What Is the State of a Hydrogen Atom Leaving a Stern-Gerlach Interferometer?

We discuss experimental results on Stern-Gerlachinterferometry with atoms. After a theoretical approachsuited for fast atoms, we discuss elementary experimentson the preservation of atomic coherence. Then we examine the action of theinterferometer as producing atoms with new properties,beaded atoms, and their radiative properties.     

The Electronic Structure of Pristine and Doped (100) Tilt Grain Boundaries in SrTiO3

To understand the electronic properties of doped grain boundaries, we reviewed the atomic scale techniques currently available to study the electronic structure at pristine SrTiO₃ grain boundaries. The knowledge gained from the pristine boundaries is used to interpret experimental and theoretical results from a Mn doped 5 SrTiO₃ grain boundaries. Mn atoms are shown to preferentially substitute at specific Ti sites at the grain boundary core. Furthermore, the formal oxidation state of the Mn atoms at the grain boundary core was found to be reduced compared to the Mn atoms substituting for Ti in the bulk. This change of valence did not, however, significantly affect the atomic structure of the grain boundary, as determined by Z-contrast imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, which revealed similar fine-structure features at both the doped and pristine grain boundary. We conclude, therefore, that composition and atomic structure have different effects on the local electronic structure and should be treated separately in any segregation and electrical conductivity models for grain boundaries.     

Cold atom dynamics in a quantum optical lattice potential

We study a generalized cold atom Bose-Hubbard model, where the periodic optical potential is formed by a cavity field with quantum properties. On the one hand, the common coupling of all atoms to the same mode introduces cavity-mediated long-range atom-atom interactions, and, on the other hand, atomic backaction on the field introduces atom-field entanglement. This modifies the properties of the associated quantum phase transitions and allows for new correlated atom-field states, including superposition of different atomic quantum phases. After deriving an approximative Hamiltonian including the new long-range interaction terms, we exhibit central physical phenomena at generic configurations of few atoms in few wells. We find strong modifications of population fluctuations and next-nearest-neighbor correlations near the phase transition point.     

基于数值原子轨道基组的第一性原理计算软件ABACUS

随着超级计算机硬件和数值算法迅速发展, 使得目前利用密度泛函理论研究上千个原子体系的电子能带和结构等性质变得可行. 数值原子轨道基组由于其基组较小和局域等特性, 可以很好地与电子结构计算中的线性标度算法等的新算法结合, 用来研究较大尺寸的物理体系. 本文详细介绍了一款中国科学技术大学量子信息重点 实验室自主开发的基于数值原子轨道基组的第一性原理计算软件 Atomic-orbital Based Ab-initio Computation at UStc. 大量的测试结果表明: 该软件具有很好的准确性和较高的并行效率, 可以用于包含1000个原子左右的系统的电子结构和原子结构的研究以及分子动力学模拟计算.     

Dynamical instability and domain formation in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate

We interpret the recently observed spatial domain formation in spin-1 atomic condensates as a result of dynamical instability. Within the mean field theory, a homogeneous condensate is dynamically unstable (stable) for ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) atomic interactions. We find that this dynamical instability naturally leads to spontaneous domain formation as observed in several recent experiments for condensates with rather small numbers of atoms. For trapped condensates, our numerical simulations compare quantitatively to the experimental results, thus largely confirming the physical insight from our analysis of the homogeneous case.     

Optically induced spin-Hall effect in atoms

We propose an optical means to realize the spin-Hall effect (SHE) in a neutral atomic system by coupling the internal spin states of atoms to radiation. The interaction between the external optical fields and the atoms creates effective magnetic fields that act in opposite directions on "electrically" neutral atoms with opposite spin polarizations. This effect leads to a Landau level structure for each spin orientation in direct analogy with the familiar SHE in semiconductors. The conservation and topological properties of the spin current, and the creation of a pure spin current are discussed.     

Coherence properties and quantum state transportation in an optical conveyor belt

We have prepared and detected quantum coherences of trapped cesium atoms with long dephasing times. Controlled transport by an "optical conveyor belt" over macroscopic distances preserves the atomic coherence with slight reduction of coherence time. The limiting dephasing effects are experimentally identified, and we present an analytical model of the reversible and irreversible dephasing mechanisms. Our experimental methods are applicable at the single-atom level. Coherent quantum bit operations along with quantum state transport open the route towards a "quantum shift register" of individual neutral atoms.     

