为实现准等熵压缩的波阻抗梯度飞片的实验研究

采用粉末冶金方法,制备出波阻抗沿厚度方向呈特定分布的WMoTi体系梯度飞片,在二级轻气炮上进行了梯度飞片击靶实验的初步研究.结果表明,利用梯度飞片可以实现对靶样品的准等熵压缩,击靶后产生的波阵面是平缓、连续上升的,明显不同于冲击压缩的陡峭波阵面,靶面压力峰值最高达到了167GPa.波阻抗按二次函数分布的梯度飞片能够获得最佳的击靶波形 关键词： 波阻抗梯度飞片 准等熵压缩     

梯度飞片材料的波阳抗分布设计与优化

波阻抗梯度飞片是一种新型的功能梯度材料，其特性波阻抗值在飞片厚度方向上按一定规律呈梯度变化。研究表明，合理的波阻抗分布设计是梯度飞片具有良好准等熵压缩特性的前提与保证。采用中国工程物理研究院提供的计算程序，对选定的、W-Mo-Ti体系波梯度飞片材料的准等熵压缩特性进行数值模拟。     

利用多层阻抗梯度飞片产生准等熵压缩的理论解析

基于冲击波理论对多层阻抗梯度飞片击靶过程波系的相互作用做了理论分析，计算表明在多层阻抗梯度飞片的撞击下，样品的压缩线是一组通过不同初始状态点的冲击压缩线的连线, 它位于冲击压缩(hugoniot)线与等熵压缩线之间. 所以通过飞片层数的设计,可获得介于冲击压缩线与等熵线之间的任意状态点,这就为以后偏冲击压缩(off-hugoniot)状态方程的实验研究提供了理论参考. 实验测量的样品/窗口界面速度与理论计算的一致性支持上述结论的可靠性与准确性. 关键词： 准等熵压缩 多层阻抗梯度飞片 理论解析     

冲击加载-准等熵加载过程的密度梯度飞片计算设计

 采用一维弹塑性流体动力学计算方法,通过对LLNL（Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory）Mg-Cu体系密度梯度飞片冲击加载-准等熵加载实验过程数值计算和比较,验证了流体动力学计算方法、不同材料体系混合模型以及计算程序的正确性和实用性。考虑到在飞片材料制备中,单层厚度最小值为0.2 mm和Mg-W最大阻抗混合质量分数的致密条件限制,开展了对新的Mg-W体系密度梯度飞片实现冲击加载-准等熵加载过程计算设计,给出了满足加载要求的飞片结构特征;从计算给出的粒子速度波剖面可见,密度梯度飞片波阻抗分布对加载过程和加载强度非常敏感,通过精心设计准连续型变阻抗的梯度飞片,可以进行不同复杂加/卸载过程的物理模型设计和实验研究。     

准等熵压缩的数值模拟研究

 就阻抗递变的多层组合飞片对靶样品的冲击压缩过程进行了一维平面应变数值模拟计算,其中,等熵线采用逐步递推法计算。以水和钽为靶的计算结果显示,这种多层组合飞片对水和钽均产生了很好的准等熵压缩效果。其中,对水的计算结果与国外文献报道的结果一致;计算的钽/氟化锂窗口界面速度历史与实验结果十分吻合。因此,用适当匹配的多层组合飞片对靶样品产生准等熵压缩是可行的,提出的准等熵压缩的数值模拟方法是可靠的。     

基于神光Ⅲ原型装置的激光加载条件下准等熵压缩实验研究进展

激光加载条件下的准等熵压缩实验逐渐受到重视.在间接驱动方式下,利用气库靶的方式可以获得准等熵压缩的实验数据.自由面速度和界面速度是两种常用的准等熵压缩诊断对象.气库靶驱动准等熵压缩方式效率较低,但是对打靶激光的强度变化不敏感.长脉冲打靶的直接驱动方式驱动效率较高,但对激光强度变化非常敏感.基于神光Ⅲ原型装置,本文介绍了气库靶驱动的准等熵压缩实验靶型、部分实验结果,并分析了实验中的关键技术,为气库靶驱动准等熵压缩实验技术提供了思路.同时,介绍了长脉冲直接驱动准等熵压缩实验的靶型、典型实验结果,并分析了致盲效应的影响.利用激光直接驱动的方式,获得了三台阶Al/LiF界面的加载过程.该数据是目前国内使用该技术获得的最好数据.通过这些实验结果,证明了在神光Ⅲ原型上开展准等熵压缩实验的可行性.     

