多间隙气体开关触发放电过程及击穿抖动

实验研究了开关闭合抖动随欠压比和脉冲触发电压的变化关系,利用紫外光纤探测器测量不同间隙放电时延,分析了放电过程对多间隙开关闭合抖动的影响,并研究采用预电离方法降低开关触发电压。实验表明:开关抖动随脉冲触发电压与欠压比的乘积增大呈指数下降趋势;当触发电压和欠压比的乘积大于33 kV时,开关抖动小于5 ns;乘积大于45 kV时,开关抖动降到3 ns以下并趋于饱和;对六间隙气体开关抖动的贡献,触发间隙占30%~40%,其余5个间隙为60%~70%;欠压比和触发电压对触发间隙击穿抖动的影响最大,对随后放电的3个间隙影响较小,对最后2个间隙几乎无影响;当欠压比大于57%时,采用预电离措施使开关的触发电压降低了10 kV以上。     

预电离触发管气体开关特性

利用脉冲火花预电离方式,设计了一种脉冲火花预电离触发的触发管气体开关。开关工作电压等级为100 kV,工作介质采用干燥空气,开关主间隙10 mm,电极材料采用304不锈钢,触发结构设计成盘环嵌套结构。实验结果表明:预电离能够显著减小低工作系数下触发管气体开关的触发时延和抖动。对于ns级快脉冲触发,预电离时刻越早,开关击穿时延和抖动越低。在30 kV/8 ns触发脉冲作用下,脉冲预电离触发的触发管开关在80%工作系数时,平均时延约为40 ns,抖动小于1 ns。     

自耦式紫外预电离开关特性

 研究了300 kV脉冲电压作用下自耦式紫外预电离开关的工作原理。为了在脉冲电压下实现开关的自耦合预电离,设计了适当的分压电路及预电离结构。模拟计算表明,分压电路参数合适时,可以实现预电离间隙与开关主间隙的击穿配合。实验结果表明：在脉冲电压作用下,调节电路参数可以有效调节紫外预电离产生时刻;在适当的时刻产生紫外预电离可以有效减小开关击穿抖动;该开关在240 ns上升时间脉冲电压作用下击穿抖动可小于3 ns,在36 ns上升时间脉冲电压作用下击穿抖动可小于2 ns。     

自触发紫外预电离开关脉冲击穿时延抖动影响因素及改进方法

研究了一种自触发紫外预电离开关击穿时延抖动特性的影响因素,结果表明:触发间隙电容放电阶段起预电离作用时,预电离注入时刻开关电场是开关时延抖动的决定性因素,提高工作系数和采用逸出功更低的电极材料对降低开关在脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动效果有限。提出的改进方法为:减小开关均压电阻阻值,显著延长触发间隙的有效燃弧时间,消除预电离注入时间及抖动的影响。采用改进方法时可以使开关在工作电压300～800 kV、前沿100 ns、180 ns的脉冲峰值附近击穿时的时延抖动分别小于1.3 ns、2.8 ns。     

电极结构对触发管型开关击穿特性的影响

基于600kV触发管型SF6气体开关,设计了三种具有典型电场分布的电极结构,计算分析了各个场分布特点,在-600kV/400ns脉冲电压下对不同电极结构进行了击穿特性实验,分析了场分布对开关击穿特性的影响。实验结果表明:三种结构中平头形电极触发击穿模式与其欠压比相关,触发抖动较小;球头形电极自击穿电压抖动最小,能够稳定工作于长时间触发击穿模式;锥头形电极击穿模式较不稳定,可能与其两个间隙击穿特性较相近有关。     

电晕均压多间隙串联气体开关特性实验

研制了一种电晕放电均压的小型多间隙串联气体开关,分析了电晕放电在开关工作过程中的作用,开展了开关自击穿特性、电晕放电伏安特性、针尖烧蚀以及开关寿命测试等特性实验。结果表明:老练后开关自击穿电压标准偏差小于3.5%,电晕均压效果明显;随着放电次数增加,电晕针尖逐渐钝化,触发性能变化不大;开关电晕放电电流随耐受电压升高增大,增长趋势逐渐变快;开关充400 kPa干燥空气,100 kV工作电压下开关放电50 000次以上,触发性能稳定,触发击穿时延抖动约4.3 ns,自放电概率低于110-4。     