Rydberg hydrogen atom in the presence of uniform magnetic and quadrupolar electric fields

Laser cooling and trapping offers the possibility of confining a sample of radioactive atoms in free space. Here, we address the question of how best to take advantage of cold atom properties to perform the observation of as highly forbidden a line as the 6S-7S Cs transition for achieving, in the longer term, atomic parity violation (APV) measurements in radioactive alkali isotopes. Another point at issue is whether one might do better with stable, cold atoms than with thermal atoms. To compensate for the large drawback of the small number of atoms available in a trap, one must take advantage of their low velocity. To lengthen the time of interaction with the excitation laser, we suggest choosing a geometry where the laser beam exciting the transition is colinear to a slow, cold atomic beam, either extracted from a trap or prepared by Zeeman slowing. We also suggest a new observable physical quantity manifesting APV, which presents several advantages: specificity, efficiency of detection, possibility of direct calibration by a parity conserving quantity of a similar nature. It is well adapted to a configuration where the cold atomic beam passes through two regions of transverse, crossed electric fields, leading both to differential measurements and to strong reduction of the contributions from the M₁-Stark interference signals, potential sources of systematics in APV measurements. Our evaluation of signal-to-noise ratios shows that with available techniques, measurements of transition amplitudes, important as required tests of atomic theory, should be possible in ¹³³Cs with a statistical precision of 10^-3 and probably also in Fr isotopes for production rates of Fr atoms s^-1. For APV measurements to become realistic, some practical realization of the collimation of the atomic beam as well as multiple passages of the excitation beam matching the atomic beam looks essential.Received: 5 March 2003, Published online: 17 July 2003PACS: 32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms - 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments - 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping - 39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physicsS. Sanguinetti: Also at E. Fermi Physics Dept., Pisa Univ., Pisa, Italy.     

The periodic magnetized cylinder tube for atom guidance： quantized motion analysis

We have analysed the transport effciency of an atomic waveguide constructed from a periodic axially magnetized hollow tube.We took into consideration the quantized motion of the atom inside the magnetic hollow cylinder tube,which is significant for the transportation of cold atoms.We deduced the quantized motion modes of the atomic waves in the tube by the approximation of infinite potential,which is valid for cold atoms and strong magnetization.For the atomic waveguide with weak magnetization,we have calculated the tunnelling effect of the atomic wave.The adiabatic condition for the motion of cold atoms is discussed.A time orbit potential method for solving the “zero magnetic field problem” is proposed.     

Atomic cavity with light-induced mirrors

We consider a possibility of creating an atomic cavity on the basis of reflection of atoms from a laser field. The main parameters of cavity such as maximum and minimum atomic velocity, cavity stability, scheme of atomic injection, maximum atomic density were defined. It was shown that a high degeneracy of atoms (1) can be achieved in such cavity.     

离化态原子基态电子结构特征与轨道竞争规律

离化态原子广泛存在于等离子体物质中,其相关性质是天体物理、受控核聚变等前沿科学研究领域的重要基础.基于独立电子近似,本文系统研究了扩展周期表元素(2 Z 119)所有中性和离化态原子的基态电子结构.基于设计的原子轨道竞争图,系统总结了各周期元素轨道竞争的规律,并结合离化态原子的局域自洽势阐明了其轨道竞争(即轨道塌陷)的机制;在此基础上,说明了部分元素性质与轨道竞争的关系.利用本文研究得到的离化态原子基态电子结构,可建立更精密计算相关原子的能级结构、跃迁几率等物理量之基础,从而满足高功率自由电子激光实验分析、原子核质量精密测量等前沿研究的需求.     

Low-energy ion scattering by monatomic films

The angular and energy distributions of Cs⁺ and Xe⁺ ions scattered by monatomic crystalline films have been calculated via the molecular dynamics method in the scope of the multiparticle interaction mechanism. The calculated dependences of scattered heavy ions with a low initial energy E ₀ = 40 eV on the atomic mass, crystal lattice type, interatomic distance, and binding energy of the film atoms are discussed and compared with the experiment. The presented data can be used to predict the physical properties of a surface covered with a monatomic layer of foreign atoms during experimental surface studies based on the backscattering of ions with low initial energies.     

Optical properties of impurity atoms in pressurized superfluid helium

We report on the optical properties of alkali atoms (Cs and Rb) in the pressurized superfluid helium. We observed excitation and emission spectra at various pressures from the saturated vapor pressure to about 25 atm. The theoretical calculations on the basis of the atomic bubble model have also been worked out. The qualitative agreement between the theoretical and experimental results with respect to the peak shift, the linewidth, and their pressure dependence is achieved in the framework of the spherical atomic bubble model. TheD ₂ excitation spectra with the double peaks are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the Jahn-Teller effect, indicating the existence of the nontotally symmetrical density distribution of the surrounding helium atoms.     

