X射线荧光光谱法测定花草茶中22种元素

采用粉末压片法制样,应用X射线荧光光谱法对花草茶中N,Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Br,Rb,Sr,Ba,Pb共22种元素进行了分析。讨论了测量条件的选择,对于22种目标元素的分析线,除Ba,Pb采用L线外,其余都选择K_α线,在对Rh靶K_α线的康普顿散射进行测量时,应适当降低管电压,选择合适的管电流。采用经验系数法和3条散射谱线(Rh靶L_α线的瑞利散射、0.1876nm处的散射线、Rh靶K_α线的康普顿散射)作内标进行基体效应校正,并对N,Na,Ca,Ti,Mn,Sr,Ba等部分元素进行了谱线重叠干扰校正。实验结果表明,该方法对N,Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Br,Rb,Sr,Ba,Pb各目标元素的检出限较低,且准确度较好,精密度较高。采用该方法对花草茶中元素的种类和含量信息进行分析发现,花草茶元素组成较为丰富,不同种类花草茶元素种类和含量有差异,且同一种类不同来源花草茶略有差异,但元素组成含量特征大体相似。综上可知,该方法操作简单,能够实现花草茶的低成本、快速、准确、多元素测定。     

亚热带自然林与人工林土壤重金属含量的研究

重金属是危害森林生态健康主要污染物之一.采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法,首次比较了亚热带人工林和自然林土壤中13种重金属元素(Fe,Al,Ti,Cr,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd)的含量.结果表明自然林土壤中Fe,Al,Ti,Cu,Mn,V,Zn,Ni,Co,Pb,Se,Cd...     

利用多重示踪技术研究正常鼠和肿瘤鼠的微量元素代谢(英文)

利用25 MeV/u 40Ar+Se中能重离子核反应, 制备包含24种元素在内的多重示踪剂, 通过对元素γ谱的分析, 研究了正常鼠和肿瘤鼠体内微量元素的分布及代谢。Mg, Sr, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mo, Co, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb和Ru等元素在肿瘤鼠的粪便和尿液中的排泄时间与正常鼠不同。 肿瘤鼠与正常鼠相比, Na, Mn, Fe和Co的排泄变化较大, 肿瘤鼠的排泄率较正常鼠高; 而Ca, Y, Zr和Mo的排泄率肿瘤鼠则较正常鼠低; 在正常鼠脏器、 组织和血液样品中测出了Na, Rb, Ga, Sc, As, Zn, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe、Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag和In等17种元素, 肿瘤鼠检测出了除Zn和As之外的其它15种元素。 几乎所有的元素在正常鼠中的吸收均比肿瘤鼠高。 大部分元素分布在肝、 肾和毛皮以及实体瘤中, 而Fe和Na在肿瘤组织则没有检测到。 A radioactive multitracer solution of the 24 elements, e.g. Be, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Y, Zr, Mo, Nb, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, was obtained from the nuclear reaction of 25 MeV/u 40Ar+Se with a series of chemical process. The multitracer solution was orally administered to normal and muscular tumour bearing mice of male Balb/c mice. Urine and faeces samples of mice were collected. The two group mice were sacrificed after 96 h. The uptake of 17 elements, Na, Rb, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, were simultaneously detected in normal mice while 15 elements, Na, Rb, Ga, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, were simultaneously detected in tumour bearing mice. Our results indicate that the majority of the detected elements were distributed in liver, kidney, pelt, tumour while a small fraction of the biotrace elements were distributed in heart and spleen (tumour bearing mice) in the two groups of mice. The higher concentrations of Fe, Na, Mn were detected in heart or kidney of normal mice. Na, Mn, Fe and Co showed better absorption in most tissues in the normal mice, except for Na and Mn in heart.     

内蒙古兴和县育龄妇女头发中矿质元素分布及影响因素研究（英文）

使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分别对内蒙古自治区兴和县180名农村育龄妇女头发中21种矿物元素(铝,硼,钡,钙,镉,钴,铬,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)的含量及年龄、生育史及饮食习惯等对其产生的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大多数矿物元素(硼,镉,铬,钴,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)含量从青年组(18~29岁)到老年组(40~45岁)依次减少,而中年组(30~39岁)的钙,镁,锰、铅的含量最低。生育二胎的妇女钙,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,锡,锶和锌含量最低,这可能与生育次数的增加有关,相关性分析证实钙,铅和锡与生育史有显著性相关。此外,饮食习惯也会影响头发中矿物质元素的含量。经常食用酸菜会导致锌,铁,铜,锰,锶含量水平较低,但钼,铅和硒含量水平较高。而且,锌和硒含量随肉类摄入频率增加而增加。规律性摄入蔬菜会增加硅的含量。同时,经常食用水果会增加锰,镍和钛的含量水平。因此,该研究为解决不均衡饮食习惯盛行的农村地区生育和妇女健康提供基础数据和有用的信息。     

