一种微米级高度台阶镜面条纹反射的三维测量系统

提出了一种检测微米级高度衍射台阶结构的条纹反射三维检测方法.对条纹反射光路的理论分析表明,合理选择入射光线角度和液晶屏放置角度以及液晶屏像素尺寸等系统参数,条纹反射系统能够分辨微米乃至亚微米级的镜面台阶.实际构建了一套微米级台阶镜面条纹反射测量实验装置;采用四步相移法进行条纹相位解算,运用移动屏幕方法确定反射光线方程,结合三角交汇原理,对待测台阶镜面进行三维重构.实际测量了名义值为5μm和10μm的台阶镜面,测量结果不确定度在0.5μm内,和商业仪器测量结果的偏差<0.5μm,证明了设计方法的可行性.本文结果对于包含衍射台阶结构的光学元件三维测量研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

A new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor based on in-plane modes

This paper presents a new standing-wave-type linear ultrasonic motor using combination of the first longitudinal and the second bending modes. Two piezoelectric plates in combination with a metal thin plate are used to construct the stator. The superior point of the stator is its isosceles triangular structure part of the stator, which can amplify the displacement in horizontal direction of the stator in perpendicular direction when the stator is operated in the first longitudinal mode. The influence of the base angle θ of the triangular structure part on the amplitude of the driving foot has been analyzed by numerical analysis. Four prototype stators with different angles θ have been fabricated and the experimental investigation of these stators has validated the numerical simulation. The overall dimensions of the prototype stators are no more than 40 mm (length) × 20 mm (width) × 5 mm (thickness). Driven by an AC signal with the driving frequency of 53.3 kHz, the no-load speed and the maximal thrust of the prototype motor using the stator with base angle 20° were 98 mm/s and 3.2 N, respectively. The effective elliptical motion trajectory of the contact point of the stator can be achieved by the isosceles triangular structure part using only two PZTs, and thus it makes the motor low cost in fabrication, simple in structure and easy to realize miniaturization.     

地基气辉成像干涉仪探测高层大气风场的定标研究

我们研制的地基气辉成像干涉仪(ground based airglow imaging interferometer,GBAⅡ)样机成功地探测了地球上空90—100 km的大气风速和温度.为了提高GBAⅡ的探测精度,本文研究GBAⅡ所拍摄的成像干涉条纹的定标:对干涉条纹中心位置定标、电荷耦合器(CCD)暗噪声和平场定标、整个光学系统衰减系数定标、步进步长定标、光程差随入射角变化量定标、仪器响应度定标和零风速相位定标等理论和实验进行了研究.利用最小二乘法对GBAⅡ拍摄的30幅成像干涉图的圆心坐标定标在CCD(123.3,121.1)像素位置;利用632.8 nm激光获得GBAⅡ所用CCD的平场定标系数矩阵,分别得到平场前后的干涉图并检测出CCD的噪声和坏点;利用GBAⅡ获得图像的边缘亮环相位与中心亮斑相位的差值对入射角10.24°时,光程差相对0°入射角时变化了0.356个条纹;拍摄200幅成像干涉图的实验离散点进行正弦拟合后的均方根标准偏差达90.34%,该完整干涉条纹的步进间隔为4.06 nm,对应步进相位为0.0094π;针对正演公式中GBAⅡ的系统衰减系数对所拍摄的原始干涉图利用IDL编程得到光学系统衰减系数的多项式,拟合的均方根标准偏差达99.98%;采用632.8 nm激光作光源,简化了GBAⅡ的响应度表达式,通过实验得其响应度为4.97×10~(-3)counts·(Rayleigh·s)~(-1);针对GBAⅡ室外观测,给出零风速定标的矩阵表达式后,对532.0 nm和632.8 nm激光的对应零风速相位分别为-9.2442°和-68.6353°.本文提供了多种定标方法,并逐一通过实验进行验证,为国内被动遥感探测高层大气风场提供了强有力的实验支持.     

