Analysis on the effect of nonlinear polarization evolution in nonlinear amplifying loop mirror

By considering the cross phase modulation (XPM) between the two orthogonal poparization components,the nonlinear birefringence and nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) in highly-nonlinear fiber (HNLF),as well as the unequal evolutions of the state of polarization (SOP) between the clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) waves in a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM) are analyzed. It is pointed out that the traditional cosine expression is no longer valid for the power transmission of NALM due to uncompleted interference under the high power condition. The analytical expression considering NPE effect is derived, and the experimental result is presented.     

利用啁啾脉冲光谱滤波和非线性偏振旋转技术实现高稳定性和开机自启动的全光纤掺Yb~(3+)光纤锁模激光器

建立理论模型,讨论了非线性偏振旋转全光纤锁模激光器的锁模过程、谐波过程以及导致激光器锁模运行难以稳定的影响因素.讨论了采用啁啾脉冲光谱滤波产生脉冲自振幅调制、增加激光器锁模稳定性和自启动能力的机理以及非线性偏振旋转与啁啾脉冲光谱滤波相结合实现锁模的物理过程和脉冲演化过程.研制出全光纤结构的超短脉冲掺Yb~(3+)光纤环形激光器,采用非线性偏振旋转和啁啾脉冲光谱滤波相结合的锁模技术,实现了激光器锁模的开机自启动和高稳定运行.对激光器进行了长期运行稳定性、锁模开机自启动能力、锁模输出参数可重复性监测.锁模脉冲中心波长1052.9 nm,谱宽9.1 nm,脉冲能量4.25 nJ,脉冲宽度17.8 ps.运行期间,各参数波动均小于0.3%.开机自启动能力和可重复性测试显示,激光器可实现一键自启动,启动后各参数可重复精度在0.55%以内.     

Quantum algorithm for neighborhood preserving embedding

Neighborhood preserving embedding (NPE) is an important linear dimensionality reduction technique that aims at preserving the local manifold structure. NPE contains three steps, i.e., finding the nearest neighbors of each data point, constructing the weight matrix, and obtaining the transformation matrix. Liang et al. proposed a variational quantum algorithm (VQA) for NPE [Phys. Rev. A 101 032323 (2020)]. The algorithm consists of three quantum sub-algorithms, corresponding to the three steps of NPE, and was expected to have an exponential speedup on the dimensionality n. However, the algorithm has two disadvantages: (i) It is not known how to efficiently obtain the input of the third sub-algorithm from the output of the second one. (ii) Its complexity cannot be rigorously analyzed because the third sub-algorithm in it is a VQA. In this paper, we propose a complete quantum algorithm for NPE, in which we redesign the three sub-algorithms and give a rigorous complexity analysis. It is shown that our algorithm can achieve a polynomial speedup on the number of data points m and an exponential speedup on the dimensionality n under certain conditions over the classical NPE algorithm, and achieve a significant speedup compared to Liang et al.'s algorithm even without considering the complexity of the VQA.     

All-fiber passively mode-locked thulium-doped fiber ring oscillator operated at solitary and noiselike modes

This Letter presents an all-fiber mode-locked thulium-doped fiber ring oscillator based on nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). Pumped by an erbium-doped fiber amplified spontaneous emission source, the construction of the laser cavity consisting of only fiber optic components can operate under two different regimes of solitary and noiselike (NL) pulses. Autocorrelation measurements are performed to extract features of these two regimes.     

Tunable high energy giant chirped passively mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser

A tunable, low-repetition rate, all-normal-dispersion Yb-doped fiber laser (YDFL) that is passively mode locked based on a phase shifted long period fiber grating (PS-LPFG) is demonstrated and proposed. The mode-locking mechanism of the laser is based on nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). Using a PS-LPFG as the spectral filter in the laser cavity, the mode-locked output wavelength can be tuned continuously and smoothly over a spectral range of 10 nm, which is the first time implementation of a tunable giant chirped pulse with all-fiber format bandpass filter in YDFL. The maximum output pulse energy is 38.9 nJ at the repetition rate of 2.499 MHz.     

