银纳米有序阵列SERS活性基底的制备及在膀胱肿瘤细胞检测中的应用

以多孔阳极氧化铝(porous anodic alumina,PAA)膜为模板,采用真空电子束蒸镀技术,分别在PAA多孔层以及阻挡层表面形成了银纳米孔和银纳米帽有序阵列表面增强拉曼散射(surface-enhancedRaman scattering,SERS)活性基底,并以膀胱肿瘤细胞作为分子探针,测试和分析了这两种SERS活性基底的表面增强拉曼光谱的特性。结果表明,两种SERS活性基底对膀胱肿瘤细胞的拉曼散射信号均有很好的增强作用。银纳米帽有序阵列SERS活性基底不仅具有较高的SERS增强和荧光猝灭效应,而且不存在与PAA膜中草酸根杂质相关的干扰峰,可获得膀胱肿瘤细胞拉曼散射光谱的更多细节信息。     

金纳米颗粒阵列基底的化学置换制备及其表面增强拉曼散射特性研究

表面增强拉曼(SERS)作为一种分析手段,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、高重复性、非破坏性等优点,在过去的几十年中,被广泛应用在成分检测、环境科学、生物医药及传感器等领域。其中以金、银等贵金属纳米颗粒薄膜在表面增强拉曼(SERS)活性基底方面得到了更为广泛的应用。SERS技术一个关键的因素是如何制设计并备具有大面积、高增强能力及高重复性、可循环使用的SERS基底。通常,贵金属纳米颗粒规则阵列结构的单元颗粒电磁增强特性及其颗粒间的电磁耦合增强特性的综合作用可大力提升SERS基底的探测性能。然而,利用传统微纳米加工方法如光刻、电子束光刻等方法制备得到的贵金属纳米阵列结构的表面粗糙度不够理想。结合光刻与化学置换方法制备金纳米颗粒四方点阵列孔洞结构,并研究其作为SERS基底的电磁增强特性。具体研究利用光刻法在硅衬底上制备了规则排列的四方点阵列孔洞结构,用磁控溅射在其表面镀上金属铁膜;接着在衬底上旋涂浓度为1.893 8 mol·L-1的氯金酸液膜,在孔洞内铁和氯金酸发生置换反应,进而孔洞生成金纳米颗粒,最终得到金纳米颗粒四方点阵SERS活性基底。采用罗丹明6G(R6G)分子作为探测分子测试不同金纳米颗粒阵列结构基底的SERS谱。实验结果表明,随着化学置换反应时间的延长,金纳米颗粒排列更加紧凑有序,SERS谱增强性能更好。     

全息干版银膜的制备、表征及其SERS活性的研究

报道了一种新的制备SERS基底的方法。通过对全息干版进行曝光、显影和定影,获得了具有良好稳定性的固体银膜。用紫外-可见光谱测量其表面等离子体共振吸收,发现其吸收谱线在420 nm处存在银粒子的特征吸收峰,且吸收峰具有较窄的半峰宽,这表明采用该方法制备的银膜表面分布着大小均一的银粒子。用扫描电子显微镜对其表面粒子形貌进行表征,发现银粒子分布均匀且平均粒径为100 nm左右。同时以结晶紫为探针分子测量了该银膜的表面增强拉曼光谱,结果表明该银膜具有良好的表面增强拉曼散射活性。采用这种方法制备的银膜稳定性好且易于保存,在常温下空气中放置数月,仍能保持原有的表面增强拉曼散射活性。     

二维银球腔阵列的制备及其在SERS检测中的应用

以密堆积的700 nm单分散聚苯乙烯微球为模板,采用多电流阶跃方法制备了不同深度的二维有序微/纳尺度银球腔阵列。通过扫描电子显微镜,反射紫外对球腔形貌及表面等离子体共振进行了表征,以对氨基苯硫酚及罗丹明6G为探针分子进行了表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)的研究。结果表明,通过控制电化学沉积的条件可以实现对球腔形貌的控制。以该种球腔阵列作为SERS基底,其增强因子可达107,并具有良好的信号重现性,信号间相对标准偏差小于8%。该基底用于对罗丹明6G的定量检测,检测限可达0.1 ng·mL-1。     

