钝感高能炸药三氨基三硝基苯高温高压下热力学性质的分子动力学模拟研究

热力学性质是钝感高能炸药1, 3, 5-三氨基-2, 4, 6-三硝基苯(TATB)爆轰性质和安全性评估分析的重要参数. 由于结构的复杂性, TATB炸药尚缺乏系统的实验和理论计算结果. 结合全原子力场和分子动力学的方法, 本文系统研究了不同温度和压力条件下TATB的力学性质和热力学参数, 得到了弹性模量、德拜温度等随温度、压力的变化情况, 并与实验进行了对比分析. 结果表明: 在 0-50 GPa外部压力下, TATB晶体保持力学稳定, 弹性常数和弹性模量随压力升高而增大, 各向异性程度随压力升高而减小, 泊松比和延展性则受压力的影响较小; 随温度的升高, TATB的力学稳定性逐渐下降, 有发生力学失稳的可能, 各弹性常数随温度升高而逐渐减小, 各向异性程度也随之减小; TATB 的声速和德拜温度同样随着压力升高而增大, 平均声速从0 GPa下的1833 m/s, 增加到10 GPa 下的3143 m/s, 德拜温度由0 GPa下的254 K增加到10 GPa的587 K. TATB 热膨胀系数的计算表明, 在200-500 K 温度常压情况下, 其体热膨胀系数为35.9×10^-5 K^-1, 与实验数据符合较好.     

TATB/聚三氟氯乙烯复合材料力学性能的MD模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法,对聚三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)在1,3,5 三氨基 2,4,6 三硝基苯(TATB)晶体表 面的行为进行模拟计算,求得结合能和静态力学性能(弹性系数、模量和泊松比).发现以氢键为主的分子间相互 作用相当强.TATB基氟聚合物粘结炸药(PolymerBondedExplosive,PBX)较TATB单体炸药的力学性能改变很 大,拉伸模量、体积模量和剪切模量均减小,表明刚性减弱,弹性增强,力学性能显著改善.     

TATB基PBX炸药的形稳性

以TATB为基的炸药配方普遍存在着环境变化时尺寸变化较为显著的问题。因此了解并解决TATB基PBX炸药在应用当中的形稳性问题就显得至关重要。为此，详细研究TATB基PBX药柱在热循环中的尺寸变化规律，分析了不同压药方法、黏结剂性质及TATB的粒径大小等因素对TATB基PBX炸药尺寸稳定性和线膨胀系数的影响规律。     

TATB炸药在丙烯腈-苯乙烯共聚物溶液中的吸附行为

塑料黏结炸药(PBX)的生产过程，实质上是炸药在高分子黏结剂溶液中吸附黏结剂而黏结成粒的过程。本文通过吸附热力学和吸附动力学两方面研究了丙烯腈-苯乙烯共聚物(AS)溶液在不同粒径TATB炸药表面的吸附行为，吸附热力学与吸附动力学研究结果吻合。研究结果对于了解高聚物黏结剂在炸药表面的吸附机理及对造粒过程某些参数的选择具有一定的指导意义。     

冲击加载和斜波加载下PBX炸药细观结构点火特性对比

基于有限元方法,采用Monte-Carlo法建立了考虑炸药颗粒尺寸、形状和位置随机分布的高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)的细观结构。计算分析了冲击加载和斜波加载下黏结剂、孔洞缺陷对PBX炸药细观结构点火特性的影响,研究发现黏结剂含量的增加有效提高了炸药的临界点火压力。相比冲击加载,斜波加载下PBX炸药的临界点火压力有明显提升。炸药内部的孔洞缺陷对临界点火压力的影响与加载方式相关,冲击加载下,孔洞缺陷降低了PBX炸药的临界点火压力;而斜波加载下,孔洞缺陷提高了PBX炸药的临界点火压力。     