次声波在非均匀大气中的超视距传播特性研究

本文基于Nonlinear Progressive Equation (NPE方程)开展了对非均匀大气中次声波超视距传播特性的研究, 通过数值模拟实验对武汉上空四季次声波传播情况以及路径传输损耗进行了模拟, 获取了次声波在非均匀大气中的超视距传播特性. 计算结果表明, 非均匀大气的性质及其中存在的风对次声波传播有明显的影响, 平流层折射与风速和声波传播方向密切相关, 数值模拟结果表明, 当高斯声源主频为0.1 Hz时, 在不同的背景风场传播条件下, 存在着两个反射高度, 其中40 km 高度反射传输损耗约为25 dB, 110 km反射传输损耗约为50 dB. 关键词： 次声波 超视距传播 非均匀大气 平流层折射     

非线性偏振旋转锁模自相似脉冲光纤激光器的研究

利用耦合非线性薛定谔方程（CNLSE）为非线性偏振旋转（NPE）锁模自相似光纤激光器建立了一种新的数值模型.模型中,用CNLSE描述脉冲在单模光纤中的传播,在增益光纤中同时考虑了增益带宽和增益饱和作用,用传输矩阵描述构成NPE锁模的光学元件.优化了腔内净色散和光纤长度等参数,模拟了脉冲在激光腔内的演化特性,得到了典型的自相似脉冲运行区域及特点.在最佳自相似脉冲运行区域内,得到了能量约为7 nJ、脉宽约11 ps、线性啁啾的抛物脉冲.比较了不同腔内净色散条件下输出脉冲的特点,给出了三阶色散对输出脉冲的影响. 关键词： 自相似脉冲 非线性偏振旋转锁模 耦合非线性薛定谔方程 数值模拟     

Amplitude and natural-parity-exchange analysis of K±p → (Kπ)±p data at 10 GeV/c

High statistics data for the reactions K^±p → K_S⁰π^±p at 10 GeV/c are analysed. The K¹(1^?), K¹(2⁺), and K¹(3^?) resonance parameters and production cross sections are calculated. The Kπ production amplitudes are determined as a function of t and the produced Kπ mass. Isoscalar natural-parity-exchange (NPE) is dominant. The t dependence of the K^± NPE amplitudes have a cross-over at t = ?0.3 (GeV/c)² for both K¹(890) and K¹(1420) production, being more pronounced for the K¹(1420). Natural-parity-exchange interference effects are isolated. The NPE amplitudes are decomposed into pomeron-, f-, and ω-exchange contributions. S-wave Kπ production is found to be consistent with the Kπ partial-wave analyses of charge-exchange reactions.     

Contrast harmonic imaging

The behavior of ultrasound contrast agents depends highly on the acoustic pressure of the insonified ultrasound wave. For low pressure the expansion and compression is linear to the pressure, for medium acoustic pressure nonlinear behavior starts to occur and for high pressures, but still in the diagnostic range transient scattering can be noticed, resulting in an enhanced scattering followed by a disappearance of the bubble. The nonlinear and transient regime can be utilized for imaging of the contrast agent in or nearby tissue. The magnitude of the nonlinear signal from the contrast has to compete with the nonlinear component of the ultrasound wave, which is generated during propagation. It is shown that contrast is superior to tissue when using low frequencies and imaging the third or fourth harmonic of the transmitted frequency.     

Numerical simulations of stable cavitation bubble generation and primary Bjerknes forces in a three-dimensional nonlinear phased array focused ultrasound field

We present a model developed for studying the generation of stable cavitation bubbles and their motion in a three-dimensional volume of liquid with axial symmetry under the effect of finite-amplitude phased array focused ultrasound. The density of bubbles per unit volume is determined by a nonlinear law which is a threshold-dependent function of the negative acoustic pressure reached in the liquid, in which nuclei are initially distributed. The nonlinear mutual interaction of ultrasound and bubble oscillations is modeled by a nonlinear coupled differential system formed by the wave and a Rayleigh-Plesset equations, for which both the pressure and the bubble oscillation variables are unknown. The system, which accounts for nonlinearity, dispersion, and attenuation due to the bubbles, is solved by numerical approximations. The nonlinear acoustic pressure field is then used to evaluate the primary Bjerknes force field and to predict the subsequent motion of bubbles. In order to illustrate the procedure, a medium-high and a low ultrasonic frequency configurations are assumed. Simulation results show where bubbles are generated, the nonlinear effects they have on ultrasound, and where they are relocated. Despite many physical restrictions and thanks to its particularities (two nonlinear coupled fields, bubble generation, bubble motion), the numerical model used in this work gives results that show qualitative coherence with data observed experimentally in the framework of stable cavitation and suggest their usefulness in some application contexts.     

