高压下Al65Co20Mn15合金准晶相得截获及其稳定性的研究

 本文利用高压熔态淬火方法，对Al₆₅Co₂₀Mn₁₅合金进行了研究。首次发现在4.4 GPa压力下淬火的样品中有准晶T相形成。使用电子衍射和X射线衍射对准晶态进行了鉴别。用高温X射线衍射进行了热稳定性研究，发现Al₆₅Co₂₀Mn₁₅合金中准晶T相得晶化温度约为600 ℃。     

PZT-95/5压电陶瓷的冲击波活化改性研究

 研究了冲击波对PZT-95/5压电陶瓷的活化改性作用，对PZT-95/5粉末及块状材料进行动态冲击波加载。实验表明：在合适的条件下，冲击波作用可提高样品的密度ρ，压电应变常数d₃₃，介电常数ε，降低介电耗损系数tg δ%。通过对样品进行X射线衍射，扫描电镜SEM、透射电镜TEM和X射线光电子能谱XPS等微观测试分析，揭示了冲击波改性的机理主要是：晶粒细化，晶界破坏，孔隙增多，缺陷增多，相变产生等，从而达到对样品改性的作用。     

静高压下Al80Mn14Si6合金准晶相形成的研究

 本文首次研究了Al₈₀Mn₁₄Si₆合金在静高压下准晶相得形成。利用静高压熔态淬火方法，在压力2.8和3.1 GPa下得到淬火的Al-Mn-Si样品。电子和X射线衍射实验表明，高压淬火样品中含有准晶二十面体相和非晶相。X射线衍射实验还表明，高压淬火样品经350 ℃退火一小时基本上没有发生变化；而经过500 ℃退火一小时后，准晶相晶化为α-Al₇₃Si₁₀Mn₁₇相。另外，电子衍射实验表明，高压淬火后样品中还存在其它中间亚稳相。本文还讨论了静高压熔态淬火方法的适用性。     

高温高压下SrB4O7：Eu2+玻璃的晶化

 利用X射线衍射和Eu²⁺发射光谱方法研究了非晶玻璃SrB₄O₇在高温高压下的晶化。结果表明：在5.0 GPa压力下，200 ℃仍为玻璃态，只有几个强度极低的小峰，表明有晶化的迹象；600 ℃时已基本晶化，但为SrB₄O₇正交相与SrB₄O₇高压立方相二相共存；当温度提高到1 000 ℃时，晶化成了近单相的与常压SrB₄O₇粉末晶体相同的正交结构。伴随晶化度的加强，Eu²⁺发射强度增强，与Ｘ射线衍射结果相一致。     

高温高压下冲击波淬火的锆基大块金属玻璃的相演化过程研究

 采用同步辐射能散X射线衍射技术，研究了高温高压下利用冲击波淬火技术制备的Zr₄₁Ti₁₄Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5大块金属玻璃的相演化过程。研究结果发现：在实验压力范围内，在不同压力下试样具有相同的初始析出相Zr₂Be₁₇，但是随后的相演化过程是不同的，根据应用压力的不同，试样的相演化过程可以分为3个不同的区域；另外，试样的晶化温度随着压力的增大而升高，但是在6.0 GPa存在一个突然的下降，在此压力点试样具有不同于其它压力点的相演化过程。相演化过程的不同和晶化温度的突然下降，可能归因于在不同压力下试样具有不同的原子构型。     

BaCO3和TiO2粉末混合物冲击压缩性和BaTiO3冲击合成的实验研究

 利用高能炸药爆轰驱动冲击波、狭缝扫描闪光隙高速照相技术和阻抗匹配解原理，在10~100 GPa压力范围内，测量了BaCO₃和TiO₂粉末混合物的冲击绝热数据。同时，利用轴对称柱面和平面爆轰装置，进行了该混合物样品的冲击后回收实验和回收样品的X射线衍射分析，考察BaTiO₃的冲击合成。测量出的冲击绝热数据，以冲击波压力和比容平面上的结果为例，在约30和45 GPa两个压力值时，比容发生明显跃变。冲击绝热数据与回收样品X射线衍射分析结果相结合，判断出，这两个跃变分别对应于TiO₂从锐钛矿相转变到高压β-TiO₂相，BaCO₃与TiO₂开始急剧化学反应合成出BaTiO₃并放出CO₂。此外，在压力为10 GPa左右作回收实验，其回收样品的X射线衍射分析表明TiO₂由锐钛矿相完全转变为金红石相。     

