二氧化碳管内沸腾换热系数关联式的分析

了解管内流动沸腾特性并准确地预测出其换热系数,对设计紧凑、高效的CO2蒸发换热器有着至关重要的作用.文中分析了几个国内外已公开发表的换热关联式,并将预测结果与实验数据进行对比和误差分析,比较后发现Yoon2004、Jung关联式的预测精度相对较高,但各关联式对干涸后的换热系数预测普遍有较大偏差,有待进一步的改进.     

圆管内熔融盐强迫对流换热的实验研究

为了验证现有的经典对流换热关联式是否仍然适用于高温熔融盐管内强迫对流的换热规律,搭建了熔融盐传热蓄热循环实验台进行实验研究.实验台系统已经在实验室安全成功运行了上千小时,实验中,设计了熔融盐-导热油换热器,通过测量熔融盐进出口温降和导热油进出口温升得到了换热器的总传热效率,然后利用最小二乘法对管内熔融盐对流换热系数进行分离,拟合出了熔融盐管内过渡流和充分发展紊流的实验关联式.通过和经典的传热关联式进行比较发现,熔融盐管内强迫对流换热特性仍然适用于Sieder-Tate方程,Petukhov方程,Hausen方程以及Gnielinski方程.     

低温发电用翅片管换热器传热特性的数值模拟分析

为了深入研究低温余热发电系统用翅片管换热器的传热特性,文中建立了翅片管换热器计算模型,对工质R123在翅片管换热器内的传热性能进行数值模拟,比较管内工质R123在不同流速与温度时的换热特性,利用最小二乘法原理,对烟气侧和工质侧的换热关联式进行了拟合,得到了二者的换热准则方程,此外,利用实验方法对模拟结果进行验证。     

伴随有水蒸气凝结的烟气对流换热的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了冷凝式燃气热水器中烟气伴随有水蒸气凝结的受迫对流换热过程。着重介绍实验系统、测试方法和对塔板式换热器和肋片板式换热器的实验研究结果。实验表明,有水蒸气凝结时的烟气对流换热系数远大于无凝结时的换热系数,可提高数倍。在冷凝式换热器中,塔板式换热器的换热系数大于肋片板式换热器。     

微小圆通道内流动沸腾换热特性的研究

微小通道内相变换热具有热流密度高、单位体积内换热面积大、结构紧凑等特点,成为高效紧凑式换热器设计的重要途径。本文以氟利昂R113为工质,完成了0.7、1.1和1.4 mm的圆形小通道内的流动沸腾实验,对小通道内流动沸腾换热特性进行了分析,拟合了计算沸腾换热特性的实验关联式,为工程实际应用提供参考。     

微管换热器流动与传热的实验研究

本文对自制微管换热器的流动与传热性能进行了实验研究。提出了微细圆管换热器管内单相强制对流换热努摩尔数准则式,并与已有相关文献提出的关联式做了对比,结果表明:微管管内换热系数比常规尺度计算公式预测值要高,同时本文分析了微细管内的压力降、摩擦阻力系数f随雷诺数的关系。研究表明微管管内压降、摩擦系数都比常规尺度预测值要高。     

斜翅型冷凝强化换热管传热性能的实验研究

对一种斜翅型外翅片带内螺纹的冷凝强化换热管进行传热性能的实验研究。管外冷凝换热的制冷剂为R134a,管内对流换热的介质为水。分别在定热流密度与定水流速的条件下进行一系列工况的实验,得到相应的实验数据。在定热流密度条件下,利用Wilson图解法得到管内的换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。在定水流速的条件下,利用分离方法得到管外冷凝换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。将强化管换热系数数据与光管换热系数的理论计算值进行了比较,结果表明:冷凝强化换热管管内对流换热的强化倍率为2.4,管外凝结换热系数随壁面过冷度的增加而增大,管外凝结换热的强化倍率为:1.78～3.92。     