Linear and nonlinear 2D finite element analysis of sloshing modes and pressures in rectangular tanks subject to horizontal harmonic motions

The influence of nonlinear wave theory on the sloshing natural periods and their modal pressure distributions are investigated for rectangular tanks under the assumption of two-dimensional behavior. Natural periods and mode shapes are computed and compared for both linear wave theory (LWT) and nonlinear wave theory (NLWT) models, using the finite element package ABAQUS. Linear wave theory is implemented in an acoustic model, whereas a plane strain problem with large displacements is used in NLWT. Pressure distributions acting on the tank walls are obtained for the first three sloshing modes using both linear and nonlinear wave theory. It is found that the nonlinearity does not have significant effects on the natural sloshing periods. For the sloshing pressures on the tank walls, different distributions were found using linear and nonlinear wave theory models. However, in all cases studied, the linear wave theory conservatively estimated the magnitude of the pressure distribution, whereas larger pressures resultant heights were obtained when using the nonlinear theory. It is concluded that the nonlinearity of the surface wave does not have major effects in the pressure distribution on the walls for rectangular tanks.     

Finite amplitude pressure field of elliptical and rhomboid transducers in three dimensions

Design of different type of transducers to enhance image quality by forming narrow beams at the principals of nonlinear acoustics is considered in the paper. Thus, the nonlinear pressure fields of elliptical and rhomboid transducers were simulated in three dimensions. The simulation method presented in this study is based on Aanonsen’s model for circular sources, and closely follows the model that recently explored for the nonlinear wave propagation due to square and rectangular sources in three dimensions [Kaya et al. “Pressure field of rectangular transducers at finite amplitude in three dimensions,” Ultrasound in Med. Biol., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 271–280, 2006]. It is assumed that elliptical and rhomboid sources are plane sources, and driven at 2.25 MHz fundamental frequency. Typical results of nonlinear acoustical pressure field simulation are presented there in three dimensions for elliptical and rhomboid sources and compared with the results for rectangular source. The similarities and differences between the nonlinear pressure field of rectangular, elliptical and rhomboid sources are discussed. The numerical results show that diffraction effects and acoustical beam cross section depend on the source geometry a lot. It is noticeable that the nonlinear pressure field of a rectangular source has a broader beam profile than elliptical and rhomboid source.     

Simulation of three-dimensional nonlinear fields of ultrasound therapeutic arrays

A novel numerical model was developed to simulate three-dimensional nonlinear fields generated by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) arrays. The model is based on the solution to the Westervelt equation; the developed algorithm makes it possible to model nonlinear pressure fields of periodic waves in the presence of shock fronts localized near the focus. The role of nonlinear effects in a focused beam of a two-dimensional array was investigated in a numerical experiment in water. The array consisting of 256 elements and intensity range on the array elements of up to 10 W/cm² was considered. The results of simulations have shown that for characteristic intensity outputs of modern HIFU arrays, nonlinear effects play an important role and shock fronts develop in the pressure waveforms at the focus.     

Diagnostics of elastic properties of a planar interface between two rough media using surface acoustic waves

The results of experimental studies on the nonlinear elastic properties of a planar interface between two media are presented—an optically polished glass substrate and flat samples with different degrees of roughness. The nonlinear elastic properties of the interfaces between two media were investigated by the spectral method using surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The effect of external pressure applied to the interface on the efficiency of the generation of the second SAW harmonic was studied. Using the measured amplitudes of the first and second harmonics of the SAW that passes along the interface, the second-order nonlinear acoustic parameter was calculated as a function of the external pressure applied to the sample at a fixed amplitude of a probing wave. It was revealed that the nonlinear parameter of the SAW is a nonmonotonic function of the pressure at the boundary. The results were analyzed on the basis of an elastic contact nonlinearity, and it is concluded that these results can be used in nondestructive testing for roughness and waviness of surfaces of flat solids.     

Modeling of an electrohydraulic lithotripter with the KZK equation.

The acoustic pressure field of an electrohydraulic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter is modeled with a nonlinear parabolic wave equation (the KZK equation). The model accounts for diffraction, nonlinearity, and thermoviscous absorption. A numerical algorithm for solving the KZK equation in the time domain is used to model sound propagation from the mouth of the ellipsoidal reflector of the lithotripter. Propagation within the reflector is modeled with geometrical acoustics. It is shown that nonlinear distortion within the ellipsoidal reflector can play an important role for certain parameters. Calculated waveforms are compared with waveforms measured in a clinical lithotripter and good agreement is found. It is shown that the spatial location of the maximum negative pressure occurs pre-focally which suggests that the strongest cavitation activity will also be in front of the focus. Propagation of shock waves from a lithotripter with a pressure release reflector is considered and because of nonlinear propagation the focal waveform is not the inverse of the rigid reflector. Results from propagation through tissue are presented; waveforms are similar to those predicted in water except that the higher absorption in the tissue decreases the peak amplitude and lengthens the rise time of the shock.     