高压下Zr70Cu30非晶合金的热稳定性和晶化相的变化

 用电阻测量及X射线衍射法研究了非晶Zr₇₀Cu₃₀合金在常压和高压下热稳定性以及晶化相的变化。结果表明压力提高了这种非晶合金的晶化温度并明显地改变了合金中的相平衡关系。在2 GPa压力下，平衡相为Cu₁₀Zr₇和α-Zr的混合物，而常压下为CuZr₂和少量α-Zr的混合物。     

静高压下Al-Mn准晶形成及其结构稳定性的研究

 静高压（4.5 GPa）下Al₆Mn合金熔态淬火（冷却速度约为10² ℃/s），得到Al₆Mn合金的高压淬火样品。X射线分析表明：Al₆Mn合金的高压淬火样品中含有准晶二十面体相、Al₆Mn相及Al的面心立方相；与常压结果相比，高压淬火方法的冷却速率可比常压的低约3个数量级的条件下产生准晶二十面体相。其晶化温度与急冷甩带的相近。对静高压（2.5 GPa）下Al₆Mn准晶条带样品的晶化过程进行了研究。X射线分析表明：静高压下Al₆Mn准晶条带样品的晶化过程中，出现了一种新的未知亚稳相——准晶向晶体转化中的一种中间过渡态，具有类T相形式；与常压结果比较，高压下准晶相晶化温度提高。     

Fe40Ni40P12B8非晶合金的冲击晶化实验研究

 本文研究了Fe₄₀Ni₄₀P₁₂B₈非晶合金冲击波加载下的晶化行为，冲击波由二级轻气炮发射的告诉弹丸撞击靶产生。实验结果表明：Fe₄₀Ni₄₀P₁₂B₈非晶合金在冲击波加载下，晶化可在加载时间（微秒量级）内发生；晶化的阈值压力在30~50 GPa之间，相应的冲击温度约为510~800 K，晶化析出相与冲击压力有关，低压下析出相是面心立方γ-(Fe, Ni)固溶体和Fe₃(P_0.37B_0.63)化合物，高压下（大于60 GPa）析出相除了面心立方γ-(Fe, Ni)固溶体和Fe₃(P_0.37B_0.63)化合物之外，还包括(Fe, Ni)₃P化合物。     

一种含SiO2氧化物玻璃的晶化温度-压力依赖关系

 本文应用DTA及X射线衍射法在常压及高压下对一种含SiO₂的锂离子导体玻璃0.3Li₂O-0.67SiO₂-0.03V₂O₅加热时的晶化行为进行了研究。该氧化物玻璃的晶化过程分两个阶段。在常压下，第一晶化过程发生在560 ℃附近，析出相为Li₂O·2SiO₂。对应的晶化温度T_x1随压力的升高发生了急剧的变化。从常压到0.3 GPa，T_x1从560 ℃升高到620 ℃；继续升压时T_x1突然下降，并在0.4 GPa处跌到528 ℃，呈现一个陡峭的峰值。0.4 GPa以上，T_x1随压力的变化则呈常规行为，比较平稳地，大致线性地升高，一直到最高测定压力2 GPa。 本文最后对这些行为的可能原因进行了讨论。     

纳秒激光在铜靶材中诱导冲击波的实验研究

基于聚偏二氟乙烯压电传感器, 对铜靶材中纳秒激光脉冲诱导的冲击波传播过程进行了实验研究, 给出了铜靶材内冲击压强随激光脉冲能量和靶材厚度的变化规律. 实验结果表明: 500 mJ激光脉冲能量作用到2 mm厚的铜靶材产生的冲击压强达到2.1 MPa; 激光脉冲能量从200 mJ 增加到500 mJ, 在铜靶材厚度为2和4 mm条件下, 冲击压强分别增加了162%和231%; 而当铜靶材厚度从2 mm增加到6 mm时, 在400和500 mJ激光脉冲能量作用下, 铜靶材内冲击压强分别降低了32%和49%.     

