超短激光诱导金属薄膜后向层裂的分子动力学模拟

 采用结合双温模型的分子动力学方法详尽描述了应力约束区域内部金属薄膜后向层裂的动力学过程。与辐照表面在激光加热作用下机械稳定性受到强烈影响而发生的前向喷射不同，后向层裂是冷材料的断裂。分析了层裂机制，得出靶材是在卸载波及被反射的压力波的共同作用下发生层裂;探讨了激光诱导压力波的传播规律，预测了不同靶厚下的层裂厚度及其对层裂开始时间的影响。     

超短激光诱导金属薄膜后向层裂的分子动力学模拟(英文)

采用结合双温模型的分子动力学方法详尽描述了应力约束区域内部金属薄膜后向层裂的动力学过程。与辐照表面在激光加热作用下机械稳定性受到强烈影响而发生的前向喷射不同,后向层裂是冷材料的断裂。分析了层裂机制,得出靶材是在卸载波及被反射的压力波的共同作用下发生层裂;探讨了激光诱导压力波的传播规律,预测了不同靶厚下的层裂厚度及其对层裂开始时间的影响。     

Microscopic mechanisms of short pulse laser spallation of molecular solids

The mechanisms of photomechanical spallation are investigated in a large-scale MD simulation of laser interaction with a molecular target performed in an irradiation regime of inertial stress confinement. The relaxation of laser-induced thermoelastic stresses is found to be responsible for the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids in a broad sub-surface region of the irradiated target. The depth of the region subjected to void evolution is defined by the competition between the evolving tensile stresses and thermal softening of the material due to the laser heating. The initial void volume distribution obtained in the simulation of laser spallation can be well described by a power law. A similar volume distribution is obtained in a series of simulations of uniaxial expansion of the same molecular system performed at a strain rate and temperature realized in the irradiated target. Spatial and time evolution of the laser-induced pressure predicted in the MD simulation of laser spallation is related to the results of an integration of a thermoelastic wave equation. The scope of applicability of the continuum calculations is discussed. PACS 79.20.Ds; 61.80.Az; 02.70.Ns; 83.60.Uv     

Adhesion measurement of thin films by a modified laser spallation technique: theoretical analysis and experimental investigation

Laser driven shocks can lead to a dynamic failure, called film spallation. Here, we use a modified laser spallation set-up to measure the dynamic adhesion of thin films and we propose a novel diagnostic technology. Based on correlation theory, new spallation criteria for characterizing the progressive damage at the interface between the film and the substrate are established, such as interface delamination, film spallation and film expulsion. With the help of the theory, the degree of damage and the dimension of damage (i.e. fracture), such as the minimum width of delamination radius, the thickness of the film etc., are estimated. Experiments are carried out on epoxy/stainless steel and epoxy/Al, and the experimental results show that their dynamic bonding strengths are about 25 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively. The detailed results, analyses and discussions are presented in this paper. Received: 6 February 2001 / Accepted: 3 December 2001 / Published online: 11 February 2002     

非一维应变冲击加载下高纯铜初始层裂行为

提出了一种锥形靶层裂实验新方法,开展非一维应变冲击条件下高纯铜初始层裂行为实验研究,讨论了锥形靶内部损伤分布特征及其与自由面速度典型特征之间的内禀关系.结果显示:1)初始层裂的锥形靶内部出现了连续损伤区,损伤区扩展方向与锥面平行,从锥底到锥顶呈现了不同的损伤状态,从微孔洞独立长大到局部聚集,最后形成宏观裂纹,这种损伤状态分布特征归因于锥形靶内部拉伸应力幅值和持续时间的空间演化;2)通过锥形靶横截面损伤度定量统计分析,揭示损伤演化早期的微孔洞成核与早期长大过程是随机的,而损伤演化后期的微孔洞聚集过程具有显著的局域化特征;3)不同位置处实测的自由面法向粒子速度剖面呈现出典型的层裂Pull-back信号,但是通过与内部损伤分布特征对比,揭示基于Pull-back速度获得高纯铜层裂强度本质是微孔洞成核阈值应力,Pull-back回跳速度斜率反映了损伤演化速率,Pull-back回跳幅值与损伤度引起的应力松弛密切相关.     

Thermal characterization of TiC<Subscript>x</Subscript>O<Subscript>y</Subscript> thin films

Thermal wave characterization of thin films used in industrial applications can be a useful tool, not just to get information on the films' thermal properties, but to get information on structural-physical parameters, e.g. crystalline structure and surface roughness, and on the film deposition conditions, since the thermal film properties are directly related to the structural-physical parameters and to the deposition conditions. Different sets of TiC_XO_Y thin films, deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on steel, have been prepared, changing only one deposition parameter at a time. Here, the effect of the oxygen flow on the thermal film properties is studied. The thermal waves have been measured by modulated IR radiometry, and the phase lag data have been interpreted using an Extremum method by which the thermal coating parameters are directly related to the values and modulation frequencies of the relative extrema of the inverse calibrated thermal wave phases. Structural/morphological characterization has been done using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The characterization of the films also includes thickness, hardness, and electric resistivity measurements. The results obtained so far indicate strong correlations between the thermal diffusivity and conductivity, on the one hand, and the oxygen flow on the other hand.     

