人工头近场头相关传输函数及其特性

采用球形正十二面体声源及其空间定位系统,测量并建立了KEMAR人工头的近场头相关传输函数(HRTF)数据库。基于数据库分析了近场HRTF在频域和时域随声源距离变化的规律;讨论了用近场HRTF算得的双耳声级差(TLD)和双耳时间差(ITD)所包含的声源距离定位信息。结果表明,测量系统和所得数据具有较好的重复性和准确性,保留了1 kHz以下的低频定位信息。并且,近场HRTF幅度谱和ILD随声源距离的变化明显;用相关法算得2 kHz以下频段的ITD随声源距离略有变化。本文数据库及其分析结果将为声源距离定位的应用提供基础。      

头相关传输函数与虚拟听觉

头相关传输函数(HRTF)是自由场情况下点声源到双耳的声学传输函数,它包含了有关声源的主要空间信息,因而在双耳空间听觉的研究方面有非常重要的意义.作为HRTF的一个重要的应用,虚拟听觉则是近二十年发展起来的新技术,它利用HRTF进行信号处理,模拟出声波从声源到双耳的传输,从而在耳机或扬声器重放中虚拟出相应的空间听觉.虚拟听觉技术在有关听觉的科学实验、通信、多媒体与虚拟现实、家用声重放、室内声学设计等科学研究、工程技术、消费电子领域都有重要的应用价值.近十多年来,国际上有关HRTF和虚拟听觉技术的研究发展很快,已成为声学、信号处理、听觉等研究领域的热门与前沿课题,并已在众多的领域得到应用.     

头相关传输函数幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值的分析

提出一种分析头相关传输函数(head-related transfer function,HRTF)幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值模型。采用数值计算得到的高空间分辨率HRTF数据,计算了声源空间位置变化引起的HRTF幅度谱的变化,进一步利用Moore响度模型分析双耳响度级差、双耳响度级谱和总响度级等三个听觉感知量的变化。根据现有的3个听觉感知量最小可察觉差异,模型利用双耳响度级差和双耳响度级谱的变化得到的估计结果与心理声学实验一致,因此是一种有效预测听觉空间分辨阈值的方法,可用于为简化虚拟听觉信号处理和数据储存。      

头相关传输函数幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值的分析

提出一种分析头相关传输函数(head-related transfer function,HRTF)幅度谱的听觉空间分辨阈值模型。采用数值计算得到的高空间分辨率HRTF数据,计算了声源空间位置变化引起的HRTF幅度谱的变化,进一步利用Moore响度模型分析双耳响度级差、双耳响度级谱和总响度级等三个听觉感知量的变化。根据现有的3个听觉感知量最小可察觉差异,模型利用双耳响度级差和双耳响度级谱的变化得到的估计结果与心理声学实验一致,因此是一种有效预测听觉空间分辨阈值的方法,可用于为简化虚拟听觉信号处理和数据储存。     

重放自由场虚拟源距离信息的动态双耳Ambisonics方法

双耳重放的目标之一是在耳机重放中产生不同方向和距离的虚拟源感知。本文研究了动态双耳Ambisonics重放自由场虚拟源方向和距离信息的简化信号处理方法。该信号处理方法包括两步:第1步是基于目标声场的球谐函数分解,合成采用扬声器的近场Ambisonics重放中逐级重构目标声场的信号;第2步是采用虚拟扬声器重放的方法,用动态头相关函数滤波处理将Ambisonics的扬声器重放信号转换为双耳重放信号并用耳机重放。进一步研究了动态双耳Ambisonics的阶数对定位效果的影响,为简化信号处理提供依据。对重放产生的双耳声压分析表明,5阶动态双耳Ambisonics重放足以提供听觉方向定位和距离感知的重要信息。同时心理声学的实验结果表明,结合声源距离相关的响度因素,5阶动态双耳Ambisonics重放可产生不同方向和1.0 m以下不同近场距离的自由场虚拟源的听觉感知。本文的方法仅需要固定距离的48个均匀空间方向的远场非个性化HRTF处理,实现了信号处理的简化。      

