矩形辐射器压电多频超声换能器的研究

研究了一种具有多个共振频率的矩形辐射器夹心式超声换能器,换能器由圆柱形后盖板、压电陶瓷晶堆及矩形六面体辐射器前盖板组合而成。利用表观弹性法和一维近似理论给出了多频换能器横向及纵向理论共振频率方程。对一种特殊情况下的此类换能器进行了有限元及实验分析,给出了各自的频率输入导纳曲线。对理论和实验结果进行分析后表明,此类矩形辐射器夹心式超声换能器可以在不同的振动模态上工作,具有多个共振频率.     

斜槽式纵-扭复合模式压电超声换能器的研究

对斜槽式纵-扭复合振动模式压电超声换能器进行了理论及实验研究。推出了换能器的机电等效电路,探讨了槽的倾斜程度对复合超声换能器的共振频率的影响。实验表明,理论预测频率与实测频率基本一致。     

超声阵列的多频脉冲压缩方法研究

脉冲压缩方法通过采用编码信号激励与脉冲压缩接收来提高超声检测的时间分辨率和信噪比。然而,受换能器带宽的限制,编码信号的时间带宽积往往有限,影响脉冲压缩效果。开展了基于超声阵列的多频脉冲压缩方法研究,超声阵列是由具有不同中心频率和带宽的多个阵元组成,从而使得整个阵列具有比单个换能器更宽的带宽。提出了压缩后叠加取包络的脉冲压缩方法,并研究了这种方法在提高时间分辨率和主副瓣比上的技术方案,对多频脉冲压缩的超声阵列进行了设计与优化,发现多频脉冲压缩方法能很大程度地提高时间分辨率,并能有效地抑制各阵元信号叠加产生的周期副瓣。理论和实验结果表明,这种压缩后叠加取包络的方法得到的时间分辨率在性能上受阵元带内不平整度的影响很小,能使阵元压缩包络中的主副瓣比得到明显改善。      

超声换能器并联谐振频率的复合式跟踪方法研究

为了使超声换能器适应变化比较剧烈的负载,本文通过分析超声换能器在并联谐振频率附近工作时的频率特性和实际需求特点,利用变压器初级匹配方法得到了更好的频率特性,并对比了换能器空载和带负荷情况下的阻抗特性曲线,提出了复合式自动频率跟踪方法,空载时找到超声换能器最小电流的对应的频率点,加载过程中利用比例积分微分算法实现频率的快速跟踪。并对超声换能器在不同负载时的功率输出进行了实验,结果表明,复合式频率跟踪方法可以稳定地跟踪到超声换能器的并联谐振频率,能实现超声换能器的功率自调节,对提高换能器的工作效率和负荷适应能力具有实际的指导意义和应用价值。     

基于NI ELVIS的超声换能器参数测量系统设计

为了满足超声换能器快速筛选的要求,在对超声换能器参数导纳圆法测量原理进行分析的基础上,利用NI ELVIS平台搭建了一种结构简单的超声换能器参数测量系统。采用点频法实现高精度、快速的导纳测量,采用最小二乘法拟合得到导纳圆,进而完成超声换能器诸参数的计算。基于LabVIEW软件平台编写了相应的软件系统。针对40 kHz超声换能器的测试表明,所设计的超声换能器参数测量系统精度高、处理速度快,且结构简单、便于使用。     

用锁相环电路跟踪压电换能器并联谐振频率区

本在介绍用PLL（Phase-Locked Loop锁相环）电路进行频率跟踪的原理和实质的基础上,给出一种够跟踪压电换能器并联频率fP区间的具体电路,并通过实验研究了匹配电感和负载等对电路跟踪性能的影响,结果表明,这个电路具有很好的频跟踪和功率自动调节性能。     

变厚度聚焦换能器对声焦域轴向长度影响的研究*

针对不同厚度的病变组织,改变声焦域轴向长度能提高高强度聚焦超声在临床治疗过程中的安全性和有效性。基于多频超声波叠加原理,该文提出了变厚度(多频)聚焦换能器,并设计了两种类型变厚度聚焦换能器。根据瑞利积分法推导了变厚度聚焦换能器声场,计算和分析了变厚度聚焦换能器的声焦域轴向长度,并与等厚度(单频)聚焦换能器声焦域轴向长度进行对比。结果显示,变厚度聚焦换能器中心到边缘的厚度变化趋势与声焦域轴向长度变化相关,中间薄两边厚换能器声焦域轴向长度缩短,中间厚两边薄换能器声焦域轴向长度变长,且实验验证了理论的正确性。研究结果可为变厚度聚焦换能器声场研究和高强度聚焦超声的临床治疗提供参考。     

超声技术的基石——超声换能器的原理及设计

超声换能器是在超声频率范围内将交变的电信号转换成声信号或者将外界声场中的声信号转换为电信号的能量转换器件,它是超声技术中的关键器件,其性能好坏直接关系到超声应用技术的效果和使用范围.由于超声技术的应用范围很广,且超声新技术层出不穷,因而与此对应的超声换能器的种类也很多.文章对不同应用背景下多种类型超声换能器的原理及设计进行了阐述,分析了不同类型超声换能器的性能参数及设计要求,简要总结了超声换能器的性能参数测试方法,并对超声换能器的发展趋势进行了一定的分析.     