3 MV自耦式紫外预电离开关的设计

 基于紫外预电离技术和阻容耦合电路研制了应用于高功率装置的三串联3 MV自耦式紫外预电离开关。该开关由紫外预电离间隙和开关主间隙组成。根据同类开关在脉冲电压下的击穿数据推算出3 MV开关的间隙距离,开关主间隙的电场不均匀系数为1.58。采用台阶屏蔽技术使开关有机玻璃筒外沿面最大电场小于50 kV/cm,满足设计要求。设计紫外预电离间隙击穿电压为主脉冲电压的1%,理论模拟计算表明,在0.1～0.7 MPa范围内,预电离间隙电压大于在此范围内间隙击穿电压,保证可靠预电离。     

轨道式多间隙气体开关设计与性能测试

针对直线脉冲变压器对低电感、低抖动气体开关的研制需要,采用垂直布放的平板轨道电极,组成具有通视结构的水平间隙,设计了一种多间隙轨道式气体开关。利用Meek击穿判据计算了单间隙自击穿电压,实测了4个单间隙的自击穿电压及其相对标准偏差,并根据单间隙自击穿电压,利用概率分析方法预测了多间隙开关自击穿电压,计算值与实测结果一致。研究表明:开关电感最大约109 nH,自击穿电压相对标准偏差为1.5%,在60 kV触发电压和48%~74%欠压比下,开关抖动0.9~2.6 ns。与圆环形电极的多间隙气体开关相比,多间隙轨道式气体开关自击穿电压更稳定,也更容易触发。     

μs前沿百kV激光触发水开关的实验研究

开展了百kVμs前沿脉冲作用下激光触发水开关的研究。水开关采用球板电极结构,球头轴向开激光通孔,高压极为平板电极。开关自击穿电压133kV,抖动263ns。实验研究了激光击穿弧长占据间隙不同比例、不同触发能量和不同触发时刻等因素对触发抖动的影响。结果表明激光触发可将抖动有效减小到30ns以内。触发能量高于19mJ时触发抖动与能量大小关系不大。     

多间隙气体开关触发特性

针对触发脉冲幅值、气体压强和紫外光照射3个因素对多间隙气体开关触发特性的影响规律开展实验研究。实验结果表明:触发电压由50 kV提高到70 kV时,开关触发时延的抖动降低约40%,统计时延的抖动降低约44%,形成时延的抖动变化不大。触发电压继续升高,触发抖动降低的趋势明显减缓。开关工作气压由0.16 MPa提高到0.28 MPa,开关触发时延的抖动增大约1.6倍,统计时延和形成时延的抖动均显著增大。紫外光辐照时间增长,开关触发抖动显著减小,最佳的辐照时间为80~140 ns,开关触发时延的抖动降低约39%。紫外光辐照可以有效降低开关统计时延的抖动,对形成时延影响不大。     

FLTD系统放电开关自击穿性能优化

针对快前沿直线脉冲变压器驱动源(FLTD)系统中放电开关自击穿性能劣化的问题,模拟计算了带电线缆、FLTD模块结构对开关间隙电场分布的影响规律,研究分析开关自击穿性能下降的主要原因,开展了电晕针均压和电阻均压两种方式下开关自击穿性能对比实验,获得了不同电晕针长度、不同阻值开关自击穿电压的变化规律:两种均压方式下开关自击穿电压分别提高3.2%和4.3%。FLTD系统中放电开关有均压措施的情况下,系统自击穿电压提高8.9%,自放电概率降低60%,系统短路输出电流的稳定性明显提高,电流幅值提高8.1%,标准偏差减小30.8%。     

多间隙气体开关光纤诊断

介绍了一套用于多间隙气体开关光学诊断的光纤探测系统,该系统主要由光纤阵列探测器和沉入式日盲型光纤探测器构成。用该系统研究了多间隙气体开关的详细击穿过程,并分析触发电压、气压及紫外光预电离对开关性能的影响。光纤阵列探测器定时精度小于0.6 ns,脉冲响应3.2 ns;日盲型光纤探测器光谱响应为260~320 nm,通过实验可知,气体开关击穿次序为:3#-2#-1#-4#-5#-6#,统计时延和过压击穿时延占主要部分;提高开关的触发电压、降低开关的工作气压,主要影响开关击穿过程的前半部分,从而降低开关的击穿抖动;如果能够产生强度稳定的紫外光,可以改善开关的抖动性能。     