Mechanisms for saturation of nonlinear pulsed and periodic signals in focused acoustic beams

Acoustic fields of powerful ultrasound sources with Gaussian spatial apodization and initial excitation in the form of a periodic wave or single pulse are examined based on the numerical solution of the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation. The influence of nonlinear effects on the spatial structure of focused beams, as well as on the limiting values of the acoustic field parameters is compared. It is demonstrated that pressure saturation in periodic fields is mainly due to the effect of nonlinear absorption at a shock front, while in pulsed fields is due to the effect of nonlinear refraction. The limiting attainable values for the peak positive pressure in periodic fields turned out to be higher than the analogous values in pulsed acoustic fields. The total energy in a beam of periodic waves decreases with the distance from the source faster than in the case of a pulsed field, but it becomes concentrated within much smaller spatial region in the vicinity of the focus. These special features of nonlinear effect manifestation provide an opportunity to use pulsed beams for more efficient delivery of wave energy to the focus and to use periodic beams for attaining higher values of pressure in the focal region.     

Nonlinear Spherical Standing Waves in an Acoustically Excited Liquid Drop

Nonlinear evolution of a standing acoustic wave in a spherical resonator with a perfectly soft surface is analyzed. Quadratic approximation of nonlinear acoustics is used to analyze oscillations in the resonator by the slowly varying amplitude method for the standing wave harmonics and slowly varying profile method for the standing wave profile. It is demonstrated that nonlinear effects may lead to considerable increase in peak pressure at the center of the resonator. The proposed theoretical model is used to analyze the acoustic field in liquid drops of an acoustic fountain. It is shown that, as a result of nonlinear evolution, the peak negative pressure may exceed the mechanical strength of the liquid, which may account for the explosive instability of drops observed in experiments.     

The effects of pressure and hydrogenic donor impurity on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a GaAs/GaAlAs nanowire superlattice

The combined effects of hydrostatic pressure, presence and absence of hydrogenic donor impurity are investigated on the linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a GaAs/Ga_1−xAl_xAs nanowire superlattice. The wave functions and corresponding eigenvalues are calculated using finite difference method in the framework of effective mass approximation. Analytical expressions for the linear and third order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are obtained by means of compact-density matrix formalism. The linear and third order nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are presented as a function of photon energy for different values of hydrostatic pressure, incident photon intensity and relaxation time in the presence and absence of hydrogenic donor impurity. It is found that the linear and third order nonlinear absorption coefficients, refractive index changes and resonance energy are quite sensitive to the presence of impurity and applied hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, the saturation in optical spectrum and relaxation time can be adjusted by increasing pressure in presence of impurity whereas the effect of hydrostatic pressure is negligible in the case of absence of hydrogenic impurity.     

聚合物驱试井分析叠加原理适用性的探索

建立考虑聚合物剪切变稀特性的聚驱试井数学模型,基于矩形网格和井筒周围径向加密的复合网格。采用有限体积方法求得数值解,将数值解与叠加原理得到的注聚井停注压降进行对比。结果表明：叠加原理计算得到的注聚井关井井底压力值远低于数值解,说明叠加原理不能用于聚合物驱试井解释。在实测注聚井压降资料解释中,叠加原理得到的渗透率明显偏低,进一步证明了叠加原理不适合非线性聚驱试井模型,数值方法更加适用于聚驱试井解释。研究结论适用于类似的非线性试井问题。     

强外场调控下半导体中浅杂质态的光学吸收特性

理论研究了法拉第位形下强太赫兹激光场、磁场以及压强作用下半导体中浅杂质态非线性光学性质.利用含时非微扰理论——强太赫兹激光场效应被精确包含在激光缀饰库仑势中——和变分法计算出浅杂质态电子能级和波函数,然后基于紧致密度矩阵方法研究强外场和压强对浅杂质态1s→2p_z跃迁的线性、三阶非线性及总的光学吸收系数和折射率变化的影响.研究发现压强和强外场通过激光缀饰库仑势可调控跃迁能和几何因子的增大或减小,所以饱和吸收不但依赖于入射光强和弛豫时间而且还依赖于强外场,在强激光场强度和回旋共振区域附近饱和吸收更容易实现.线性、三阶非线性及总的光学吸收系数和折射率变化的共振峰位置和振幅,在选取合适的外场参数下不但受到强外场的有效调控,而且还受到压强的强烈影响.研究结果为设计强外场调控的新型高效基于杂质电子器件提供了理论支持.