无氧铜的准等熵压缩性

 利用递变冲击阻抗材料叠合而成的组合飞片，在二级轻气炮上对无氧铜进行了准等熵压缩性测量，加载时间约达1 μs。用激光速度干涉仪连续记录了不同厚度处无氧铜样品自由面速度随时间的变化过程，并通过拉格朗日波分析技术计算得到40 GPa下的准等熵的应力-应变曲线。结果表明：在低应力区，无氧铜的准等熵压缩线位于冲击绝热线之上；到32 GPa以上，准等熵压缩线才回落到冲击绝热线之下。这个现象与Barker、Chhabildas等对铝与钨的实测现象是一致的，它表明：在低应力区，材料的冲击强化效应与加载速率密切相关。     

“天光一号”驱动的聚苯乙烯高压状态方程测量

聚苯乙烯等CH材料的高压状态方程研究对于ICF聚变点火具有重要意义.本文基于"天光一号"长脉冲激光装置开展了聚苯乙烯高压状态方程研究,理论模拟了靶内的冲击动力学过程,采用侧向阴影成像技术实验测量了不同厚度的聚苯乙烯平面靶和飞片靶,获得了靶内的冲击波速度与粒子速度等状态方程参数.结果表明:长脉冲激光驱动下CH平面靶内经历了明显的准等熵加载过程,并逐渐演化为弱冲击加载.实验测量平面靶压力12 GPa,飞片撞击靶压力34 GPa,与模拟结果基本相符.     

磁驱动准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射实验技术

磁驱动准等熵平面压缩和超高速飞片发射技术是近十年来国外核武器实验室发展起来的冲击动力学方面的一种新型实验方法和技术。它可以达到压力平滑加载范围跨越最大，可以实现GPa到TPa量级的加载，一次实验可提供一条从低压到高压完整的等熵参考线，己实现宏观金属飞片高达34km／s的速度，同时可以在一发实验中实现多个样品或飞片的同时加载。更重要的是以往各种加载手段实现的是冲击压缩，而磁驱动实现的是准等熵压缩。     

电磁驱动45钢准等熵压缩的实验研究

在已有的众多准等熵加载技术中,磁驱动准等熵加载技术具有准等熵程度高、压力范围大、实验材料种类多、效费比高等特点。利用中物院流体物理研究所建成的磁驱动准等熵压缩和高速飞片实验装置CQ-1.5(最高加载压力为50GPa),成功开展了45钢的准等熵压缩实验,对装置的主要参数进行了介绍;利用激光干涉测试系统DPS获得了45钢飞片的自由面速度历史,通过反积分处理给出了材料准等熵压缩的p-V关系。通过分析实验数据,获得了45钢3种形式的等熵方程的参数。实验获得的最高等熵压力为47.5GPa。     

Fabrication of graded density impactor via underwater shock wave and quasi-isentropic compression testing at two-stage gas gun facility

We show direct evidence that underwater shock wave enables us to bond multithin plates with flat, parallel, and high-strength interfaces, which are key requirements for functionally graded material (also called graded density impactor). This phenomenon is ascribed to the super short duration of the high-speed underwater shock wave, reducing the surface tension, diffusion, evaporation, deposition, and viscous flow of matter. Thin magnesium, aluminum, titanium, copper, and molybdenum foils were welded together and designed with the increase in density. Experimental evidence and numerical simulation show that well bonding between the multilayer structures. Microstructure examinations reveal that the dominant interfacial form shifts from waviness to linearity. Graded density impactor with multilayer structure is proved that can produce quasi-isentropic compression in two-stage gas gun experiment with a designed pressure loading profile, which suggests a feasible method to simulate the conditions we want to study that were previously inaccessible in a precisely controlled laboratory environment.     

万焦耳激光装置上多热力学路径高压加载技术实验研究

针对极端高压条件物质特性研究需求，在我国万焦耳激光装置上利用其高能量、高功率、任意整形长脉冲输出的技术优势先后开展了冲击压缩、准等熵压缩以及“预冲击准等熵压缩”复合热力学路径压缩等多种热力学路径的高压加载技术研究，建立了实用的高压加载设计方法，重点优化了高压加载源的平面性和干净性，发展了高压状态精密表征技术，实现了1011 Pa以上准等熵，1012 Pa以上冲击以及两种路径之间的宽区高压加载状态能力，为激光装置上的高压状态方程及相变动力学研究提供了重要的技术基础。     

Wave propagation of functionally graded material plates in thermal environments

The wave propagation of an infinite functionally graded plate in thermal environments is studied using the higher-order shear deformation plate theory. The thermal effects and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the plate surface and varied in the thickness direction only. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Considering the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia, the governing equations of the wave propagation in the functionally graded plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The analytic dispersion relation of the functionally graded plate is obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem. Numerical examples show that the characteristics of wave propagation in the functionally graded plate are relates to the volume fraction index and thermal environment of the functionally graded plate. The influences of the volume fraction distributions and temperature on wave propagation of functionally graded plate are discussed in detail. The results carried out can be used in the ultrasonic inspection techniques and structural health monitoring.     