Simulation of pulsed-laser-induced explosive boiling

Bulk evaporation process in absorbing condensed matter irradiated with laser pulses was studied using the one-dimensional thermal model with additional interfaces between different phases. Within this approach, it was shown that the repeated explosive boiling mode can be achieved using nanosecond laser pulses, if the nucleation time is shorter than 0.1 ns. This mode can be observed if the surface pressure is lower than the critical pressure P _c of the liquid-vapor phase transition. The dependences of these processes on the laser pulse intensity and duration, as well as on evaporation kinetics were studied. Explosive boiling and spallation of a transparent liquid film on a pulse-heated absorbing target, as well as the photoacoustic signal in the target before the explosion, were considered.     

Laser-irradiated thermodynamic behaviors of spallation and recombination at solid-state interface

A microscopic insight of interfacial spallation and recombination behaviors at multilayer thin-film interface induced by incident femtosecond pulsed laser is presented in this paper. Such two different aforementioned behaviors are investigated via the thermodynamic trajectories obtained by using standard Lennard-Jones (L-J) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Based on the simulation results, the interfacial damages of multilayer thin film are dominated by a critical threshold that induces an extraordinary expansive dynamics and phase transitions leading to the structural softened and tensile spallation at interface. The critical damage threshold is evaluated at around 8.5 J/m² which governs the possible occurrence of two different regimes, i.e. interfacial spallaiton and recombination. In interfacial damage region, quasi-isothermal thermodynamic trajectories can be observed after the interfacial spallation occurs. Moreover, the result of thermodynamic trajectories analyses indicates that, the relaxation of pressure wave may cause the over-heated interfacial zone to reduce volumetric density, thus leading to structural softness and even weaken interfacial structural strength. The crucial effect leading to the phenomenon of low tension spallation is identified.     

Thin film pyroelectric array as a detector for an infrared gas spectrometer

We demonstrate the implementation of a thin film pyroelectric array as a detector in an infrared gas spectrometer. The 1×50 element array is integrated onto a silicon chip with a sol–gel deposited zirconium modified lead titanate film (PZT) as the pyroelectrically active layer and a submicron membrane for thermal insulation. The spectrometer fitted with this detector covers a spectral range of 1.6 μm and is capable of simultaneously detecting 15 ppm of CO₂ and 200 ppm CO. Limitations of the present setup stem from a not optimized thermal light source and the discrete readout electronics.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of femtosecond ablation and spallation with different interatomic potentials

Fast heating of target material by femtosecond laser pulse (fsLP) with duration τ_L∼40-100 fs results in the formation of thermomechanically stressed state. Its unloading may cause frontal cavitation of subsurface layer at a depth of 50 nm for Al and 100 nm for Au. The compression wave propagating deep into material hits the rear-side of the target with the formation of rarefaction wave. The last may produce cracks and rear-side spallation. Results of MD simulations of ablation and spallation of Al and Au metals under action fsLP are presented. It is shown that the used EAM potentials (Mishin et al. and our new one) predict the different ablation and spallation thresholds on absorbed fluence in Al: ablation F_a=60{65} mJ/cm²and spallation F_s=120{190} mJ/cm², where numbers in brackets { } show the corresponding values for Mishin potential. The strain rate in spallation zone was 4.3×10⁹ 1/s at spallation threshold. Simulated spall strength of Al is 7.4{8.7} GPa, that is noticeably less than 10.3{14} GPa obtained from acoustic approximation with the use of velocity pullback on velocity profile of free rear surface. The ablation threshold F_a≈120 mJ/cm² and crater depth of 110 nm are obtained in MD simulations of gold with the new EAM potential. They agree well with experiment.     

Dynamics of the spallative ablation of a GaAs surface irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses

The spallation of a nanometer-thick melt layer on a GaAs surface during its ablation by femtosecond laser pulses occurs with subnanosecond delays and lift-off velocities that depend on the laser fluence after its complete thermal (hydrodynamic) expansion/acoustic relaxation. The position of the spall interface in the melt is determined by the depth of the formation of a two-dimensional subsurface layer of nanobubbles (nanofoam), whereas the strongly heated surface layer of the melt above the nanofoam is partially removed in the form of a vapor-drop mixture. At the thermal expansion stage, acoustic reverberations are observed in the melt layer and characterize both the dynamics of an increase in its thickness and the shift of the cavitation region (nanofoam) inside the melt. Moreover, these reverberations can additionally stimulate spallation, promoting cavitation in the completely unloaded melt in the case of passage of a weak rarefaction wave.     