PYX基高聚物粘结炸药界面相互作用及力学性能的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学(MD)方法,模拟计算了聚氨酯(Estane 5703),三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM),氟聚物(F2311)三种高聚物分子分别与2,6-双(苦氨基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶(PYX)(011)晶面构建的高聚物粘结炸药(PBXs)体系的结合能,内聚能密度,径向分布函数以及力学性能.结果表明,Estane 5703与PYX(011)晶面之间相互作用最强;不同粘结剂与晶体之间的内聚能密度大小顺序为PYX/F2311> PYX/Estane 5703> PYX/EPDM;径向分布函数分析可知PYX(011)晶面与高聚物分子间的相互作用主要为静电相互作用;添加3种粘结剂后PBX体系的拉伸强度和断裂强度都得到了改善,而除了F2311外,加入另外两种粘结剂后,提高了PBX体系的抗剪切应变能力.     

亚微米TATB爆轰波剖面实验

用激光速度干涉技术测试炸药／窗口界面粒子速度，研究炸药的冲击起爆、爆轰反应区结构、爆轰驱动和炸药反应速率等。与普通颗粒TATB相比，亚微米TATB炸药对高压短脉冲敏感，在钝感起爆器中有应用价值。文中用VISAR技术，测试亚微米TATB在短脉冲加载下的炸药／窗口界面粒子速度，对亚微米TATB的反应区结构进行了探讨。亚微米TATB是通过重结晶-气流粉碎的方法制备的，平均颗粒度0．58μm。     

压缩加载下三种含能材料细观破坏特征观察

 通过扫描电镜,对三种含能材料在不同应变率压缩条件下回收的试样断面进行了细观观察,得到了三种含能材料的细观破坏特征,并对其破坏机理进行了分析。同时结合高聚物粘结炸药（PBX炸药）和压装B炸药组分的比较,分析了两种炸药在高应变率条件下的不同破坏模式。     

高聚物黏结炸药的分子模拟进展

回顾了近年来在高聚物黏结炸药(PBX)原子和分子尺度数值模拟方面取得的进展,主要研究领域包括以下6个方面:炸药分子力场、热力学参数计算、耗散/输运性能、相图/相变动力学、动力学响应行为和热点形成机制。针对当前研究现状,介绍了各领域的代表性工作和主要研究成果。目前对PBX炸药的结构和静力学性能已有较充分的认识,但对炸药的动力学响应行为和细观起爆机制尚缺少系统的科学认识,存在一系列挑战性问题,如结构缺陷在爆轰反应后期的形态和表征,以及初始缺陷对爆轰波波形畸变的影响机制。需要将理论计算与实验相结合,以解决爆轰物理领域中的难点问题。     

ε-CL-20/F_(2311) PBXs力学性能和结合能的分子动力学模拟

本文应用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,研究高能量密度化合物六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(ε-CL-20)与常用高聚物粘结剂F2311所构成的CL-20/F2311高聚物粘结炸药(PBXs)的力学性能和结合能随温度和高聚物浓度而变化的规律.结果表明,添加高聚物于主体炸药中,使其弹性模量减小,表明刚性减小,弹性增大,机械力学性能大为改善;在一定范围内,随高聚物F2311在PBXs中浓度的增加,体系结合能从正值变为负值,而随温度升高,体系的结合能变化不是很明显.     

First principles study and comparison of vibrational and thermodynamic properties of XBi(X= In,Ga, B,Al)

In the present work, vibrational and thermodynamic properties of XBi(X = B, Al, Ga, In) compounds are compared and investigated. The calculation is carried out using density functional theory(DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation(GGA) in a plane wave basis, with ultrasoft pseudopotentials. The lattice dynamical properties are calculated using density functional perturbation theory(DFPT) as implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO(QE) code. Thermodynamic properties involving phonon density of states(DOS) and specific heat at constant volume are investigated using quasiharmonic approximation(QHA) package within QE. The phonon dispersion diagrams for InBi, GaBi, BBi, and AlBi indicate that there is no imaginary phonon frequency in the entire Brillouin zone, which proves the dynamical stability of these materials. BBi has the highest thermal conductivity and InBi has the lowest thermal conductivity. AlBi has the largest and GaBi has the smallest reststrahlen band which somehow suggests the polar property of XBi materials. The phonon gaps for InBi, GaBi, BBi and AlBi are about 160 cm~(-1), 150 cm~(-1), 300 cm~(-1), and 150 cm~(-1), respectively. For all compounds,the three acoustic modes near the gamma point have a linear behavior. C_V is a function of T~3 at low temperatures while for higher temperatures it asymptotically tends to a constant as expected.     