高Ra数条件下封闭空间内换热的实验研究

本文对高宽比等于1的大尺寸封闭空间实验台用水作为对象进行了实验研究,获得了急需的高Ra数条件下封闭空间内换热的实验数据。文章分析了现行文献整理实验结果的弊病,探索用新的指导思想来整理实验数据。改变沿用夹层宽度的特性尺度而用换热面高度为特性尺度是一个合理的改进。分别整理冷、热换热面单壁的换热关联式是另一种新的探索。它将有利于揭示封闭腔内换热的内在机理,值得进一步研究。     

R134a在板式换热器中的凝结换热实验研究

本文对R134a在板式换热器内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究,通过测量换热器中冷却水及板壁温度获得了局部凝结换热系数随蒸气干度、质量流量及热流密度的变化关系.实验结果表明,凝结换热系数随着蒸气干度增加而增加.文章还将实验结果与部分文献数据进行了比较与分析.本文的研究为换热准则关系式的发展提供了实验数据.     

内置弹簧线圈平板通道流动传热实验研究

提出了在平行平板通道中等间隔布置轴线垂直于流动方向的弹簧线圈以强化传热的方法,并对其换热和流动阻力特性进行了实验研究。实验分别对水-水换热和水-油换热进行了测试,得到了所测参数范围内水侧和油侧的换热及阻力关联式。通过与典型人字形板式换热器实验结果的对比,分析了弹簧线圈对不同黏性流体流动换热的影响,得出平板间填充弹簧线圈的结构更适用于高黏性流体的流动换热。     

Burning rate of homogeneous energetic materials with thermal expansion and varying thermal properties in the condensed phase

We present a study of the one-dimensional flame structure of combusting solid propellants that focuses on the effects of thermal expansion and variable thermal properties in the condensed phase. A nonlinear heat equation is derived for a burning thermo-elastic solid with temperature-dependent specific heat, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity coefficients. It is solved for different modelling approximations both analytically and numerically. Explicit expressions are derived for the regression rate of the propellant surface as functions of surface temperature and thermal expansion parameters. A simple one-step reaction model of the gas phase is used to study the full structure of propellent flame and illuminate the influence of temperature-dependent material properties on the regression rate, surface temperature, and flame stand-off distance. Results are displayed for HMX and compared with experimental data and numerical simulation with fair success.     

Evaluation of a Thermosyphon Heat Pipe Operation and Application in a Waste Heat Recovery System

Efficient and economical utilization of industrial waste heat would result in reduced energy use and thereby contribute to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Two-phase thermosyphon technology has demonstrated the potential capability for waste heat recovery, but it has not been yet utilized in large-scale industrial applications. As a part of an industrial project, various types of thermosyphon heat pipes have been designed and tested for extraction of waste heat and process control in aluminum industry. This article presents the heat and mass transfer model, developed to provide a fast and accurate simulation tool for industrial application of thermosyphon heat pipe technology for waste heat utilization. The mathematical model considers the energy, momentum, and mass transfer equations, in their one-dimensional form, to predict output parameters of the thermosyphon and enable parametric and sensitivity analysis. The mathematical model structure is set up in a way that the least numerical cost and time is spent while the model accuracy is kept at acceptable level for the defined application. To provide experimental data for validation of the simulation model, the proposed thermosyphon was tested experimentally using a test set-up instrumented for this purpose. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The developed model and code are viable to be used as a simple and fast tool for modeling, design, and optimization of the thermosyphon as an element in a heat recovery module.     

Scale-free properties of information flux networks in genetic algorithms

In this study, we present empirical analysis of statistical properties of mating networks in genetic algorithms (GAs). Under the framework of GAs, we study a class of interaction network model—information flux network (IFN), which describes the information flow among generations during evolution process. The IFNs are found to be scale-free when the selection operator uses a preferential strategy rather than a random. The topology structure of IFN is remarkably affected by operations used in genetic algorithms. The experimental results suggest that the scaling exponent of the power-law degree distribution is shown to decrease when crossover rate increases, but increase when mutation rate increases, and the reason may be that high crossover rate leads to more edges that are shared between nodes and high mutation rate leads to many individuals in a generation possessing low fitness. The magnitude of the out-degree exponent is always more than the in-degree exponent for the systems tested. These results may provide a new viewpoint with which to view GAs and guide the dissemination process of genetic information throughout a population.     