声速测定实验中超声换能器的非线性行为

在声速测定实验中,通过频谱分析、幅频特性曲线和相图,研究了发射和接收超声换能器在不同频率的驱动下从线性状态转变成非线性状态的过程,观察了超声换能器表现出的准周期态、倍频现象、磁滞和双稳态现象等丰富的动力学行为.     

基于改进PSO的超声雾化电源频率跟踪研究*

超声波雾化技术由于其良好的雾化效果获得了广泛关注，具有极大的研究价值和应用前景。但是在超声雾化的过程中，由于换能器的温度变化、刚度变化以及在水中的负载变化等因素，会产生谐振频率漂移的现象。当工作频率偏移谐振频率时，将造成换能器的工作效率降低和元器件损坏等问题。针对此问题，设计了基于改进粒子群算法优化PID参数的超声雾化电源频率跟踪算法，并对该算法进行频率跟踪的仿真验证和实验对比，在频率跟踪上实现了更好的效果，使换能器能够稳定工作在谐振状态，提高了电源的利用率。     

Comparison of enhancement of pentachlorophenol sonolysis at 20 kHz by dual-frequency sonication

The comparison of enhancement effect of pentachlorophenol sonolysis at 20 kHz by different dual-frequency ultrasonic irradiations has been investigated. Dual-frequency (20 kHz/40 kHz, 20 kHz/530 kHz, 20 kHz/800 kHz and 20 kHz/1040 kHz) ultrasounds have been used. It has been found that the rate of pentachlorophenol degradation at dual-frequency ultrasonic irradiation is the highest compared to mono-frequency ultrasonic systems. The combination of dual-frequency systems has synergistic effect and the enhancement effect of sonochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol at 20 kHz by dual-frequency systems appears to be remarkable frequency sensitive. The order of contribution to the enhancement effect of sonochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol at 20 kHz is as follows: 530 kHz > 800 kHz > 40 kHz > 1040 kHz.     

The affection on the tissue lesions of difference frequency in dual-frequency high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)

The lesions induced by dual-frequency high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in freshly excised porcine livers were investigated and compared with the lesions induced by conventional single-frequency HIFU. The results have shown that using different exposure time resulted in lesions of different sizes in both dual-frequency and single-frequency HIFU modes at the same intensity level (ISAL = 808 W cm(-2)), but the dimensions of lesions in dual-frequency mode were obviously larger than those in single-frequency mode. A much possible explanation was suggested for the results and the possibilities of applications in the future were also discussed in brief.     

Bistable switching in dual-frequency liquid crystals

Various bistable switching modes in nematic liquid crystals with frequency inversion of the sign of dielectric anisotropy are revealed and investigated. Switching between states with different helicoidal distributions of the director field of a liquid crystal, as well as between uniform and helicoidal states, is realized by dual-frequency waveforms of a driving voltage. A distinctive feature of the dual-frequency switching is that the uniform planar distribution of the director field may correspond to a thermodynamically equilibrium state, and the chirality of an LC is not a necessary condition for switching to a helicoidal state.     

Near-infrared resonant photoacoustic gas measurement using simultaneous dual-frequency excitation

The simultaneous dual-frequency operation of a resonant photoacoustic gas sensor based on the differential mode excitation photoacoustic (DME-PA) technique is presented. The DME-PA method uses the excitation of two different modes in a resonant photoacoustic cell and the gas concentration is derived from the amplitude ratio of these acoustic modes. With the simultaneous dual-frequency excitation, the amplitude ratio needed by the DME-PA technique is obtained instantaneously, in contrast to the sequential modulation scheme where additional time delays are introduced by changing the modulation frequency. For a given excitation power reaching the photoacoustic cell, and a total acquisition time longer than 7 s, the simultaneous modulation scheme provides an improved measurement uncertainty compared to the sequential scheme. The proposed sensor allows measuring water vapour with a ±150 ppmV uncertainty using current-modulated near-infrared LEDs and a 15 s total acquisition time.     

Dual-frequency Brillouin fiber laser for optical generation of tunable low-noise radio frequency/microwave frequency

We demonstrate a new approach, i.e., a cw dual-frequency Brillouin fiber laser pumped by two independent single-frequency Er-doped fiber lasers, for the generation of tunable low-noise rf/microwave optical signals. Its inherent features of both linewidth narrowing effect in a Brillouin fiber cavity and common mode noise cancellation between two laser modes sharing a common cavity allow us to achieve high frequency stability without using a supercavity. Beat frequency of the dual-frequency Brillouin fiber laser can be tuned from tens of megahertz up to 100 GHz by thermally tuning the wavelengths of the two pump lasers with tuning sensitivity of approximately 1.4 GHz/ degrees C. Allan variance measurements show the beat signals have the hertz-level frequency stability.     