Additives as ionizing elements in N2 TE UV lasers

This work reports the role some additives have in pre-ionizing a N₂ TE UV laser (337.1 nm). The modifications in both stimulated radiation characteristics and excitation-pulse period prove the different ionizing power of each element. The laser operating without a pre-ionizing wire device and with N₂ plus different additives was able to generate pulses with a temporal width of the same order than those obtained when it was operating with N₂ and a pre-ionizing wire device. Also, a relation between ionization efficiency and interelectrode distance has been established allowing the prediction of conditions for optimum laser-pulse width generation.     

A Review of Diffuse Discharge Opening Switches

The basic operation principles of externally controlled diffuse discharges with respect to their application as opening switches are discussed. Discharge sustainment by electron and UV ionization and additional control mechanisms, such as photodetachment and optically enhanced attachment, are considered. Special emphasis is given electron-beam (e-beam) controlled switches. For such systems, design criteria are discussed and a summary of experimental switch results is presented.     

Characterisation of fulgides in a solid matrix as recording materials for optical components

The optical properties of solid samples of polymethyl-methacrylate doped with fulgide photochromic molecules were studied. The transmittance of a thin plate sample was measured when both the activation (UV) and bleaching wavelengths are employed. The samples were used as an optical switch where an UV pulse switches a visible signal beam. The behaviour of these compounds as holographic materials, studied by efficiency measurements at varying grating steps, is reported.     

用光电导开关产生稳幅ps量级时间晃动超快电脉冲的研究

报道了用半绝缘GaAs光电导开关产生电压幅值稳定、ps量级时间晃动超快电脉冲的实验结果.分别用ns，ps和 fs激光脉冲触发GaAs光电导开关的结果表明，在低电场偏置下，电极间隙为1 mm的GaAs光电导开关可以产生触发时间晃动小于10 ps、电压幅值变化小于1.2 %、亚ns量级脉冲宽度的稳定超短电脉冲.分析了触发光脉冲能量起伏对光电导开关产生超快电脉冲电压幅值的影响，指出通过控制光电导开关的触发条件和对开关的优化设计，就可以获得电压幅值稳定、时间晃动在ps量级的超快电脉冲. 关键词： 光电导开关 超快电脉冲 电压幅值稳定性 时间晃动     

A comparison of optically and electronically controlled optical switches

Electronically and optically controlled optical switches are compared with respect to switch energy requirements. Only switches based on optical phase change are treated, since these have the largest flexibility. Further, only switches that preserve input wavelength at the output are considered, due to cascadeability requirements. It is argued that as long as ‘all-optical’ switches need electronically controlled switches for information transfer to the optical signals controlling the all-optical switch, this will compromise any other advantages that the all-optical switch and the corresponding systems might have. A further application for all-optical switches, which currently are orders of magnitude faster than electronically controlled ones, would be in banks of electronically controlled slower all-optical switches which are all-optically multiplexed to drive all-optical switches to data rates not currently achievable by electronically controlled switches. It is argued that such systems will be complex, requiring sophisticated electronic synchronization and being inferior to corresponding wavelength division multiplexing systems. Power dissipation and switch energy are analyzed for two different physical mechanisms for controllably changing the refractive index in the all-optical and electronically controlled optical switches: Pockels and Kerr effects as well as the plasma or free carrier effect and the relative merits of electronically and optically controlled optical switches using these are discussed. It is shown that, in the former case, (Pockels and Kerr effects) using representative data, electronically controlled switches are generally more power efficient than the all-optical counterparts.     

感应电压叠加器中水介质开关脉冲自击穿特性

 设计了应用于感应电压叠加器中的水介质主开关与峰化开关,主开关的电极结构为“平板 环型”,峰化开关的电极结构为“环型”。研究了开关在300 ns脉冲电压下的自击穿特性,给出了不同工作电压下开关的间隙距离。实验结果表明,主开关与峰化开关的结构合理、击穿特性稳定、相互配合良好,峰化开关可以有效地峰化主脉冲,降低预脉冲的幅值。主开关的实验结果同时验证了Martin经验公式的适用性。