稀土纳米金对银染效果的影响及其UV-Vis吸收光谱

制备了La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金,分别用La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒替代部分的纳米金,研究了La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒分别对银染效果的影响及其紫外可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱。与纳米金相比,La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒可延长银染后的斑点持续的时间,其中Nd-Au微粒的效果最好,斑点持续的时间为30 min,是纳米金的2.7倍;可大幅度加深斑点的颜色,其中Nd-Au,Sm-Au微粒的效果最好,用Nd微粒替代部分的纳米金,纳米金用量降低了80%,但还能提高银染法的灵敏度。在200～800 nm范围,La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金溶液的UV-Vis吸收光谱只有一个吸收峰,λ_max分别为275,277,276,276,278,277,278和521 nm;La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒混合液的UV-Vis吸收光谱有两个吸收峰,λ_max(RE)和λ_max(Au)分别为276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,276和523 nm,276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,纳米金和La微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了红移,Ce,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了蓝移,Nd,Sm微粒的吸收峰的波长不变,纳米金与稀土微粒可能有相互作用。     

应用ICP-MS/ICP-AES测定榆钱中22种微量元素的含量

榆钱是我国民间的一种优良野生食品资源。随着人们对食品安全意识的增强,其营养成分与有毒成分的含量逐渐受到人们的重视。借助ICP-MS/ICP-AES技术对野生榆树榆钱中的22种微量元素进行了研究。结果发现榆钱中含有丰富的人体所必需的元素,特别是Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr和Rb,分别达到224.57, 269.73, 9.23, 64.93, 1.68, 4.79, 7.68和2.21 μg·g-1(FW)(FW表示鲜重(下同));Li, B, V, Co, Ni, Se, Br, Mo和Sn,也分别达到318.43, 518.83, 265.52, 108.50, 411.21, 34.51, 51.72, 109.90和31.51 ng·g-1(FW)。除了有益元素以外,重金属元素Pb, Cd, As, Hg和Cr的含量也分别达557.87, 8.81, 345.55, 0.78和347.97 ng·g-1(FW),其含量偏高,虽然符合国家食品卫生标准,但是应当注意重金属含量的监测。     

ICP-AES法测定广西中药白花丹不同部位常量及微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES) 分析广西中药白花丹根、茎、叶3个部位的20种常量及微量元素。结果显示,白花丹中除了含人体必需的常量元素K,Ca,Na,Mg外, 还有Zn,Fe,Mn, Cr,Co等必需的微量元素和其他元素Mo, Sb,Bi,Cd, Sr,Pb,Cd,As等。各元素的含量在白花丹的根,茎,叶中分布不同, 在叶和根中的含量比较丰富,与白花丹的抗菌, 抗肿瘤及抗氧化活性的药用有效部位在根部和叶部的结果一致,如Na,K,Ca,Zn,Fe,Mn,Sr,Cu,Co等含量在叶中含量最高,根次之。在许多抗癌中药中,Zn,Mn,Fe的含量通常比较高,Cr,Sr,Cu的含量也至关重要,作为传统抗癌中药的白花丹中就含有丰富的Zn,Mn,Fe和一定量的Sr,Cr,Cu元素,测定结果为探讨中草药中常量、微量元素与生物活性之间的相互协同关系提供了有用的数据,也为更好地开发和利用白花丹药用资源提供理论依据。     

