一种强噪声背景下微弱超声信号提取方法研究

为解决在强噪声背景下获取超声信号的难题,基于粒子群优化算法和稀疏分解理论提出一种强噪声背景下微弱超声信号提取方法.该方法将降噪问题转换为在无穷大参数集上对函数进行优化的问题,首先以稀疏分解理论和超声信号的结构特点为依据构建了粒子群优化算法运行所需要的目标函数及去噪后信号的重构函数,从而将粒子群优化算法和超声信号降噪联系在一起;然后根据粒子群优化算法可以在连续参数空间寻优的特点建立了用于匹配超声信号的连续超完备字典,并采用改进的自适应粒子群优化算法在该字典中对目标函数进行优化;最后根据对目标函数在字典上的优化结果确定最优原子,并利用最优原子按照重构函数重构出降噪后的超声信号.通过对仿真超声信号和实测超声信号的处理,结果表明本文提出的方法可以有效提取信噪比低至-4 dB的强噪声背景下的微弱超声信号,且和基于自适应阈值的小波方法相比本文方法表现出更好的降噪性能.     

超声回波参数估计的初值选取方法

针对超声回波参数估计中,初值随机选取带来的收敛速度慢,搜索效率低,易受噪声影响等问题,对回波参数估计的初值选取进行了探讨。理论上研究了超声回波信号的包络和能量与信号参数的关系,阐明了从信号自身选取参数初值的可行性。在此基础上,利用希尔伯特变换和傅里叶变换提取有效信息,为回波参数估计提供合适的初值,从而减少估计过程的迭代次数、提高参数估计速度。实验结果表明,与传统参数估计方法相比,该方法在不同信噪比情况下都可获得较高的估计精度,而且参数估计的收敛速度较快。      

基于噪声辅助非均匀采样复数据经验模态分解的混沌信号降噪

鉴于非均匀采样复数据经验模态分解(NSBEMD)相对传统分解方法的优势和噪声的NSBEMD特性,提出了一种基于噪声辅助NSBEMD的混沌信号自适应降噪方法.该方法首先以含噪混沌信号和高斯白噪声分别为实、虚部来构造复数据并进行NSBEMD,然后根据虚部各IMF的能量来估算实部各IMF中包含的噪声能量,最后根据噪声能量的估计值对实部IMF进行奇异值分解(SVD)降噪.噪声估计实验验证了噪声能量估计方法的可行性,而Lorenz信号和太阳黑子月平均数的降噪实验则表明,相对于现有EMD降噪方法,本文方法能够进一步消除噪声,更清晰地恢复出混沌吸引子的拓扑结构.     

CEEMDAN联合小波阈值算法在水下激光雷达中抑制散射杂波的应用

水下激光雷达回波信号中往往含有大量散射噪声.为了能够有效抑制散射噪声,提高水下激光雷达测距精度,提出了基于自适应完备噪声经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)与小波阈值相结合的去噪新方法.首先通过相关系数法对自适应完备噪声经验模态分解得到的本征模态函数(IMF)进行筛选;然后对筛选后的本征模态函数进行小波阈值去噪,进一步去除本征模态函数中的噪声成分;最后将去噪后的本征模态函数进行信号重构得到去噪后信号.将该方法应用到不同衰减系数水体的强度调制连续光水下测距实验,使用白色聚氯乙烯(PVC)反射板为探测目标,在3.75个衰减长度时,直接采用相关极值确定延时,测距误差达到19.2 cm;应用该方法处理后,测距误差减小到6.2 cm,有效提高测距精度.     

一种新的卫星钟差Kalman滤波噪声协方差估计方法

采用Kalman滤波方法进行钟差参数计算和预报时, 需确定Kalman滤波噪声协方差矩阵. 针对这一问题, 提出了一种新的卫星钟差Kalman滤波噪声协方差估计方法, 通过建立新息的相关函数序列与未知的噪声参数间的线性函数模型, 采用最小二乘法进行噪声参数估计. 采用精密钟差数据进行钟差参数估计和预报分析, 结果表明, 该方法具有较好的收敛性, 并与顾及随机噪声模型的开窗分类因子自适应抗差估计方法进行对比分析, 验证了新方法的正确性和有效性.     

基于独立成分分析和经验模态分解的混沌信号降噪

基于经验模态分解和独立成分分析去噪的特点,提出了一种联合独立成分分析和经验模态分解的混沌信号降噪方法. 利用经验模态分解对混沌信号进行分解,根据平移不变经验模态分解的思想构造多维输入向量, 通过所构造的多维输入向量和独立成分分析对混沌信号的各层内蕴模态函数进行自适应去噪处理; 将处理后的所有内蕴模态函数进行累加重构,从而得到降噪后的混沌信号. 仿真实验中分别对叠加不同强度高斯噪声的Lorenz混沌信号及实际观测的月太阳黑子混沌序列进行了研究, 结果表明本文方法能够对混沌信号进行有效的降噪,而且能够较好地校正相空间中点的位置, 逼近真实的混沌吸引子轨迹. 关键词： 独立成分分析 经验模态分解 混沌信号 降噪     