Theoretical study of the phonon–phonon scattering mechanism and the thermal conductive coefficients for energetic material

Abstract

The elastic constants and force constants of an energetic material named as 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) are calculated by first-principles method under the GGA+vdW functional. Based on them, a physical picture to describe the phonon–phonon scattering mechanism is obtained, and a method to evaluate the thermal conductive tensor is developed. The resulting thermal conductivities are in agreement with the available experiments. We find that 20 vibrational modes play important roles in determining the heat exchange process of TATB. The vibrational direction, symmetry, displacement field and the detailed information of the key vibrational modes are obtained.     

Theoretical calculations of thermophysical properties of single-wall carbon nanotube bundles

Carbon nanotube bundles are promising thermal interfacial materials due to their excellent thermal and mechanical characteristics.In this study,the phonon dispersion relations and density of states of the single-wall carbon nanotube bundles are calculated by using the force constant model.The calculation results show that the inter-tube interaction leads to a significant frequency raise of the low frequency modes.To verify the applied calculation method,the specific heat of a single single-wall carbon nanotube is calculated first based on the obtained phonon dispersion relations and the results coincide well with the experimental data.Moreover,the specific heat of the bundles is calculated and exhibits a slight reduction at low temperatures in comparison with that of the single tube.The thermal conductivity of the bundles at low temperatures is calculated by using the ballistic transport model.The calculation results indicate that the inter-tube interaction,i.e.van der Waals interaction,hinders heat transfer and cannot be neglected at extremely low temperatures.For(5,5) bundles,the relative difference of the thermal conductivity caused by ignoring inter-tube effect reaches the maximum value of 26% around 17 K,which indicates the significant inter-tube interaction effect on the thermal conductivity at low temperatures.     

Phonon relaxation and heat conduction in one-dimensional Fermiben Pastaben Ulam β lattices by molecular dynamics simulations

The phonon relaxation and heat conduction in one-dimensional Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) β lattices are studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. The phonon relaxation rate, which dominates the length dependence of the FPU β lattice, is first calculated from the energy autocorrelation function for different modes at various temperatures through equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the relaxation rate as a function of wave number k is proportional to k^1.688, which leads to a N^0.41 divergence of the thermal conductivity in the framework of Green-Kubo relation. This is also in good agreement with the data obtained by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations which estimate the length dependence exponent of the thermal conductivity as 0.415. Our results confirm the N^2/5 divergence in one-dimensional FPU β lattices. The effects of the heat flux on the thermal conductivity are also studied by imposing different temperature differences on the two ends of the lattices. We find that the thermal conductivity is insensitive to the heat flux under our simulation conditions. It implies that the linear response theory is applicable towards the heat conduction in one-dimensional FPU β lattices.     

TATB晶体声子谱及比热容的第一性原理研究

利用第一性原理并结合vd W-DF2范德瓦耳斯力校正研究了TATB(C6H6O6N6)晶体声子谱及比热容.采用冷冻声子法计算了TATB晶体声子谱和声子态密度,发现在2.3 THz附近TATB声子态密度最大,证实了太赫兹光谱实验观察到的2.22 THz附近的强吸收峰.基于声子态密度研究了振动模式对比热容的贡献,分析结果表明,常温下0—27.5 THz频段振动模式贡献了比热容的93.7%.同时比较了升温过程中振动模式对比热容的贡献,指出TATB热分解的引发键是C—NO_2键断裂的可能性更大.     