Ag纳米粒子修饰聚合物纳米尖锥阵列的SERS衬底制备

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)以其无损、超灵敏、快速检测分析等优点而备受关注,在化学和生物传感等应用领域有着极大的潜力。研制灵敏度高、重复性强、稳定性好的SERS基底,对于实现其在痕量分析、生物诊断中的实际应用具有重要意义。具有微/纳米结构的聚合物具有优异的机械性能、光学性能、耐化学性等优点。通过模板压印法,利用多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)在聚合物聚碳酸酯(PC)表面制备一种高度有序的纳米PC尖锥阵列结构,然后通过蒸发镀膜在PC尖锥阵列上沉积一层银膜,制备了大面积Ag纳米颗粒修饰的高度有序聚合物纳米尖锥阵列。高曲率纳米针状结构顶端的银颗粒及颗粒之间狭小的纳米间隙能产生大量的SERS"热点"。这种方法得到了均匀,可重复,大面积高增强的SERS活性基底,并进一步研究了不同沉积厚度银膜的SERS特性。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行了表征,以结晶紫作为探针分子对这种结构进行研究。结果表明:拉曼信号强度随银厚度的增加显示为先增强后减弱的趋势。基底对结晶紫的拉曼增强因子达到5.4×10~6,基底主要拉曼峰强度的RSD为10%,说明该基底具有很好的检测灵敏性和重复性。此外,基底在存放40 d后,在相同条件下仍然保持着高SERS性能,表现出很好的稳定性。整个制备过程简单易行,重复性好,制作成本非常低廉,而且能够规模化制备,可方便地作为活性基底应用于SERS研究,必将具有广阔的研究和应用前景。     

纳米结构表面形貌成型机理及其对石墨烯拉曼光谱的影响

通过真空热蒸镀和高温退火法制备的金属纳米复结构SERS基底因其具有良好的灵敏度,稳定性和均匀性而广泛应用于各种检测领域。石墨烯具有优良的光学特性,化学惰性以及荧光猝灭效应,自被发现以后一直是光学微纳器件中的一大热门材料。石墨烯还可以有效分离探针分子与基底,优化拉曼光谱质量,因此广泛应用于SERS研究领域。同时石墨烯可以有效隔绝金属纳米结构与空气的直接接触防止金属纳米结构被氧化而失效,也可以催化氧化银的脱氧反应提升SERS基底的稳定性。在石墨烯/金属纳米复合结构SERS基底在制备过程中,受到金属膜的种类、厚度参数、气体种类、退火时间、温度和气压等因素的影响,制备的金属纳米结构形貌存在很大差异。石墨烯的拉曼光谱会因为应力和掺杂导致其拉曼特征峰出现不同程度的增强,移动以及展宽。（1）采用真空热蒸镀法和高温退火法制备石墨烯/银纳米复合结构SERS基底,建立了金属纳米颗粒成型机理的模型,从孔洞形成、孔洞生长、金属纳米岛形成三个阶段分析了金属纳米粒子的成型过程,实验沉积5,10,15以及20 nm的银薄膜,退火后银纳米结构的覆盖率分别为~35.1%,~24.4%,~30%以及~96.0%,在沉积银薄膜样品上使用湿法转移石墨烯,退火处理后发现石墨烯阻止了银纳米岛的形成过程;（2）理论分析了银薄膜厚度、石墨烯覆盖对复合结构的几何形貌、拉曼增强特性的影响,石墨烯由于其具有较高的杨氏模量和表面张力,可以有效抑制退火过程中银薄膜向纳米粒子转变的过程,从而实现对复合结构表面形貌的调控;（3）实验研究了银纳米粒结构形貌对石墨烯拉曼光谱的影响,并理论分析了蒸镀不同银薄膜厚度的样品对石墨烯的拉曼光谱增强,移动以及展宽影响的具体原因。     