二次谐波的变分模态分解和小波阈值函数降噪

针对利用可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱学(TDLAS)技术测量气体浓度过程中二次谐波谱线存在的外界噪声干扰问题,提出一种基于变分模态分解和小波阈值函数复合算法的二次谐波降噪方法。首先对二次谐波含噪信号进行分解,得到有用固有模态函数(IMF)并进行重构,再对重构信号进行小波阈值函数降噪处理。讨论了变分模态分解中最佳平衡参数的选取,得出最佳平衡参数与含噪信号中噪声成正比的结论。通过改变小波变换的阈值函数改变高频小波系数,以更好地抑制噪声。对实际测量曲线的降噪结果表明,所提出的降噪方法可以在信噪比较低的情况下有效抑制噪声,提取有用的二次谐波信号。     

激光雷达信号的可变间隔阈值经验模式分解去噪法

针对采用经验模式分解直接阈值(EMD-DT)和经验模式分解间隔阈值(EMD-IT)在激光雷达回波信号的去噪应用中会产生的模态混叠现象,采用一种可变间隔阈值的经验模式分解(EMD-SIT)的去噪方法。首先,对信号进行经验模式分解。然后,采用过零率方法将分解出的含有噪声的固有模态函数分离。最后,应用过零点阈值,设立一个新的可变阈值,将EMD-IT和EMD-DT有效融合对信号进行去噪。通过与多种阈值的仿真对比以及激光雷达的回波信号去噪实验,结果表明该方法可以有效地去除噪声,抑制模态混叠,较EMD-IT和EMD-DT更具有优越性,因此有着很好的应用前景。     

EEMD自适应去噪在拉曼光谱中的应用

二代小波是公认较好的降噪手段,但是降噪效果依赖于基函数、分解层数和阈值等参数设置。经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)无需参数设定,按照频率特性将信号分解成本征模函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF),对IMF滤波,实现了信号自适应去噪。拉曼光谱中信号和噪声交叠集中在极高频段,EMD产生模态混叠问题,影响去噪效果。应用总体平均经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)拉曼光谱克服了模态混叠,有效区分出高频信号和噪声,获得了与小波函数相似去噪效果。文中首先对一段非线性非平稳豆油脂拉曼光谱EMD分解,可见模态混叠,EEMD分解出清晰模态的特征分量。然后分别用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)、小波变换(Wavelet)、EMD和EEMD处理含噪光谱,信噪比、均方根误差、相关系数三个方面指标表明FFT高频去噪效果最差,其次是EMD,恰当的Wavelet同EEMD效果相当,EEMD的优势是降噪过程的自适应。最后提出光谱时频分析方法和IMF噪声属性判别准则研究趋势。     

基于深度学习的材料超声回波衰减预测方法

材料超声回波衰减是评价材料均匀一致性的常用方法, 针对具有复杂结构的航空发动机盘件难以进行材料底面超声回波衰减评价的问题, 本文提出了利用超声背散射波信号直接预测底面回波衰减的方法。采用10MHz聚焦探头进行超声背散射波数据的采集, 利用深度学习技术构建和训练模型,建立了基于深度学习的材料底面回波衰减预测方法, 同时讨论了采用不同信号形式的超声波信号分类识别模型的准确率差异。研究发现：基于深度学习技术可实现通过超声背散射波预测材料的底面回波衰减, 预测结果和实际底面回波衰减试验结果具有良好的一致性。     

Signal-to-noise ratio enhancement based on wavelet filtering in ultrasonic testing

In ultrasonic non-destructive testing of materials with a coarse-grained structure the scattering from the grains causes backscattering noise, which masks flaw echoes in the measured signal. Several filtering methods have been proposed for improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper we present a comparative study of methods based on the wavelet transform. Experiments with stationary, discrete and wavelet packet de-noising are evaluated by means of signal-to-noise ratio enhancement. Measured and simulated ultrasonic signals are used to verify the proposed de-noising methods. For comparison, we use signal-to-noise ratio enhancement related to fault echo amplitudes and filtering efficiency specific for ultrasonic signals. The best results in our setup were achieved with the wavelet packet de-noising method.     

Sparse signal representation and its applications in ultrasonic NDE

Many sparse signal representation (SSR) algorithms have been developed in the past decade. The advantages of SSR such as compact representations and super resolution lead to the state of the art performance of SSR for processing ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) signals. Choosing a suitable SSR algorithm and designing an appropriate overcomplete dictionary is a key for success. After a brief review of sparse signal representation methods and the design of overcomplete dictionaries, this paper addresses the recent accomplishments of SSR for processing ultrasonic NDE signals. The advantages and limitations of SSR algorithms and various overcomplete dictionaries widely-used in ultrasonic NDE applications are explored in depth. Their performance improvement compared to conventional signal processing methods in many applications such as ultrasonic flaw detection and noise suppression, echo separation and echo estimation, and ultrasonic imaging is investigated. The challenging issues met in practical ultrasonic NDE applications for example the design of a good dictionary are discussed. Representative experimental results are presented for demonstration.     