New piezoelectric polymer for air-borne and water-borne sound transducers

Acoustic transducers made of a charged cellular polymer called EMFi have been designed and investigated with respect to air-borne and water-borne sound. The longitudinal transducer constant is around 90 pC/N, strongly exceeding the values of other piezoelectric polymers. This is mainly attributed to the very low Young's modulus of about 2 MPa. The acoustic impedance is only 2.6 x 10(4) kg/(m2 s) and results in good matching to air but strong loading under water. Due to this strong loading, a pronounced reduction of resonance frequency from 300 kHz in air down to 17 kHz under water is observed. The experiments indicate that fluid loading is not only mass-like but also compliant, reducing the transducer's sensitivity below the resonance frequency of about -63 dB re 1 V/Pa (0.7 mV/Pa) in air to -71 dB re 1 V/Pa under water. This compliance is attributed to the medium's compressibility. Piezoelectricity of EMFi films is limited to temperatures below 70 degrees C; above, irreversible discharge of trapped charges takes place. Furthermore, a second type of EMFi, called "OS" was investigated, having a piezoelectric constant of 15 pC/N and a Young's modulus of 6 MPa. In quasi-static sensor measurements, the piezoelectric constant increases with the applied load. This nonlinearity explains the higher values reported in other publications on the same materials.     

Development of a compact self-focusing piezoelectric generator using electrical pre-strain piezocomposite material

New clinical concepts in lithotripsy demand small shock heads. Reducing the size of piezoelectric shock heads will only be possible if the pressure generated at the surface of each transducer can be increased so that, the total pressure at the focus remains very high. So, we propose a new method allowing the generation of large surface pressures. It is well known that the piezoelectric rods in piezocomposite material are more fragile in the extension mode than in the compression mode. For this reason, actuators are mechanically pre-stressed between two flasks. This method cannot be used for transducers working at high frequencies, about 0.5 MHz. For this reason, we proposed to electrically pre-strain the piezoelectric material by applying high electric field in the opposite direction of the polarisation. In a first mode we proposed to pre-strain in continuous mode the transducer. Unfortunately we noticed a rapid de-poling and re-poling in the inverse direction. In a second mode to reduce depolarisation, this field was applied only during a short time just before the generation of the pulse which generate the compressive wave and in a third mode, the transducer was re-poled between two successive electrical pulses. Using this last method, it was possible to increase the maximum pressure at the surface of a 20 mm diameter plane piston to 20% and reach 4 MPa. According to this idea a very compact shock wave generator was designed. The generator made of a 1-3 piezocomposite material has a diameter of 120 mm and focused at 120 mm. The maximum pressure and the width of the compressive wave at the focus were, respectively, 60 MPa and 1.5 micros. The focal zone measured at -3 dB is an ellipsoid 6 mm high in the propagating axis and 3 mm width in the perpendicular direction. The efficacy of this generator was measured as the number of shocks necessary to totally disintegrate plaster balls 15 mm in diameter mimicking the kidney stones. At full power the number of shocks was only 150 which is rather the same number as the one obtained using electrohydraulic machine generally considered as the gold standard. This results show that piezoelectric material may be advantageously used for the manufacturing of shock wave generators.     

高应变率下TC4及TC9钛合金的动态断裂

 报导了由短脉冲激光引起的应力波加载及电炮驱动Mylar膜平面飞片碰撞TC4、TC9钛合金靶的实验及数值计算研究结果。由回收靶样品的金相分析表明：在电炮驱动飞片碰撞及由激光引起的应力波加载所造成的应变率分别在10⁶ s^-1左右及10⁷ s^-1以上两种情形下，TC4、TC9钛合金的层裂特性都是以微孔洞的成核、增长、汇合为特征的韧性断裂。运用一维流体弹塑性动力学程序进行数值研究表明：成核增长NAG模型在一定程度上可以用来描述高应变率下TC4、TC9钛合金的损伤破坏特性。     

Quantitative Schlieren measurements of a high energy electromagnetic transducer acoustic shock field

Schlieren photography has been used to analyse quantitatively the acoustic field of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). By measuring the angle through which the rays are refracted it is possible to compute the refractive index gradient and thus determine both the absolute and complex pressure related structures of the images. Using this method, planar and focused shock transients generated by the EMAT have been evaluated and compared with transducer derived pressure measurements. The peak pressure in the unfocused shock was found to be 3.2 MPa and 4.6 MPa for the Schlieren and piezoelectric transducer measurements respectively. Corresponding values for the focused shock-wave agreed to within experimental error at about 19 MPa.     