Stability and band offsets between Si and LaAlO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The replacement of traditional SiO₂ with high-k oxides allows the physical thickness of the gate dielectric to be thinner without the tunneling problem in Si-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. LaAlO₃ appears to be a promising high-k material for use in future ultra large scale integrated devices. In the present paper, the electronic properties of Si/LaAlO₃ (001) heterojunctions are investigated by first-principles calculations. We studied the initial adsorption of Si atoms on the LaAlO₃ (001) surface, and found that Si atoms preferentially adsorb on top of oxygen atoms at higher coverage. The surface phase diagrams indicate that Si atoms may substitute oxygen atoms at the LaO-terminated surface. The band offsets, electronic density of states, and atomic charges are analyzed for the various Si/LaAlO₃ heterojunctions. Our results suggest that the Si/AlO₂ interface is suitable for the design of metal oxide semiconductor devices because the valence and conduction band offsets are both larger than 1 eV.     

Single atomic manipulation and writing with scanning tunnelling microscopy at low temperatures

In the work reported in this paper,we have used a low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscope (LT-STM) system to manipulate accurately single atoms.We show how we can use a LT-STM to image and modify a bulk Ag(111) surface and manipulate Ag atoms from substrate and evaporated adsorbates on Ag(111) substrates.We present a synergistic combination of SM-induced modification and ordered arrays of nanometre-scale structures.In particular,we demonstrate the ability to modify Ag atomic nanometre structures on the Ag(111) substrate,and some English letters and a Chinese character can be written by single Ag atoms coming from the substrate and evaporated adsorbates on Ag(111),In this way ,we supply an effective basis to explore the fundamental physical properties of a nanometre structure and to develop nanotechnology with a bottom-up approach,     

原子尺度金属纳米线的结构和性质

当物质尺度减少到几层原子时，形成超细的纳米结、纳米线、或者纳米团簇，原有凝聚态物质的结构和物理性质将不再保持，而呈现出许多令人惊奇的奇异特性。本文重点讨论直径大约3nm以下，具有足够长度的、原子结构往往不同于体材料的准一维金属纳米结构，我们称之为原子尺度金属纳米线或超细金属纳米线（也称为金属原子线）。近年来实验上已经制备和表征出在超高真空中悬挂在两个顶针尖端的Au、Pt、Cu等金属纳米线和纳米管，金属线直径达到1nm以下而长度为6nm以上。通过高分辩电子显微镜观察，它们是同轴圆管（或壳）组成的、类似纳米碳管的单壳或多壳结构，管由绕着线轴的螺旋原子绳构成。理论工作围绕这种新奇结构形态的形成机制、奇异的物理性质和可能的应用前景而同时展开。这是一个崭新的纳米世界，无论是对基础的低维物理还是未来分子电子设备的应用，都将产生深远的影响，有许多奇妙的现象正等待人们去发现。本文将对最近几年原子尺度金属纳米线研究工作的主要进展和发展趋势作一个概述，并重点介绍本组有关的具有螺旋结构的纳米线的各类新奇结构和物理性质。     

原子尺度金属纳米线的结构和性质

当物质尺度减少到几层原子时,形成超细的纳米结、纳米线、或者纳米团簇,原有凝聚态物质的结构和物理性质将不再保持,而呈现出许多令人惊奇的奇异特性。本文重点讨论直径大约3 nm以下,具有足够长度的、原子结构往往不同于体材料的准一维金属纳米结构,我们称之为原子尺度金属纳米线或超细金属纳米线(也称为金属原子线)。近年来实验上已经制备和表征出在超高真空中悬挂在两个顶针尖端的Au、Pt、Cu等金属纳米线和纳米管,金属线直径达到1 nm以下而长度为6 nm以上。通过高分辩电子显微镜观察,它们是同轴圆管(或壳)组成的、类似纳米碳管的单壳或多壳结构,管由绕着线轴的螺旋原子绳构成。理论工作围绕这种新奇结构形态的形成机制、奇异的物理性质和可能的应用前景而同时展开。这是一个崭新的纳米世界,无论是对基础的低维物理还是未来分子电子设备的应用,都将产生深远的影响,有许多奇妙的现象正等待人们去发现。本文将对最近几年原子尺度金属纳米线研究工作的主要进展和发展趋势作一个概述,并重点介绍本组有关的具有螺旋结构的纳米线的各类新奇结构和物理性质。