measurement of pressure waves in a cylinder filled with an aqueous solution of electrolytes exposed to pulsed microwaves and estimation of the coupling efficiency between the liquid dielectric and the adjacent air. Pressure scaling with energy per pulse is also demonstrated.