Thiol‐immobilized silver nanoparticle aggregate films for surface enhanced Raman scattering

We report a novel method for the fabrication of films of silver nanoparticle aggregates that are strongly attached to Si substrates (Thiol‐immobilized silver nanoparticle aggregates or TISNA). The attachment is achieved by chemically modifying the surface of a Si(100) surface in order to provide SH groups covalently linked to the substrate and then aggregating silver nanoparticles on these thiol covered surfaces. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization show a high coverage with single nanoparticles or small clusters and a partial coverage with fractal aggregates that provide potential hot spots for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We have confirmed the SERS activity of these films by adsorbing rhodamine 6G and recording the Raman spectra at several concentrations. By using the silver‐chloride stretching band as an internal standard, the adsorbate bands can be normalized in order to correct for the effects of focusing and aggregate size, which determine the number of SERS active sites in the focal area. This allows a quantitative use of SERS to be done. The adsorption–desorption of rhodamine 6G on TISNA films is reversible. These features make our TISNA films potential candidates for their use in chemical sensors based on the SERS effect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimizing surface-enhanced Raman scattering by template guided assembling of closely spaced silver nanocluster arrays

We present an easy approach to synthesize closely spaced regular arrays of silver nanoclusters, which are self-assembled by depositing gas-phase synthesized metal nanoclusters onto pre-patterned triblock copolymer templates. The array has a high particle density of about 2 ×10³ particles per μm², and an average interparticle space of about 20 nm. The surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the array is tuned due to the interparticle plasmon coupling. High SERS sensitivity for less than one layer trans-1,2-bi-(4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) molecule detection, with an enhancement factor of 2.6 ×10⁶, has been demonstrated for a substrate with this array. The enhanced Raman signal was found to be 5 times higher than that measured from the substrate with randomly distributed silver nanoparticles.     

树枝状银微米材料的制备及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

为使表面增量拉曼散射(SERS)衬底的制备方法简单快速且提高的基底增强效果,采用置换反应的制备方法,用锌片和硝酸银反应制备出微米银结构SERS活性基底,其具有稳定性好,易保存,制备方法简单,过程快速等特点。用扫描电子显微镜观察得银微米材料表面形貌呈均匀对称的树枝状结构。实验中控制置换反应的时间分别为40,50,60 s时,得到的树枝状银微米材料的长度分别为3,5,10 μm左右,分支分别为700 nm,2 μm,3 μm,发现随着置换反应的时间的增长,微米银树枝及分枝的长度越长,且树枝分枝上逐渐长出纳米级“树叶”结构, 使得微米级银树枝表面具有纳米结构。并且将微米银材料置于硅片上作为SERS衬底,并以罗丹明6G为探针分子,用激发波长为1 064 nm的傅里叶变换拉曼光谱仪检测,研究其在表面增强拉曼光谱中的应用,结果表明树枝状银微米材料有很好的SERS特性,其中置换反应时间为40 s时制备的微米银树枝的增强效果最佳,其增强因子可达到103左右,并且采用用表面活性剂PVP处理硅片的方法后,保持其他条件不变,微米银衬底的SERS增强效果得到进一步加强,增强因子达到104左右。此外,将树枝状银微米材料用水可封存数月,且实验结果的重复性较好。     