X射线荧光光谱结合判别分析识别进口铁矿石产地及品牌

铁矿石是钢铁工业的重要原材料,不同产地、品牌的进口铁矿石在元素组成、含量上存在差异,进口铁矿石掺杂、掺假、以次充好等现象虽集中于个案,却危害经济安全。故建立主要进口国铁矿石产地与品牌的快速识别模型,对支撑进口铁矿石的风险监管,保障贸易便利化。该研究对象为澳大利亚、南非、巴西3个国家共14个品牌的236份进口铁矿石样品,包括皮尔巴拉混合粉(块)、杨迪粉铁矿,纽曼混合粉(块)铁矿、津布巴混合粉铁矿、国王粉、弗特斯克混合粉、昆巴标准粉(块)、卡拉加斯铁矿石等。应用波长色散-X射线荧光光谱无标样分析法测定所有研究样品的元素组成及含量,检出元素包括Fe, O, Si, Ca, Al, Mn, Tb, Ti, Mg, P, K, S, Cr, Na, Sr, Zr, Zn, V, Cu, Gd, Ba, Cl, Ni和Co,共计24种,选择其中Fe, O, Si, Ca, Al, Mn, Tb, Ti, Mg, P, Cr和S共12种所有样品全部检出的元素进行判别分析。采用逐步判别法筛选出Fe, O, Si, Ca, Al, Mn, Ti, Mg, P和S共10个元素含量作为有效变量,建立二维Fisher判别模型,实现对澳大利亚、南非、巴西进口铁矿石的识别,模型对建模样品识别正确率为97.40%,交叉验证正确率为95.30%,对测试样品的识别正确率达到95.50%。针对14种品牌铁矿石,使用Fe, O, Si, Ca, Al, Mn, Ti, Mg, P和S共10种元素含量,建立十维Fisher判别模型,模型对建模样品识别正确率为100%,交叉验证正确率为97.90%,对测试样品的识别正确率达到100%。波长色散-X射线荧光光谱无标样分析虽然是一种半定量分析方法,但分析快速,稳定性好,该方法结合逐步判别-Fisher判别分析,能实现对铁矿石产地与品牌的识别。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速分析盐湖粘土矿物元素含量

以低压聚乙烯粉镶边垫底粉末压片法制样,用X射线荧光光谱法测定盐湖粘土矿物中主次组分含量的定量分析曲线,测量了粘土矿物中As, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Dy, Ga, Mo, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sr, Ba, Cs, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr, MgO, K₂O, Na₂O , CaO, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, SiO₂含量。研究了各元素的谱线干扰特别是谱线的间接干扰,同时提出了元素周期表中各周期元素相互之间干扰的判别方法; 使用α经验系数法及康普顿内标法校正基体效应,经对国家标准物及实际样品进行分析,测量值与标准值结果吻合。方法的检出限和准确度均满足分析要求,除了Mo,Cs,Ta ３个元素RSD较高,其他元素RSD 为0.01%～5.45%。     

Experimental Study on High Power and Efficiency Fiber Amplifier Module

l.IntroductionErbium-doPedfiberamp1ifier(EDFA)isattractiveinall-opticalcommunicationsys-temsduetoitSsuperiorityofhighgain,broadbandwidth,lownoiseandhighPOwer.Whenusedinhigh-sPeed,long-haulcommunicationanddistributionsystems,suchassolitoncommunication,WDM,FDM,AM-VSB,CATV,etc.,EDFAisdemandedofhighsignaloutputPowerbesidebroadbandwidth,lowdistortionandcrossta]k.ToobtainlargeoutputPowerwil1relatetomanyproblemslikethefibermaterial,pumpinglaser,fibcrcomPonent,manufacturetechnologyanddesig…     

Set the controls for the heart of the Sun

In this paper we describe experiments conducted with high-power lasers that are attempting to replicate, for a very short time and in miniature, conditions found in the Sun. Experiments to date have reached conditions in the outer part of the Sun. To reach the Sun's centre requires compression of material to very much greater than solid density and heating to over ten million degrees. To achieve this, a new class of experiments and a new generation of high-power lasers are required.     

On the reversibility of the Meissner effect and the angular momentum puzzle

It is generally believed that the laws of thermodynamics govern superconductivity as an equilibrium state of matter, and hence that the normal-superconductor transition in a magnetic field is reversible under ideal conditions. Because eddy currents are generated during the transition as the magnetic flux changes, the transition has to proceed infinitely slowly to generate no entropy. Experiments showed that to a high degree of accuracy no entropy was generated in these transitions. However, in this paper we point out that for the length of times over which these experiments extended, a much higher degree of irreversibility due to decay of eddy currents should have been detected than was actually observed. We also point out that within the conventional theory of superconductivity no explanation exists for why no Joule heat is generated in the superconductor to normal transition when the supercurrent stops. In addition we point out that within the conventional theory of superconductivity no mechanism exists for the transfer of momentum between the supercurrent and the body as a whole, which is necessary to ensure that the transition in the presence of a magnetic field respects momentum conservation. We propose a solution to all these questions based on the alternative theory of hole superconductivity. The theory proposes that in the normal-superconductor transition there is a flow and backflow of charge in direction perpendicular to the phase boundary when the phase boundary moves. We show that this flow and backflow explains the absence of Joule heat generated by Faraday eddy currents, the absence of Joule heat generated in the process of the supercurrent stopping, and the reversible transfer of momentum between the supercurrent and the body, provided the current carriers in the normal state are holes.     

On the nature of a*kak and the emergence of the Born rule

This paper is intended to show that a review in the concept of the game theoretical utility, the revised utility to be applied to the definition of the utility of a wave function representing an object subsystem relative to its observer subsystem, both within an isolated system, leads to the emergence of Max Born's rule as a profit under a von Neumann good measure game.     