Effect of normal processes on thermal conductivity of germanium,silicon and diamond

The effect of normal scattering processes is considered to redistribute the phonon momentum in (a) the same phonon branch — KK-S model and (b) between different phonon branches — KK-H model. Simplified thermal conductivity relations are used to estimate the thermal conductivity of germanium, silicon and diamond with natural isotopes and highly enriched isotopes. It is observed that the consideration of the normal scattering processes involving different phonon branches gives better results for the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of germanium, silicon and diamond with natural and highly enriched isotopes. Also, the estimation of the lattice thermal conductivity of germanium and silicon for these models with the consideration of quadratic form of frequency dependences of phonon wave vector leads to the conclusion that the splitting of longitudinal and transverse phonon modes, as suggested by Holland, is not an essential requirement to explain the entire temperature dependence of lattice thermal conductivity whereas KK-H model gives a better estimation of the thermal conductivity without the splitting of the acoustic phonon modes due to the dispersive nature of the phonon dispersion curves.      

孔洞缺陷对二维石墨烯/氮化硼横向异质结热传导的调控

本文采用孔洞缺陷来实现对二维石墨烯/氮化硼横向异质结热导率的调控.平衡态分子动力学(EMD)计算结果表明，界面孔洞的引入会降低二维石墨烯/氮化硼横向异质结的热导率.相较于有序的孔洞分布，无序的孔洞分布能够更有效地降低异质结的热导率，这一现象可通过声子安德森局域化来解释.孔洞缺陷的存在导致声子的频率和波失发生变化，从而使声子散射变得更加频繁，孔洞随机分布时，则导致声子波在材料中发生多次反射和散射，最终形成局域振动模式.本研究揭示了孔洞缺陷降低二维石墨烯/氮化硼横向异质结热导率的物理机制，对二维热电材料的结构设计有一定的指导意义.     

超晶格和层状结构传热特性的连续模型及其在能源材料设计中的应用

层状材料和超晶格结构为提高热电材料和隔热涂层提供了新的设计思路, 并成为最近的研究热点. 应用连续波动方程和线性阻尼理论, 本文研究了此类材料中的声子输运特性. 给出了在整个相空间里的界面调制和声子局域化效应, 得出了超晶格材料热导率的上极限和下极限; 同时, 分析表明界面锐化加强了声子带隙, 使得部分模态的声子局域化加强. 最后, 通过对石墨烯/氮化硼超晶格(G/hBN)和硅/锗超晶格的分子模拟(Si/Ge), 验证了该理论模型. 该方法适用于所有的层状材料和超晶格结构, 对此类新能源材料的设计提供了普适的设计思路.     

Structural and phonon dynamical properties of perovskite manganites: (Tb, Dy, Ho)MnO3

A shell model has been used to study the structure, phonon dynamics and phase coexistence of perovskite manganites RMnO₃ (R=Tb, Dy, Ho). The calculated crystal structure, Raman and IR frequencies and specific heats are found to be in good agreement with the available experimental data. The phonon density of states, elastic constants, elastic stiffness, shear constants and phonon dispersion curves have been computed for these manganites. A zone center imaginary A_u mode is revealed in these phonon dispersion curves, which indicates the occurrence of the metastability of the perovskite phase. The Gibbs free energy values calculated as a function of temperature and pressure for RMnO₃ in the orthorhombic phase, when compared with those of the hexagonal phase, reveal the possibility of coexistence of these two phases in the present multiferroic manganites under ambient conditions.     

A method to calculate the thermal conductivity of HMX under high pressure

A method based on Debye theory is developed to calculate the thermal conductivity of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The phonon–phonon interaction model is built up for solid HMX. The phonon lifetime formula is derived by the phonon–phonon scattering mechanism, and the thermal conductivity tensor is derived by the phonon dispersion model. The thermal conductivities of α/β/δ-HMX are calculated in the temperature range 0–700?K and pressure range of 0–10?GPa. The phonon softening process of HMX is investigated. We have proven that the Debye frequency and thermal conductivity tend to 0 at the phonon softening point. A physical picture of the phonon–phonon interaction, phonon lifetime and phonon softening is built up.