蒸汽冷凝过程的分子团聚模型及其对不凝性气体影响传热性能的解释

根据相变过程的微观物理机理和热力学特性,提出了冷凝传热过程中,近壁面蒸汽分子经由团聚阶段进而冷凝成宏观液滴的物理模型.并将团聚体分布与滴状冷凝传热性能相联系,从而研究不凝性气体对滴状冷凝传热过程的影响.在改进的Dillmann和Meier(DM)模型基础上,将分子团聚过程中的临界过饱和度与冷凝过程中的过冷度相联系,以及将团聚体的能量特性与液固界面物理化学特性相联系,将团聚模型与考虑固液界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型相联系,建立了近壁面条件影响的分子团聚模型.利用模型计算了近壁面蒸汽中团簇体尺寸和分布,以及不凝性气体存在导致的蒸汽冷凝团聚体分布的变化,并结合滴状冷凝传热模型,定量解释了少量不凝性气体的存在,极大影响了冷凝传热性能的现象.模型计算结果与实验结果及文献中含不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热实验数据进行了比较,两者符合较好,验证了所提出模型的合理性.     

滴状冷凝传热的多尺度规划与最佳接触角

滴状冷凝传热过程具有典型的多尺度特征,一方面体现于壁面上液滴尺寸分布的空间多尺度特征以及液滴生长过程的时间多尺度分布,另一方面体现于冷凝壁面物理化学特性以及液固相互作用特性的描述和量度上的多尺度特征.本文基于包含界面效应影响的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了液滴尺寸分布的多尺度特征及其对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,并通过分析液滴尺...     

滴状冷凝过程液滴自由表面温度场分析

对于滴状冷凝过程及其传热强化机理, 一般通过分析冷凝壁面上液滴分布和运动规律进行研究, 并且将单个液滴视为稳定的个体, 很少涉及液滴内部运动特征. 本文通过红外热像仪观测了纯蒸气滴状冷凝过程中, 液滴运动时自由表面温度场的演化过程. 发现在疏水壁面上, 液滴由于合并或脱落而发生移动过程中, 其自由表面温度先降低, 而后升高并高于移动前温度. 通过分析疏水表面上液滴移动过程的物理模型, 认为液滴移动时表面液膜发生履带式滚动现象, 或者发生液滴内部与自由表面附近的液体间形成对流和掺混现象. 对液滴运动时表面温度演变规律的分析表明: 触发液滴表面发生持续冷凝可能需要克服一个临界过冷度, 当气液间温差超过该临界值时才诱发冷凝; 液滴合并或脱落等整体运动过程, 导致了液滴内部的运动特征, 并促进了较大尺寸液滴表面发生直接冷凝, 这为强化冷凝传热的研究提供新的思路.     

近壁区分子团聚现象的原位红外观测

对于饱和蒸气壁面凝结过程,蒸气分子在体相与过冷壁面间过渡区的微观演化机制尚不清晰,分子团聚模型认为分子到达壁面凝结前首先在体相中形成一定团簇分布,但由于观测近壁边界层微小空间中微观粒子的动态演化较为困难,对该模型的实验验证并不充分.基于团簇内部的氢键网络,利用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱技术,实时检测了近壁薄层内蒸气分子凝结过程中的动态行为,直接验证了近壁区的团簇分布,表明团簇是凝结和液滴生长的主要单元,且平均团簇尺寸沿着靠近壁面方向逐渐增大.利用团簇体的氢键特征,又观测了乙醇蒸气的近壁面团聚行为,进一步验证了壁面凝结过程团簇演化的合理性.此外,实验发现乙醇蒸气冷凝的团簇分布空间范围要小于同样条件下的水团簇分布范围,这可能间接表明乙醇蒸气凝结的传热边界层范围小于水蒸气凝结的传热边界层范围,而导致其传热性能较弱.利用壁面结构调节近壁区团簇分布,将为含有不凝气的蒸气冷凝传热或气相水汽捕获等过程的强化提供新方向.     

表面纳米结构及其自由能对滴状冷凝传热的影响

通过抛光和氧化刻蚀方法在基体壁面形成微米和纳米尺度的微观结构,然后制备十八烷基硫醇分子自组装膜,从而得到空气中表观接触角为160°的SAM-1表面和空气中表观接触角为116°的SAM-2表面.实验研究了常压条件下两类表面的滴状冷凝传热特性.结果表明两种表面都能够有效提高冷凝传热效果.但是,具有表面纳米结构的SAM-1表面的滴状冷凝传热特性低于SAM-2表面.分析了纳米结构和液固自由能差效应对滴状冷凝传热影响的共同作用机理.     

分子自组装膜表面滴膜共存冷凝传热的研究

本文以不同处理工艺制备十八烷基硫醇自组装膜,研究制备的表面上蒸气冷凝传热过程.结果表明不同的成膜温度,可以实现膜表面上水蒸气冷凝形态从膜状到滴状的过渡.并研究了该表面上滴膜共存状态下的冷凝传热特性,表明过渡状冷凝传热随固液自由能差渐进变化的实质是冷凝形态的渐进变化,表面上冷凝液运动形态的不同也将导致传热性能的改变,并对自组装膜表面上的冷凝传热系数可能随操作时间的增加而回升的现象进行了分析.     