Adam and the Ants: On the Influence of the Optimization Algorithm on the Detectability of DNN Watermarks

As training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) becomes more expensive, the interest in protecting the ownership of the models with watermarking techniques increases. Uchida et al. proposed a digital watermarking algorithm that embeds the secret message into the model coefficients. However, despite its appeal, in this paper, we show that its efficacy can be compromised by the optimization algorithm being used. In particular, we found through a theoretical analysis that, as opposed to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), the update direction given by Adam optimization strongly depends on the sign of a combination of columns of the projection matrix used for watermarking. Consequently, as observed in the empirical results, this makes the coefficients move in unison giving rise to heavily spiked weight distributions that can be easily detected by adversaries. As a way to solve this problem, we propose a new method called Block-Orthonormal Projections (BOP) that allows one to combine watermarking with Adam optimization with a minor impact on the detectability of the watermark and an increased robustness.     

On the solutions of the hypernetted chain equation inside the gas-liquid coexistence region

We present a detailed study of the solutions of the hypernetted chain integral equation inside the gas-liquid coexistence region for simple Lennard-Jones fluids. The study is performed by means of a hybrid Newton-Raphson algorithm extended to cope with complex solutions. In this way, we have unequivocally confirmed that the origin of the well-known HNC singular behavior inside the coexistence curve is linked to the onset of complex solutions. As density is increased starting from the vapor phase along isotherms inside the coexistence region, another singularity is encountered (very likely linked with the existence of a complex multiple solution point), and correlations start to diverge. Therefore, with the numerical approach here presented it is not feasible to join the liquid and vapor phases through an analytically continuous path of real and complex solutions. Finally, a study of the transition from the mean spherical approximation behavior (characterized by the presence of a spinodal divergence) to the peculiar hypernetted chain sort of singularity is also presented.     

Testing the mechanism for the LSP stability at the LHC

The lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is a natural candidate for the cold dark matter of the universe. In this Letter we discuss how to test the mechanism responsible for the LSP stability at the LHC. We note that if R-parity is conserved dynamically one should expect a Higgs boson which decays mainly into two right-handed neutrinos (a “leptonic” Higgs) or into two sfermions. The first case could exhibit spectacular lepton number violating signals with four secondary vertices due to the long-lived nature of right-handed neutrinos. These signals, together with the standard channels for the discovery of SUSY, could help to establish the underlying theory at the TeV scale.     

折衍混合单透镜替代双胶合望远物镜的设计研究

提出了一种用以替代双胶合望远物镜的折衍混合单透镜的设计方法，由于一般望远物镜相对较大、视场较小，故其球差和色关功效大，校正要求高，而与视场有关的像差本身较小。通过分析初级像差，本文研究了折衍混合单透镜的折射器件（基底）选型、初始结构设计及消色差和球差的方法，仅采用一种玻璃材料Ｋ９，设计的折射混合透镜具有与原传统结构相当的色差和降低了约一半的单色像差，能成功地取代传统双胶合物镜；展示了折衍混合结构在     

From the Perron-Frobenius equation to the Fokker-Planck equation

We show that for certain classes of deterministic dynamical systems the Perron-Frobenius equation reduces to the Fokker-Planck equation in an appropriate scaling limit. By perturbative expansion in a small time scale parameter, we also derive the equations that are obeyed by the first- and second-order correction terms to the Fokker-Planck limit case. In general, these equations describe non-Gaussian corrections to a Langevin dynamics due to an underlying deterministic chaotic dynamics. For double-symmetric maps, the first-order correction term turns out to satisfy a kind of inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation with a source term. For a special example, we are able solve the first- and second-order equations explicitly.     

Application of the structured illumination method to study the topography of the sole of the foot during a walk

The structured illumination technique consists of projecting a fringe system onto a 3D object from a well defined space point, which results in a pattern that depends on the characteristic of the projected fringes, the viewpoint and the illuminated object morphology. Therefore, the structured illumination method enables to determine the topography of 3D objects. To implement this technique we set up an optoelectronic array that allows studying the sole of the foot during a walk. The method consists of projecting a Ronchi grid and capturing the images generated on the foot by a CCD camera. These obtained images are graphically processed and fringes converted into vectors. A depending algorithm on the experimental setup allows obtaining, from those vectors data, cotes for a discrete profile plotting of the studied object. The method enables the quantitative determination of the sole topography during the walk. Qualitatively, it can be used for diagnosis and control of deformation and injuries caused by accidents or illnesses. It can be introduced in the primary attention health system to study a great number of patients, due to its simplicity and low cost installation, and for being a non-invasive technique.