Fabrication and characterization of SERS‐active silver clusters on glassy carbon

In this article, a novel technique for the fabrication of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active silver clusters on glassy carbon (GC) has been proposed. It was found that silver clusters could be formed on a layer of positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) anchored to a carbon surface by 4‐aminobenzoic acid when a drop containing silver nanoparticles was deposited on it. The characteristics of the obtained silver clusters have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), SERS and an SERS‐based Raman mapping technique in the form of line scanning. The AFM image shows that the silver clusters consist of several silver nanoparticles and the size of the clusters is in the range 80–100 nm. The SERS spectra of different concentrations of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on the silver clusters were obtained and compared with those from a silver colloid. The apparent enhancement factor (AEF) was estimated to be as large as 3.1 × 10⁴ relative to silver colloid, which might have resulted from the presence of ‘hot‐spots’ at the silver clusters, providing a highly localized electromagnetic field for the large enhancement of the SERS spectra of R6G. The minimum electromagnetic enhancement factor (EEF) is estimated to be 5.4 × 10⁷ by comparison with the SERS spectra of R6G on the silver clusters and on the bare GC surface. SERS‐based Raman mapping technique in the form of line scanning further illustrates the good SERS activity and reproducibility on the silver clusters. Finally, 4‐mercaptopyridine (4‐Mpy) was chosen as an analyte and the lowest detected concentration was investigated by the SERS‐active silver clusters. A concentration of 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ M 4‐Mpy could be detected with the SERS‐active silver clusters, showing the great potential of the technique in practical applications of microanalysis with high sensitivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波法制备银胶体及其在表面增强拉曼散射中的应用

本文提出了一种利用微波加热的原理,合成一种新型的银胶体溶液。该银胶具有高效的表面增强拉曼活性。以这种新型银胶体粒子作为活性衬底,测得的强荧光物质R6G的表面增强拉曼光谱,体现出荧光背景低,信噪比高的特点。通过两种不同方法制备的银胶体粒子的表面增强拉曼散射效果的比较,发现这种新型银胶纳米粒子通过聚集,形成更多的具有很强的提高样品表面增强拉曼散射强度作用的“热点”,从实验的角度验证了表面增强拉曼中的“热点”理论。     

Synthesis of bismuth nanocap arrays on quartz substrates and their surface plasmon resonance properties

Bismuth nanocap arrays have been prepared by vacuum depositing Bi films onto the surfaces of self-assembled monolayer arrays of SiO₂ nanoparticles. The surface morphologies, structures, and optical properties of the obtained samples have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–vis–NIR) spectrophotometer. TEM and AFM images indicated that the SiO₂/Bi composite nanoparticles were incompletely encapsulated and their surfaces were relatively rough. UV–vis–NIR absorption spectra showed that Bi nanocap arrays had strong and tunable surface plasmon resonance peaks in the visible and near infrared regions, which were dependent dramatically on the relative ratio of the SiO₂ core diameter to the Bi cap thickness.     

对氨基苯甲酸在不同基底上的SERS研究

用氢气还原氧化银的方法合成了粒径约为100nm的银纳米粒子,然后在表面经PVP修饰的载玻片上以自组装的方式构筑了银纳米粒子单层和双层二维有序阵列,在铝基底上通过对氨基苯甲酸成功构筑了银纳米粒子的有序组装体,用扫描电镜进行了表征;对不同基底二维有序阵列的表面增强拉曼光谱进行了研究,结果表明,对氨基苯甲酸在银和铝基基底上都是垂直吸附,其表面拉曼增强效应是电磁场增强占主导地位,但同时也有化学增强的贡献。     

Facile synthesis of gelatin‐protected silver nanoparticles for SERS applications

Gelatin‐protected silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by a one‐pot, green method for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications using gelatin as the reducing and stabilizing agent. The gelatin protection on silver nanoparticle surface helps improve its stability greatly and water dispersibility, while retaining high SERS activity of silver nanoparticles. The gelatin‐protected silver nanoparticles showed SERS signals as low as 100 nM of the typical Raman reporter molecules, RuBPY and R6G and 10 μM of other molecules of interest, melamine and folic acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluorescence and surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies of lawsone and plumbagin