水蒸气在超疏水表面上的冷凝传热

用高温裂解法在紫铜基底上制备了疏水性碳纳米管膜,通过对此碳纳米管膜进行氟化处理,改善了表面的疏水性.在室温下,实验测得水在这种表面上的接触角在90°～130°之间.以水蒸气为冷凝介质的冷凝传热实验表明,水蒸气在超疏水纳米材料表面上能形成较好的滴状冷凝,冷凝传热膜系数可达40000 W/(m2·K).与纯粹膜状冷凝相比,冷凝传热系数提高3～4倍.分析表明,此碳纳米管膜所产生的附加热阻只占冷凝传热热阻的千分之一,对冷凝传热膜系数的影响可以忽略.     

蒸汽滴状冷凝液滴表面温度分布及演化

利用红外热成像技术研究了蒸汽滴状冷凝中液滴合并过程表面温度分布及演化机制,并基于此分析了不同尺寸液滴表面温度随传热通量变化的分布规律。实验结果表明:与蒸汽在微小液滴表面发生连续冷凝不同,液滴合并过程中蒸汽通过四个阶段实现在大液滴表面的周期性冷凝传热;其中,在液滴吸收蒸汽冷凝放热阶段和向壁面传热阶段之间存在一个平衡,高热通量时,蒸汽向液滴表面传热过程占主导,液滴表面温度随尺寸增加而升高;低热通量时,液滴向冷凝壁面传热过程占主导,液滴表面温度随尺寸增加而降低。液滴运动引起的蒸汽在大液滴表面直接冷凝过程为强化低压蒸汽冷凝传热提供了新思路。     

水蒸气在低能表面相变形态的热力学分析

1前言滴状冷凝具有很高的传热速率，其冷凝传热系数是膜状冷凝的几至几十倍。而现行的冷凝器一般采用界面能较高的金属材料制成，所以膜状冷凝是现行冷凝器中的普遍现象。为在金属壁面上实现滴状冷凝，必须在最大限度上降低其界面能。对此，前人进行长期大量的工作，提出了很多方法，但是均未达到工业应用的要求［‘－’］。本文对应用低能复合股作为表面处理技术，改善在该膜表面水蒸气相变形态，以实现冷凝器中的滴状冷凝、改善热泵一空调装置中的蒸发器的传热性能和通风阻力，以及制冷装置中的抑制蒸发器结霜而进行热力学分析。所谓低能…     

水蒸气在垂直钛板表面的冷凝传热特性

对水蒸气在垂直钛板表面的冷凝传热特性进行了可视化实验研究。实验结果表明,蒸汽在钛表面为液滴和沟流状液膜共存的混合冷凝形式。随着表面过冷度的增大,滴状区所占的面积比η逐渐减小,且液滴的脱落直径逐渐增大,导致表面的冷凝传热系数随之下降。η值大于50%时,冷凝传热系数随滴状区所占面积比的减小而陡降,滴状区面积小于膜状区后,η值对冷凝表面传热性能的影响较小。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝过程中液滴生长特性

研究了低压条件对滴状冷凝过程液滴生长特性的影响。首先,研究了超疏水表面上空气环境和蒸汽环境中附着液滴的接触角,发现蒸汽环境中的接触角比空气环境中的小,而蒸汽压力对接触角没有显著影响。第二,实验研究了冷凝过程中的液滴的生长周期和脱落尺寸,液滴的脱落半径随压力的降低而增大,生长周期也随之延长。第三,实验研究了液滴合并生长速率,并结合理论分析直接冷凝长大的生长速率,直接冷凝生长速率随压力的减小而减小,并随过冷度的减小而下降,而实验范围内合并生长速率不受压力影响。第四,根据滴状冷凝液滴分布的时间序列模型,分析了不同压力下液滴生长的临界尺寸,随着压力的降低,液滴生长方式的临界尺寸增大。     

In situ reflectivity investigations of solid/liquid interface during laser backside etching

In situ reflectivity measurements of the solid/liquid interface with a pump-probe setup were performed during laser-induced backside wet etching (LIBWE) of fused silica with KrF excimer laser using toluene as absorbing liquid. The intensity, the temporal shape, and the duration of the reflected light measured in dependence on the laser fluence are discussed referring to the surface modification and the bubble formation.The vaporisation of the superheated liquid at the solid interface causes a considerable increase of the reflectivity and gives information about the bubble lifetime. The alterations of the reflectivity after bubbles collapse can be explained with the changed optical properties due to surface modifications of the solid surface. Comparative studies of the reflectivity at different times and the etch rate behaviour in dependence on the laser fluence show that the in situ measured surface modification begins just at the etch threshold fluence and correlates further with etch rate behaviour and the etched surface appearance. The already observed surface modification at LIBWE due to a carbon deposition and structural changes of the near surface region are approved by the changes of the interface reflectivity and emphasizes the importance of the modified surface region in the laser-induced backside wet etching process.     

CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER OF STEAM ON VERTICAL DROPWISE AND FILMWISE COEXISTING SURFACES WITH A THICK ORGANIC FILM PROMOTING DROPWISE MODE

This article describes an experimental investigation of the condensation heat transfer of steam on dropwise and filmwise coexisting (DFC) surfaces, on which dropwise and filmwise exist simultaneously at adjacent positions. A fluor-containing organic film with thickness of more than 1 μm was coated on the dropwise regions of the external surface of a brass tube to promote dropwise condensation. The surfaces were divided horizontally into many regions according to the designed dropwise and filmwise condensation area ratio. The area ratio of dropwise regions and filmwise regions in the present study was fixed at 50%:50% for all the six surfaces, while the numbers of dropwise and filmwise regions ranged from 2 to 16. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and the treated tube was oriented vertically in the condensing chamber. It was found that the heat transfer performance for DFC surfaces increases with increasing number of dropwise and filmwise regions, and an enhancement ratio of 1.27 to 1.96 is realized compared with the results for bare surface. Visual observation revealed that the appearance of condensation near the boundary region between the dropwise and filmwise regions was dependent on the relative positions of the two condensation regions. The condensate flowed smoothly across the boundary for dropwise condensation in the upper region. With filmwise condensation in the upper region, a condensate ring was formed at the interface and was retained at the interface for a short period of time before collapsing and then continued to flow downward through the dropwise condensation region. The condensate ring made a remarkable contribution to the condensation heat transfer enhancement for DFC surfaces. Finally, the results also showed that the heat transfer enhancement for dropwise and filmwise coexisting surfaces depends not only on the area ratio on DFC surfaces, but also on the surface subcooling degree. An optimal coordinating condition between these two factors might realize a maximum heat transfer enhancement ratio.     

滴状冷凝中液滴的内外压差及临界半径

用热力学方法证明了壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差同样遵循经典的Laplace方程,并用力学方法给予了验证.液滴的内外压差与固液接触角无关,只取决于液体的表面张力和液滴半径;液滴的临界半径也与接触角无关,其值可用经典的Kalvin公式计算 关键词： 滴状冷凝 液滴 压差 临界半径     

Dropwise Condensation of Steam on a Small Tube Bundle at Turbine Condenser Conditions

Application of dropwise condensation to utility turbine condensers is investigated by comparing the thermal performance of dropwise and filmwise bundles at industrially relevant conditions. Steam and steam-air mixtures were condensed on bundles of in-line, titanium tubes. The row-by-row heat transfer coefficients are presented against bundle position. They show the expected behavior for filmwise condensation but demonstrate a different one for dropwise. In air-free steam, the dropwise heat transfer coefficients are much larger and do not vary significantly with bundle position. In air-steam mixtures the dropwise values decrease similarly to their filmwise equivalents. The findings are in accord with those found for other geometries. The findings indicate that significant reductions in condenser size can be obtained if permanent dropwise condensation can be produced at industrially relevant conditions.     

蒸气凝结相关问题探讨

讨论了几个与蒸气凝结相关的问题,指出壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差和临界半径同样遵循经典的Laplace公式和Kalvin公式;蒸气在冷壁上的冷凝形态主要由后退接触角决定;空气中的水蒸气在换热器表面呈膜状冷凝时换热器的性能优于呈滴状冷凝时换热器的性能。     

水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热系数

本文在均质表面的单个球缺形液滴换热模型和液滴通用尺度分布规律的基础上,结合梯度表面能材料表面的液滴分布和凝结换热特性,得到了一维水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热计算式。在此基础上,研究了壁面过冷度、接触角梯度、工质物性等参数对梯度表面能材料表面滴状凝结换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着过冷度的增加和凝结工质汽化潜热的增大和表面张力的减小和接触角梯度的增大,平均表面凝结换热系数会增大。     

Reflection of structural waves at a solid/liquid interface

This paper investigates the reflection characteristics of structural or guided waves in rods at a solid/liquid interface. Structural waves, whose wavelengths are much larger than the diameter of the rod, are described in a first approximation by classical one-dimensional wave theory. The reflection characteristics of such waves at a solid/liquid (melting) interface has been reported by two different ultrasonic measurement techniques: first, measuring the fast regression rate of a melting interface during the burning of metal rod samples in an oxygen-enriched environment, and second, monitoring the propagation of the solid/liquid interface during the slow melting and solidification of a rod sample in a furnace. The second work clearly shows that the major reflection occurs from the solid/liquid interface and not the liquid/gas interface as predicted by plane longitudinal wave reflectivity theory. The present work confirms this observation by reporting on the results of some specially designed experiments to identify the main interface of reflection for structural waves in rods. Hence, it helps in explaining the fundamental discrepancy between the reflection characteristics at a solid/liquid interface between low frequency structural waves and high frequency bulk waves, and confirms that the detected echo within a burning metallic rod clearly represents a reflection from the solid/liquid interface.     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。