用视密度加权平均二阶矩模型模拟旋流两相流动

本文用视密度加权平均代替时平均,建立了视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型方程组（ＭＵＳＭ）,其中用体积分数代替了数密度,用颗粒驰豫时间作为封闭两相脉动速度关联方程耗散项的时间尺度,并引入了颗粒视在的气体速度脉动的输运方程。用ＭＵＳＭ模型模拟了旋流数为０．４７的气粒两相流动。并和实验结果及时间平均的ＵＳＭ模型的模拟结果进行了对照,两种模型均能较好地预报的两相的轴向和切向速度,轴向和切向脉动速度。此外,ＭＵＳＭ模型可以减少所用方程数,节省计算量。因此视密度加权平均的统一二阶矩两相湍流模型是一种对时间平均的统一二阶矩模型的改进,今后可以进一步扩大应用。     

Study of a new type linear ultrasonic motor with double-driving feet

A new type linear USM with double-driving feet has been developed. The stator consists of eight piezoelectric ceramic plates and one brass plate. Piezoelectric ceramics plates are polarized along the thickness and are symmetrically bonded to the two surfaces of one rectangle brass plate. Double-driving feet are assembled on the same side of the brass plate. The working vibration mode is a composite in-plane bimode, which consists of the first longitudinal in-plane vibration mode and the second bending one. The basic size of the linear USM is determined carefully by FEA. The characteristics of the prototype motor were measured experimentally.     

一种独轮车机器人俯仰平衡运动的控制与实现

针对一台3驱动独轮车机器人系统,对其运动学和动力学特性进行了分析,给出了一种可实现其前后俯仰平衡运动的控制策略。通过对独轮车俯仰运动分析,建立了独轮车俯仰平衡运动的简化力学模型;采用部分反馈线性化的控制方法对车体俯仰角进行了线性化处理,以车体俯仰角和行走轮转角为输出设计了控制器;最后,通过数值仿真实验和物理样机实验验证了力学模型的可靠性和所设计的控制器的有效性。     

Temporal characteristic analysis of stepped pulse on hohlraum wall

Temporal and spatial optical field distributions of a stepped pulse on the hohlraum wall are numerically analyzed using fast-Fourier-transform method combined with chromatographic theory. Changes in the rising edge of the stepped pulse caused by spatio-temporal effect are systematically studied. Results demonstrate that a certain time difference exists for the laser to reach the hohlraum wall because of oblique incidence, which causes distortion to the stepped pulse, especially to the rising edge. Influences of the incident angle, focal length, and width of the input rising edge on distortion degree of the stepped pulse are also discussed. This letter provides some guidance for targeting pulse shaping and synchronization.     

An electric contact method to measure contact state between stator and rotor in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor

Performances of ultrasonic motor (USM) depend considerably on contact state between stator and rotor. To measure the contact state in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor (TWUSM), a special test method is necessary. This paper develops a new method named electric contact method to measure contact state of stator and rotor in traveling wave type USM. The effects of pre-load and exciting voltage (amplitude) of stator on contact state between stator and rotor are studied with this method. By a simulating tester of friction properties of TWUSM, the variations of stalling torque and no-load speed against the pre-load and the exciting voltage have been measured. The relative contact length that describes the contact characteristic of stator and rotor is proposed. The relation between the properties of TWUSM and the contact state of stator and rotor are presented. Additionally, according to a theoretical contact model of stator and rotor in TWUSM, the contact lengths at given conditions are calculated and compared with the experimental results.     

碳纤维复合材料内部缺陷深度的定量红外检测

利用脉冲红外热成像技术对碳纤维复合材料试件内部的模拟脱黏缺陷的深度进行测量, 研究在被测物热属性参数未知情况下,碳纤维增强塑料中缺陷深度的测量方法. 分析了平板材料在脉冲热源激励下的一维热传导模型;给出了内部缺陷深度的红外测量原理; 选用对数温度二阶微分峰值时刻作为特征时间测量缺陷深度; 考虑单点标定测量深度可能产生较大的随机误差,提出利用最小二乘法多项式拟合建立阶梯件中阶梯深度与其对应的对数温度时间二阶微分曲线峰值时间两者之间的标定关系式的方法, 选择在相对误差平方和最小情形下的拟合关系式作为脱黏缺陷深度测量的标定关系式. 实验结果表明,利用该方法测量脱黏缺陷深度的精度优于单点法标定测量结果, 实现了在被检测材料热属性参数未知的情况下仍能较准确地测量脱黏缺陷深度.     