The natural dyes lawsone and plumbagin (1,4-naphthoquinones) were studied by using fluorescence, Raman, infrared (IR), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and surface-enhanced IR absorption. From the absorption spectrum, it was possible to infer that the enol-lawsone tautomer concentration decreases in silver colloidal solution. Plumbagin dimers, both in water and in silver colloidal solution, were identified from the fluorescence band profile and surface-SERS spectrum. The SERS spectrum of lawsone was obtained by using silver colloidal solution after 12-hour settle; the keto and enol lawsone silver colloid interaction occurs. The assignment of Raman and IR bands of both dyes was calculated with density functional theory calculations. Only a monomeric structure of lawsone interacting with a silver cluster model was predicted. The monomer adopts a nearly coplanar orientation onto the silver surface; the shortest distance is 3.2 Å, suggesting an electrostatic interaction.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on colloid gels originated from low molecular weight gelator

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on silver and gold colloid gels formed by a low molecular weight organic gelator, bis‐(S‐phenylalanine) oxalyl amide, was obtained. Strong Raman signals dominate in the SERS spectra of hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles prepared by citrate and borohydride reduction methods, whereas broad bands of low intensity are detected in the spectra of gold colloid gels. Resemblance between Raman spectrum of the crystalline substance and the SERS spectra of the silver nanoparticle–hydrogel composites implies the electromagnetic nature of the signal enhancement. A change in Raman intensity of the benzene and amide II bands caused by an increase in temperature and concentration indicates that the gelling molecules are strongly attached through the benzene moieties to the metal nanoparticles while participating in gel formation by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the adjacent oxalyl amide groups. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a dense gel structure in the close vicinity of the enhancing metal particles for both silver colloid gels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Silver‐coated inverse opals formed from polystyrene spheres for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

We have developed a new substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements involving a thin silver layer deposited over an ion‐etched TiO₂ inverse opal. The latter is formed by chemically infiltrating a polystyrene opal array with TiO₂ followed by a thermal decomposition of the spheres. The SERS response of the these substrates is examined for several sphere sizes and lasers wavelengths; the results show that such substrates yield high enhance factors, comparable to substrates involving a silver layer deposited directly on a polystyrene opal array. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization and optimization of AuNPs labeled by Raman reporters on glass based on silver enhancement

In this report, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) labeled by Raman reporters (AuNPs‐R6G) were assembled on glass and used as the seeds to in situ grow silver‐coated nanostructures based on silver enhancer solution, forming the nanostructures of AuNPs‐R6G@Ag, which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV‐visible spectroscopy. More importantly, the obtained silver‐coated nanostructures can be used as a surface enhancement Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. The different SERS activities can be controlled by the silver deposition time and assembly time of AuNPs‐R6G on glass. The results indicate that the maximum SERS activity could be obtained on AuNPs‐R6G when these nanostructures were assembled on glass for 2 h with silver deposition for 2 min. In addition, the reproducibility of SERS signal on the fabricated nanostructures is very high with the intensity error lower than 15%, which has great promise as a probe for application in bioanalysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adjustment and control of SERS activity of metal substrates by pressure

Metal pellets of silver and copper for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy were prepared by compression with different pressures. It was found that the SERS activity of the pellet could be controlled by pressure. Enhanced Raman scattering properties of the metal pellets in the presence of adsorbed 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid (4‐MBA) with excitation at 632.8 or 514 nm could be obtained by choosing proper pressure of pellatization. The SERS peak intensity of the band at ∼1584 cm⁻¹ of 4‐MBA adsorbed on the metal pellets varies as a function of applied pressure, and which is about 1.2–32 times greater than when it is adsorbed on silver and copper particles. The calculated results of three‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain method (3D‐FDTD) are in good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, no spurious peaks appear in the SERS spectra of the samples because no other chemicals are involved in the simple preparation process of the metal pellets, which will facilitate its use as an SERS‐active substrate for analytical purposes. In summary, SERS‐active metal pellets can be produced simply and cost effectively by the method reported here, and this method is expected to be utilized in the development of SERS‐based analytical devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.