The refined theory of transversely isotropic piezoelectric rectangular beams

The problem of deducing one-dimensional theory from two-dimensional theory for a transversely isotropic piezoelectric rectangular beam is investigated. Based on the piezoelasticity theory, the refined theory of piezoelectric beams is derived by using the general solution of transversely isotropic piezoelasticity and Lur’e method without ad hoc assumptions. Based on the refined theory of piezoelectric beams, the exact equations for the beams without transverse surface loadings are derived, which consist of two governing differential equations: the fourth-order equation and the transcendental equation. The approximate equations for the beams under transverse loadings are derived directly from the refined beam theory. As a special case, the governing differential equations for transversely isotropic elastic beams are obtained from the corresponding equations of piezoelectric beams. To illustrate the application of the beam theory developed, a uniformly loaded and simply supported piezoelectric beam is examined.     

Evolution of electric response of Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 and Pb0.99[(Zr0.90Sn0.10)0.96Ti0.04]0.98Nb0.02O3 ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave compression

The objective of this work is to investigate the dependence of the electric behavior on shock pressure in Pb_0.99(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ (PZT 95/5-2Nb) and Pb_0.99[(Zr_0.90Sn_0.10)_0.96Ti_0.04]_0.98Nb_0.02O₃ (PZST) ferroelectric ceramics under shock wave compression. PZT 95/5-2Nb and PZST ceramics were subjected to high dynamic pressure generated by plate impacts. The output currents were measured under the short-circuit condition in the pressure range from 0.23 to 4.50 GPa. The evolution of the electric response exhibits three distinct regions: (1) Below the critical phase transition pressure (σ_C), alternate negative and positive piezoelectric currents are observed and the corresponding piezoelectric constant is e ₃₁. (2) Above σ_C and below the complete phase transition pressure (σ_H), released charge increases with increasing shock pressure, illustrating the transition of ferroelectric to antiferroelectric phase. (3) Above σ_H, the output current is insensitive to the shock pressure. A similar evolutionary process is also observed in hydrostatic and uniaxial stress experiments.     

激光诱导AZ31B镁合金薄板动态响应实验研究

为分析在激光冲击波作用下AZ31B镁合金薄板背面的动态响应,采用聚偏氟乙烯贴片传感器与数字示波器对强激光诱导的冲击波进行测量,得到压电波形,结合冲击波的传播特性,对弹塑性双波的传播规律进行了研究。结果表明:激光诱导的材料动态响应是快速的;压电波形图反映出的弹性前驱波与塑性加载波传播到靶材背面的时间与理论时间相符;弹性前驱波能量小引发的波形振幅较小,紧随着的塑性加载波能量大并引起较大振幅波动,弹塑性双波卸载过程与紧接着的加载过程导致了压电信号的波动振幅提高。     

Focusing of shock waves induced by optical breakdown in water

The focusing of laser-generated shock waves by a truncated ellipsoidal reflector was experimentally and numerically investigated. Pressure waveform and distribution around the first (F(1)) and second foci (F(2)) of the ellipsoidal reflector were measured. A neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser of 1046 nm wavelength and 5 ns pulse duration was used to create an optical breakdown at F(1), which generates a spherically diverging shock wave with a peak pressure of 2.1-5.9 MPa at 1.1 mm stand-off distance and a pulse width at half maximum of 36-65 ns. Upon reflection, a converging shock wave is produced which, upon arriving at F(2), has a leading compressive wave with a peak pressure of 26 MPa and a zero-crossing pulse duration of 0.1 mus, followed by a trailing tensile wave of -3.3 MPa peak pressure and 0.2 mus pulse duration. The -6 dB beam size of the focused shock wave field is 1.6 x 0.2 mm(2) along and transverse to the shock wave propagation direction. Formation of elongated plasmas at high laser energy levels limits the increase in the peak pressure at F(2). General features in the waveform profile of the converging shock wave are in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations based on the Hamilton model.     

Generation of very high pressure pulses at the surface of a sandwiched piezoelectric material

New clinical concepts in lithotripsy demand small shock heads. Reducing the size of piezoelectric shock heads will only be possible if the pressure generated at the surface of each transducer can be increased so that the total pressure at the focus remains very high. We propose for the first time to increase the pressure without increasing the transducer voltage by using sandwiched transducers, which are a combination of several stacked transducers. When excited at appropriate time intervals, the pressure waves generated by each one reinforce when they reach the load. This new technique has been successfully tested. A pressure of 2.5 MPa was generated with two stacked, 5 mm-thick 1-3 piezocomposite transducers operating at an excitation voltage of 8 kV. No transducer damage was detected after 10(6) shocks, which corresponds approximately to the treatment of 500 patients.