Simulation of interplanetary scintillation with SSSF and SSDF mode

The sun has the biggest effect on the Earth in many ways. Observing the solar wind is an important method to study the solar-earth environment. Ground-based interplanetary scintillation observations are an effective method of monitoring solar wind speed, studying the random fluctuations of the interplanetary plasma and the structures of radio sources. Two modes of single-station observations, namely, single station-single frequency (SSSF) and single station dual-frequency (SSDF), are briefly introduced and ...     

Self-mixing interference effects in orthogonally polarized dual-frequency Nd:YAG lasers at different feedback levels

The self-mixing interference effects are investigated in birefringence dual-frequency Nd:YAG lasers at different optical feedback levels. For weak feedback level, both of the intensities of the two modes are sinusoidally modulated by external cavity length with a feedback period of half laser wavelength. While these two modes can only coexist in a part of feedback period at moderate feedback level, i.e., one mode reaches its maximum intensity, the other one extinguishes. At high feedback level, complete polarization switching (one mode oscillating, the other one extinguishing) between two polarized modes is observed, and every switching corresponds to quarter-wavelength variation of external cavity length. Furthermore, two feedback schemes, i.e., isotropic optical feedback (IOF) and polarized optical feedback (POF) are taken into account. The theoretical analysis based on a model of two-mode-coupled laser is presented, which is in good agreement with experimental results. Our results can advance the research of self-mixing interferometer of orthogonally polarized dual-frequency lasers.     

Synthesis of aryl azides: a probe reaction to study the synergetic action of ultrasounds and ionic liquids

The combined effect of ultrasounds and ionic liquids was used to perform the synthesis of aryl azides by nucleophilic aromatic substitution in ionic liquid/[1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium][N₃] binary mixtures. The ultrasounds efficiency was analyzed as a function of the substrate and of the ionic liquid structure. In the first case, both 6π and 10π electrons aryl halides were considered. As far as the ionic liquid structure is concerned, both aromatic and aliphatic ionic liquids were taken into account. Among aromatic cations, the effects due to different ability in giving hydrogen bond or π-π interactions were considered. The use of a geminal ionic liquid having an aromatic spacer was examined too.On the whole, collected data evidence an activating effect on the target reaction by the combined use of ultrasounds and ionic liquids. The structural order degree of the ionic liquid seems to be the main factor affecting the ultrasounds efficiency. Furthermore, the effects due to changes in the anion structure seem to be more significant than those due to changes in the cation structure.     

Numerical models for the study of the nonlinear frequency mixing in two and three-dimensional resonant cavities filled with a bubbly liquid

The objective of this work is to develop versatile numerical models to study the nonlinear distortion of ultrasounds and the generation of low-ultrasonic frequency signals by nonlinear frequency mixing in two and three-dimensional resonators filled with bubbly liquids. The interaction of the acoustic field and the bubble vibrations is modeled through a coupled differential system formed by the multi-dimensional wave equation and a Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The numerical models we develop are based on multi-dimensional finite-volume techniques and a time discretization carried out by finite differences. Numerical experiments are performed for complex modes in many different cavities considering different kinds of boundary conditions and taking advantage of the dispersive character of the bubbly fluid to match specific resonances of the cavities. Results show the distribution of fundamental and harmonics for single frequency excitation and difference-frequency component for two-frequency excitation that are promoted by the strong nonlinearity of the bubbly medium. The numerous simulations analyzed suggest that the new numerical models developed and proposed in this paper are useful to understand the behavior of ultrasounds in bubbly liquids for sonochemical processes and applications of nonlinear frequency mixing.     

Effect of multi-mode dual-frequency ultrasound pretreatment on the vacuum freeze-drying process and quality attributes of the strawberry slices

The effects of osmotic pretreatment assisted by ultrasound in different frequency modes before vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) on moisture migration and quality characteristics of strawberry slices were investigated. The frequency modes are single-frequency modes under 20, 40 kHz (SM-20, SM-40), and dual-frequency under 20/40 kHz including sequential mode (SeDM) and simultaneous mode (SiDM). The quality characteristics of dried strawberry products including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, vitamin C content, and active antioxidant components (DPPH and –OH) were determined. Results showed that drying time of the strawberry slices irradiated by ultrasound was reduced by 15.25%–50.00%, compared to the control samples. Besides, dual-frequency ultrasound shortened the drying time more than single-frequency ultrasound. The drying time of SeDM was the shortest. In addition to vitamin C content, the quality characteristics including rehydration, hardness, color, flavor, total anthocyanins, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of dried strawberry products pretreated by SeDM were significantly (p < 0.05) better than those of control and other pretreated samples. It can be concluded that the SeDM was an effective pretreatment method to produce high-quality vacuum freeze-dried strawberry products.