Development of an explicit algorithm for remote sensing estimation of chlorophyll a using symbolic regression

The primary mission of ocean color remote sensing is to provide accurate marine bio-optical properties from satellite data. We propose a new algorithm that uses symbolic regression to estimate chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations from remote sensing reflectance. We compared the accuracy and computational efficiency of the new algorithm to that of the explicit empirical algorithms (OC4v4 and OC4v6), and implicit algorithms based on neural networks or support vector machines (SVM). Results show that the accuracy of the symbolic regression algorithm is higher than that of the OC4 algorithms and comparable to that of implicit algorithms. The improvement is particularly important for high biomass areas (chl a?≧?3 mg?m^-3) that are often found in optically complex waters. The computational efficiency of the explicit algorithm developed by symbolic regression is comparable to that of the two versions of OC4 algorithms and better than that of implicit algorithms based on SVM. With its good precision and fast processing, the symbolic regression algorithm is a powerful tool for remote sensing of chl a that could be used advantageously in the reprocessing of large datasets.     

Estimates of homogenization for a parabolic equation with periodic coefficients

The asymptotic behavior of the operator exponent related to the Cauchy problem for a parabolic equation with periodic coefficients is studied either under the reduction of the periodicity cell or for large times. Estimates for the closeness of the operator exponentials (the original and the limit) with respect to the L ²-operator norm and the related H ¹-estimates are obtained under minimal assumptions concerning the smoothness of the heat matrix and of the initial data. Financially supported by RFBR under grant no. 05-01-00621.     

Nonequilibrium Radiation Aerothermodynamics of the Command Modulus of Apollo 4 at Altitudes above 75 km

The problem of the radiation gas dynamics of super-orbital entry into dense layers of the Earth’s atmosphere of the command module of Apollo 4 is solved numerically in the two-dimensional formulation of the flow around an aerodynamic frontal shield at the velocity V∞= 10.7 km/s in the altitude range H = 91.5?76.2 km. The density distributions of the spectral and integral radiation heat fluxes on the surface flowed around are obtained. The considerable role of atomic spectral lines in the radiation heating of the surface is shown. The results of calculations are compared with the flight experimental data and the calculated data of other authors.     

Computation of leading edge film cooling from a CONSOLE geometry (CONverging Slot hOLE)

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mass flow rate on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer over a gas turbine rotor blade with three staggered rows of shower-head holes which are inclined at 30° to the spanwise direction, and are normal to the streamwise direction on the blade. To improve film cooling effectiveness, the standard cylindrical holes, located on the leading edge region, are replaced with the converging slot holes (console). The ANSYS CFX has been used for this computational simulation. The turbulence is approximated by a k-ε model. Detailed film effectiveness distributions are presented for different mass flow rate. The numerical results are compared with experimental data.     

Estimating good discrete partitions from observed data: symbolic false nearest neighbors

A symbolic analysis of observed time series requires a discrete partition of a continuous state space containing the dynamics. A particular kind of partition, called "generating," preserves all deterministic dynamical information in the symbolic representation, but such partitions are not obvious beyond one dimension. Existing methods to find them require significant knowledge of the dynamical evolution operator. We introduce a statistic and algorithm to refine empirical partitions for symbolic state reconstruction. This method optimizes an essential property of a generating partition, avoiding topological degeneracies, by minimizing the number of "symbolic false nearest neighbors." It requires only the observed time series and is sensible even in the presence of noise when no truly generating partition is possible.     

Computational simulation of thermal hydraulic processes in the core and fuel assembly in the liquid-metal fast-breader reactor in the porous medium approximation

The results of numerical simulation of the sodium coolant flow in the fuel assembly with partial blocking of its cross section are presented. A comparison of the results obtained with experimental data confirmed the operability of the APMod module intended for simulating heat exchange processes in cores and heat exchange equipment of promising nuclear reactors.     

壁面轴向导热对微细管内对流换热的影响

本文通过数值解析的方法研究了考虑壁面轴向导热时微细管内的对流换热。结果表明,当管外为对流换热边界条件时,管内充分发展对流换热的Nu依然在3.66～4.36之间。但若忽略壁面轴向导热,采用一维热阻模型整理微细管内对流换热的实验数据将会导致错误的结论。