An unsplit staggered mesh scheme for multidimensional magnetohydrodynamics

We introduce an unsplit staggered mesh scheme (USM) for multidimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) that uses a constrained transport (CT) method with high-order Godunov fluxes and incorporates a new data reconstruction–evolution algorithm for second-order MHD interface states. In this new algorithm, the USM scheme includes so-called “multidimensional MHD terms”, proportional to $?·\mathbf{B}$, in a dimensionally-unsplit way in a single update. This data reconstruction–evolution step, extended from the corner transport upwind (CTU) approach of Colella, maintains in-plane dynamics very well, as shown by the advection of a very weak magnetic field loop in 2D. This data reconstruction–evolution algorithm is also of advantage in its consistency and simplicity when extended to 3D. The scheme maintains the $?·\mathbf{B}=0$ constraint by solving a set of discrete induction equations using the standard CT approach, where the accuracy of the computed electric field directly influences the quality of the magnetic field solution. We address the lack of proper dissipative behavior in the simple electric field averaging scheme and present a new modified electric field construction (MEC) that includes multidimensional derivative information and enhances solution accuracy. A series of comparison studies demonstrates the excellent performance of the full USM–MEC scheme for many stringent multidimensional MHD test problems chosen from the literature. The scheme is implemented and currently freely available in the University of Chicago ASC FLASH Center’s FLASH3 release.     

旋流燃烧NO生成的USM湍流反应模型

用统一二阶矩(USM)湍流反应模型对不同旋流数下甲烷-空气旋流燃烧NO生成进行了数值模拟,并和EBU-Arrhenius(E-A)燃烧模型对燃烧的模拟结果和简化PDF湍流反应模型对NO生成的模拟结果以及相应的实验结果进行对比。结果表明,USM模型显著地优于E-A模型和简化PDF模型。E-A模型不能合理地模拟有限反应动力学,而简化PDF模型用两个单变量PDF的乘积代替联合PDF,大大地低估了NO湍流反应率。USM模型预报结果和实验结果符合最好。     

折射法检测透明液体浓度的研究

本文介绍一种测量透明液体浓度的方法，其基本原理是依据最小偏向角法，将溶液盛入空心三棱镜，测量光束沿最小偏向角的变化，拟合出液体浓度与角度变化的函数，实现浓度的测定。在该系统中，采用ＣＣＤ为接收器件，在很大范围内保证了不大于３％的测量精度。     

Crystallographic analysis of martensitic transformation in an iron-nickel alloy with twinned martensite

A variant of the crystallographic theory of martensitic transformations is proposed, based on a mechanism of lattice deformation in which the angle of rotation of a martensite plate is reduced to a minimum. In an iron-nickel alloy with twinned martensite, the least angle of rotation corresponds to the deformation of the austenite lattice by shear on the (111) plane in the $\left[ {11\bar 2} \right]$ direction proposed by Kurdyumov and Sachs as the first shear in the two-shear theory of martensite formation in steel.     

Local zone wise elastic and plastic properties of electron beam welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy using digital image correlation technique: A comparative study between uniform stress and virtual fields method

Joining of materials using welding results in the formation of material zones with varying microstructure across the weld. Extraction of the mechanical properties of those individual heterogeneous zones are important in designing components and structures comprised of welds. In this study, the zone wise local extraction of the elastic and plastic properties of an electron beam welded Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy has been carried out using both the uniform stress method (USM) and the virtual fields method (VFM) involving digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The surface strain field obtained using DIC technique from a transverse weld specimen tensile testing is used for extracting the zone wise strain evolution. Initially, using uniform stress assumption, zone wise full range stress–strain curves are extracted. In USM methodology, the elastic and plastic material models are fitted to the zone wise stress–strain curves and required parameters are extracted from it. But inherent disadvantage is lot of images need to be processed for the parameter extraction. Recently, VFM is gaining lot of popularity in characterization domain as it is robust, accurate and faster. VFM is based on the principle of virtual work where, the weak form of local equilibrium equations and kinematically admissible virtual displacement fields are utilized for parameter extraction. Hollomon׳s power law is used here as the hardening rule. Young׳s modulus, Poisson׳s ratio, yield stress, strength coefficient and strain hardening exponent are the parameters extracted zone wise using both USM and VFM. A Vicker׳s microhardness measurement is also conducted across the weld zone towards mapping the strength behavior. Fusion zone has reported higher yield strength, strength coefficient and Poisson׳s ratio. Young׳s modulus value is found decreasing from base metal towards the fusion zone. The trend observed in parameter variation across the weld zone obtained by both USM and VFM compares very well. Due to various advantages associated with VFM technique it is generally recommended for parameter extraction.     