聚龙一号装置上铜的准等熵压缩线测量实验研究

以聚龙一号装置为驱动源, 分别结合理论计算和电路模拟, 开展了磁驱动平面加载实验设计和样品加载路径控制, 实现了高电导率无氧铜（OFHC）材料的准等熵压缩。实验中采用现有的波剖面测量实验技术成功测量了两个不同厚度OFHC样品/LiF窗口材料的界面速度历史, 再结合Lagrange分析和反积分计算, 成功获取了铜直到100 GPa的准等熵压缩参考线, 与国外公布的SESAME数据线符合较好。     

Modeling of functionally graded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers

The application of functionally graded material (FGM) concept to piezoelectric transducers allows the design of composite transducers without interfaces, due to the continuous change of property values. Thus, large improvements can be achieved, as reduction of stress concentration, increasing of bonding strength, and bandwidth. This work proposes to design and to model FGM piezoelectric transducers and to compare their performance with non-FGM ones. Analytical and finite element (FE) modeling of FGM piezoelectric transducers radiating a plane pressure wave in fluid medium are developed and their results are compared. The ANSYS software is used for the FE modeling. The analytical model is based on FGM-equivalent acoustic transmission-line model, which is implemented using MATLAB software. Two cases are considered: (i) the transducer emits a pressure wave in water and it is composed of a graded piezoceramic disk, and backing and matching layers made of homogeneous materials; (ii) the transducer has no backing and matching layer; in this case, no external load is simulated. Time and frequency pressure responses are obtained through a transient analysis. The material properties are graded along thickness direction. Linear and exponential gradation functions are implemented to illustrate the influence of gradation on the transducer pressure response, electrical impedance, and resonance frequencies.     

激光驱动气库靶对铝的准等熵压缩实验研究

利用激光驱动气库材料形成的等离子体射流对材料进行斜波加载, 可以获得高应变率的准等熵压缩. 在神光III 原型高功率激光装置上开展了激光驱动铝材料的准等熵压缩实验, 成像型速度干涉仪VISAR记录到样品自由面连续、光滑的速度历史, 采用反积分法得到60 GPa以上的峰值压强, 加载上升沿约10 ns,应变率可达10⁸ s ^-1, 并且观察到了压缩波在样品后表面的反射效应.     

Computational design and simulation of the Mg-Cu system graded density impactors for complex loading experiments

Two types of Mg-Cu composition system graded density impactors used for complex loading (shock loading and quasi-isentropic compression) are designed by the elastic-plastic hydrodynamic method in this paper. Mixtures of metal powders in the Mg-Cu system are cast into a series of 17 and 25 uniform compositions ranging from 100% Mg to 100% Cu. The graded density impactors are launched to the stationary 10 m aluminum film and 12 mm LiF window targets by a two-stage light-gas gun in the National Key Laboratory ...     

Elastodynamic wave propagation in graded materials: simulations, experiments, phenomena, and applications

A two-dimensional numerical simulation model for the elastodynamic wave propagation in two linear elastic, isotropic, joint half-spaces is presented. The border between the two half-spaced is graded in a way, that the values of the elastic properties and the densities vary smoothly (sinusoidally) from the values of one continuum to the values of the other continuum within a transition zone of a defined thickness. It is demonstrated, that a graded layer leads to a frequency and wavelength dependent refraction and reflection behavior of elastodynamic waves. Numerical results show that wavelengths which are long compared with the transition layer thickness are dominantly reflected whereas short waves are dominantly transmitted, a phenomena which does not occur in the case of an infinitely thin transition layer. Furthermore the frequency dependent reflection and transmission behavior of elastodynamic waves is verified experimentally. There the interface between two vapor deposited films is graded due to intermetallic diffusion effects. These graded microstructures are analyzed with a short-pulse-laser-acoustic set-up. The corresponding frequencies of the elastodynamic waves which are filtered with these functionally graded microstructures are in the range of 0.5 THz.