基于FOA-LM算法的超声回波信号参数估计

在超声回波参数估计中,搜索莱文伯格一马夸特(Levenberg-Marquard,LM)算法的最优解会受到迭代初值与参数向量真实解接近程度的影响。针对LM算法对迭代初值敏感的问题,提出了果蝇优化算法(Fruit fly optimization algorithm,FOA)算法和LM算法结合的参数估计方法。该方法充分利用FOA算法善于进行全局搜索和LM算法善于进行局部快速搜索的优点,首先使用FOA算法求出超声回波信号的参数初值,然后利用这组初值进行LM法迭代搜索。仿真结果表明,基于FOA和LM算法相结合的方法,具有收敛速度快,精度高的特点。     

Semi-sparse deconvolution robust to uncertainties in the impulse responses

The received signal in ultrasonic pulse-echo inspection can be modeled as a convolution between an impulse response, or prototype, and the reflection sequence that is the impulse characteristic of the inspected object. Deconvolution aims at approximately inverting this process to improve the time resolution so that the overlap between echoes from closely spaced reflectors becomes small. For the relatively high contrast reflection sequences often found in non-destructive testing applications, semi-sparse deconvolution algorithms will typically yield better results than the classical Wiener filter solution. However, this requires a prototype that is a good representative for all echo responses found in the signals. Since, in practice, the prototype is often chosen by the operator directly from the inspection data, the prototype may incidentally be a bad representative for modeling the echoes for the remaining part of the object. Because of the sensitivity to deviations in the prototype this can yield deconvolution results with poor reproducibility. This paper presents a new semi-sparse deconvolution algorithm that is robust to deviations in the prototype. The new robust algorithm is based on a modification of an earlier presented non-robust semi-sparse algorithm. The robustness is obtained by including a stochastic model of the variations in the prototypes to the signal model when deriving the algorithm. Experiments performed using simulated data verify that the robust algorithm is less sensitive to deviations in the prototypes compared to the non-robust version of the algorithm and show that the proposed algorithm yields better estimates than its non-robust version and the Wiener filter in scenarios for which the algorithm was derived. Results using real ultrasonic data further show that the algorithm can be useful in practical scenarios where similar deconvolution results are required from slightly different echoes.     

一种改进的MEMS陀螺信号去噪方法研究

 从工程实用的角度出发,探讨了MEMS陀螺仪随机漂移误差的有效补偿方法。根据小波阈值去噪原理,结合多项式函数插值法提出了一种MEMS陀螺仪输出信号的有效去噪补偿方法,克服了传统软、硬阈值去噪方法的缺陷,通过对MEMS陀螺数据分析研究,验证了该方法对于MEMS陀螺输出信号滤波消噪的优越性。     

Effect of sparse basis selection on ultrasonic signal representation

Recently, adaptive sparse representations of ultrasonic signals have been utilized to improve the performance of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), a common nondestructive tool for failure analysis of microelectronic packages. The adaptive sparse representation of an ultrasonic signal is generated by decomposing it in a learned overcomplete dictionary using a sparse basis selection algorithm. Detection and location of ultrasonic echoes are then performed on the basis of the resulting redundant representation. This paper investigates the effect of sparse basis selection algorithms on ultrasonic signal representation. The overcomplete independent component analysis, focal underdetermined system solver (FOCUSS), and sparse Bayesian learning algorithms are examined. Numerical simulations are performed to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations. Experiments with ultrasonic A-scans acquired from flip-chip packages are also carried out in the study. The efficiency of ultrasonic signal representations are evaluated in terms of the different criteria that can be used to measure its performance for different SAM applications, such as waveform estimation, echo detection, echo location and C-scan imaging. The results show that the FOCUSS algorithm performs best overall.     

Ultrasonic flaw detection using threshold modified S-transform

Interference noising originating from the ultrasonic testing defect signal seriously influences the accuracy of the signal extraction and defect location. Time–frequency analysis methods are mainly used to improve the defects detection resolution. In fact, the S-transform, a hybrid of the Short time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform (WT), has a time frequency resolution which is far from ideal. In this paper, a new modified S-transform based on thresholding technique, which offers a better time frequency resolution compared to the original S-transform is proposed. The improvement is achieved by the introduction of a new scaling rule for the Gaussian window used in S-transform. Simulation results are presented and show correct time frequency information of multiple Gaussian echoes under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment. In addition, experimental results demonstrate better and reliable detection of close echoes drowned in the noise.     

Transient elastodynamic model for beam defect interaction: application to non-destructive testing

Modeling tools have been developed at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) for the simulation of ultrasonic non-destructive testing inspections. In this paper the model for the prediction of echoes arising from defects within a piece (Mephisto) is presented and some examples are given and compared with experimental results. The model for computing wave defect interaction is based on Kirchhoff's approximation, and uses the principle of reciprocity and a mode-by-mode (between the transducer and the defect) calculation of the echoes. It accounts for possible mode conversions. These approximations and other approximations for the radiated field incident on the defect allow us to obtain a formulation of the echo received at the transducer, which is able to be computed rapidly.