散裂中子源耦合慢化器的中子学研究

利用蒙特－卡罗方法研究了散裂中子源中耦合慢化器的中子学特性。给出了冷中子与热中子慢化器的中子能谱。甲烷慢化器提供了性能非常好的冷中子，在低功率的散裂中子源中得到了应用。计算了慢中子引出的角分布。由于较低的氢密度，液态氢的漫化能力低于水与液态甲烷，但是可以通过增加预慢化器来弥补这一问题。2cm厚的水预慢化器层可以大约减少热量在低温慢化器中的热量沉积33％而不破坏中子特性。     

脉冲激光对类金刚石（DLC）薄膜的热冲击效应研究

强激光辐照红外热像系统时，可造成系统的干扰和破坏，激光的波长不同，对系统的破坏效果也不同.为了保护红外系统窗口以及提高窗口的透过率，红外窗口广泛沉淀类金刚石（DLC）薄膜.当入射的激光波长位于红外系统响应波段外时，激光对系统的破坏首先是激光对DLC薄膜的破坏.以波长为1.06μm的激光为例，研究了脉冲激光对DLC薄膜的损伤机理，建立了DLC薄膜的热冲击效应模型，并通过求解热传导和应力平衡方程，得出了薄膜的温度场和应力场分布.理论分析表明，热应力破坏在脉冲强激光对DLC膜的损伤机理中占主导地位.当 辐照能量密度为E₀=100mJ·cm^-2时，在薄膜表面距光斑中心约 40μm区域内的压应 力明显超出其断裂强度，将造成膜层的剥离、脱落.理论分析与实验结果基本相符，表明建 立热冲击效应模型的正确性. 关键词： 激光辐照 类金刚石（DLC）薄膜 热冲击效应     

Photoinduced semiconductor-metal phase transition and switching wave in the vanadium dioxide film

A switching wave has been studied in the VO₂ film during the photoinduced semiconductor-metal phase transition. The dependences of the critical radiation intensities corresponding to the direct and reverse phase transitions on the ambient temperature have been obtained in the framework of the thermal model. The profile and velocity of the switching wave have been calculated. The calculated data are compared with the experimental data.     

Magnetism in very thin films of permalloy measured by spin polarized cascade electrons

The spin polarizationP of the low energy cascade electrons excited with a primary unpolarized electron beam is measured with ultrathin films of permalloy (Ni₈₀Fe₂₀) as a function of film thickness, external magnetic field, and temperatureT. Surface adsorbates of small concentrations of less than 10% of a monolayer can change the Curie point and the saturation value ofP ₀(T0) by as much as 30%. The Ta-substrate induces a magnetically dead region in permalloy. Conventional spin wave theory cannot account for the observed smallT-dependence of the magnetizationM. Films on a nonmagnetic substrate are compared to similar films coupled to bulk permalloy over an interface of Ta. TheT-dependence ofM with the coupled films can be explained by spin wave theory. At lowT, the films coupled to the bulk exhibit a faster decrease ofM than the uncoupled films. We propose that this thermal stabilization of the magnetization in very thin ferromagnetic films is due to quenching of the long wavelength spin modes.     

Measurements of ultracold-neutron lifetimes in solid deuterium

We present the first measurements of the survival time of ultracold neutrons (UCNs) in solid deuterium (SD2). This critical parameter provides a fundamental limitation to the effectiveness of superthermal UCN sources that utilize solid ortho-deuterium as the source material. These measurements are performed utilizing a SD2 source coupled to a spallation source of neutrons, providing a demonstration of UCN production in this geometry and permitting systematic studies of the influence of thermal up-scatter and contamination with para-deuterium on the UCN survival time.     

Thermal-hydraulic analysis of LBE spallation target for accelerator-driven systems

In an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS), a high-performance spallation neutron source is used to feed the subcritical reactor. Neutron generation depends on the proton beam intensity. If the beam intensity is increased by a given factor, the number of generated neutrons will increase. The mechanism yielding a high rate of neutron production per energy is the spallation process, and this mechanism produces a very high-energy deposition in the spallation target material. Producing a high rate of neutrons is accompanied by creation of problems of decay heat cooling and radiological protection. As a first step in designing a full-scale industrial ADS, a small-scale experimental ADS, which is similar to the European experimental ADS (XADS) is analysed. The analysis presented in this paper is based on lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled XADS-type experimental reactors, designed during the European experimental (PDS-XADS) project. Computational fluid dynamics analysis has been carried out for the spallation target. Steady state behaviour and shear stress transport turbulence model with the automatic wall treatment were applied in the present analysis.     

非对称型Kerr类介质膜漏波导中的非线性导波

本文研究了特定边界条件下非对称型Kerr类介质膜漏波导中TE₀光波的传播特性。计算结果表明,介质膜厚存在一临界值。临界值之上没有导波存在,临界值之下能同时存在强场TE₀模和弱场TE₀模,它们具有不同的传播波数。这两个模的膜内传播功率、场强峰值位置随膜厚和光场频率的变化各不相同,色散关系也有极大差别。在对称极限之下,弱场TE₀模的色散为零。 关键词：