光栅衍射实验中测量光栅常数的两种辅助方法

衍射光栅可以将不同波长的光在空间上分离开,在光谱分析领域中有广泛应用.利用光栅的衍射来测量光栅常数是大学物理实验中的一个典型实验,而本文介绍的正是光栅衍射实验中的两个有趣现象:一是旋转光栅时,谱线的偏转角存在一个最小值;二是光栅旋转到一定角度时,衍射光斑会逐渐消失在视野中.论文从理论上分析解释这两种现象,并设计出两种测量光栅常数的方法,在实验上进行验证.与传统的用最小偏转角测光栅常数的方法相比,本文重点分析了由判定最小偏转角位置偏差所带来的影响,并提出了对称旋转测量的方法来进一步减小误差.     

反射镜浮动支撑的应力与变形分析及支撑参数的优化

本文利用有限元分析对均匀压力浮动支撑的反射进行了应力、变形分析,利用优化方法计算了反射镜面变形的RMS值,并给出了均匀压力浮动支撑的最佳接触角。     

对薄层柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂过程的研究

 本文提出了一个用于描述动态破坏发展过程的损伤度函数。从这个损伤度函数出发,把材料特征性方程取为强化粘塑性本构方程形式,导出了薄层柱壳爆炸膨胀运动在两种近似下（恒定膨胀速度近似合恒定应变速率近似）断裂判据的解析表达式。结果分析表明,在上述条件下,存在着一个动态断裂“塑性峰”,在这个峰值条件的应变率下,柱壳出现贯穿断裂时刻的应变最大。以软钢为算例,本断裂判据可以比较好地解释Иванов和陈大年等给出的实验结果。这时,动态断裂“塑性峰”对应的应变率为4×10⁴ s^-1,相应的应变约为60%~80%。     

光栅衍射实验的误差分析及改进途径

平行光未能严格垂直入射光栅将形成误差,常用的对称测量法只能消除误差的一阶修正项,仍存在二阶修正项误差。采用测量最小衍射角的方法能有效地消除一阶、二阶修正项的误差,而且能观测到更高级次的衍射条纹,从而减少读数误差,提高实验精度。     

用最小偏向角测光波波长的实验研究

本文通过光栅衍射给出了用最小偏向角测光波波长的方法。     

Data completion method for the characterization of sound sources

This paper presents a different approach to solve the inverse acoustic problem. This problem is an "ill-posed" problem since the solution is very sensitive to measurement precision. A classical way to solve this problem consists in inversing a propagation operator which relates structure quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients) to near-field quantities (acoustic pressures or gradients). This can be achieved by using near-field acoustical holography (NAH) in separable coordinate systems. In order to overcome this limitation, the inverse boundary element method (IBEM) can be implemented to recover all acoustic quantities in a three-dimensional space and on an arbitrary three-dimensional source surface. In this paper, the data completion method (DCM) is developed: the acoustic gradients and pressures are known on a surface surrounding the source, but are unknown on its structure. The solution is given by the resolution of the Helmholtz formulation applied on the empty domain between the two boundaries made by the measurements quantities and the structure of the source. The conventional method applies directly the integral formulation for the empty domain. Another way of solving this Helmholtz formulation can be achieved by splitting it in two well-posed subproblems in a Steklov-Poincare?'s formulation. The data completion method allows one to solve the problem with acoustic perturbations due to sources on the exterior domain, or due to a confined domain, without altering the results.