个性化头相关传输函数的近似获取——现状和问题

虚拟听觉重放采用头相关传输函数(HRTF)合成双耳声信号,并用耳机重放,以产生所需的空间听觉事件。理想的虚拟听觉重放需要个性化HRTF。个性化HRTF可通过实验测量或数值计算相对地准确获得。然而,测量每个潜在使用者的高空间分辨率HRTF是困难的,而数值计算HRTF的频段往往受限于计算机性能。近年发展了多种HRTF的近似获取方法,并成为热门研究课题,但效果有待验证和提高。本文评述了个性化HRTF近似的研究进展,指出了存在的问题和今后的方向。     

近场头相关传输函数的测量与分析

设计了测量距离可调整的头相关传输函数的实验测量方法，并采用人工头进行近场头相关传输函数的测量，建立了高空间分辨率的近场头相关传输函数数据库，为进一步开展双耳听觉的研究和虚拟听觉的应用提供了数据基础。根据实验数据，初步分析了远、近场情况下，距离、仰角、方位角等参量对头相关传输函数的影响规律。     

头相关传递函数测试新方法

正头相关传递函数(Head-related transfer function,HRTF)描述了自由声场的声波从声源发出传播到双耳的过程中由于人体反射和散射引起的信号频谱改变。HRTF在双耳定位、虚拟声像合成以及串音消除的研究中发挥着重要的作用。在有关HRTF的研究工作中,HRTF数据库的获取是一个重要的问题。HRTF是高度个性化的。为了使得测试数据具有足够的空间分辨率,需要在一系列的仰角和方位角进     

不同测量对头相关传输函数的听觉影响

头相关传输函数(HRTF)是虚拟听觉重放的核心·目前,HRTF的实验室测量缺乏统一的规范。本文研究了不同测量对HRTF的听觉影响。首先提出了扩散场均衡的预处理方法,并对来自5个不同数据库的KEMAR假人的HRTF数据进行了扩散场均衡;然后,采用谱差异评估了不同数据库HRTF测量的频谱差异;最后,采用HRTF合成的虚拟声信号开展了一系列的主观听音实验,包括定位实验和区分实验·结果表明,扩散场均衡是一种有效的HRTF预处理方法,可以减小不同测量对HRTF频谱的影响;不同测量基本上不影响HRTF在12 kHz以下的定位效果,但对音色的影响较大,从而导致听觉上的可区分.      

声学头模对语言清晰度测量的影响

借助声学头模考察了水平面不同语声源和噪声源位置对语言清晰度测量的影响,比较了有声学头模的双耳STIPA与无声学头模常规STIPA测量结果的差异,分别采用录听和现场测听方式进行了同等条件下的汉语听感清晰度主观评价实验,并分析了清晰度主客观结果的相关性。结果表明:声源位置对有声学头模的STIPA以及头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度影响显著。无声学头模的STIPA更接近有声学头模时左右耳中较差的劣势耳的STIPA结果。单侧耳与语声源同侧或与噪声源异侧对应的单侧耳听感清晰度更高,语声源和噪声源重叠对应的双耳听感清晰度最低,声源分离可以显著提高双耳听感清晰度。头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度与无声学头模STIPA不相关,与有声学头模的STIPA高度相关,其中单侧耳听感清晰度与该单侧耳STIPA高度相关,双耳听感清晰度与左右耳STIPA的较高值相关性最高。      

Design and validation on a multiple sound source fast-measurement system of near-field head-related transfer functions

Near-field head-related transfer functions(HRTFs) are essential to scientific researches of binaural hearing and practical applications of virtual auditory display. High efficiency, accuracy and repeatability are required in a near-field HRTF measurement. Hence,there is no reference which intents on solving the measuring difficulties of near-field HRTF for human subjects. In present work, an efficient near-field HRTF measurement system based on computer control is designed and implemented, and a fast calibration method for the system is proposed to first solve the measurement of near-field HRTF for human subjects. The efficiency of measurement is enhanced by a comprehensive design on the acoustic, electronic and mechanical parts of the system. And the accuracy and repeatability of the measurement are greatly improved by carefully calibrating the positions of sound source, subject and binaural microphones.This system is suitable for near-field HRTF measurement at various source distances within 1.0 m, for both human subject and artificial head. The time costs of HRTF measurement at a single sound source distance and full directions has been reduced to less than 20 minutes. The measurement results indicate that the accuracy of the system satisfies the actual requirements.The system is applicable to scientific research and can be used to establish an individualized near-field HRTF database for human subjects.     

Effect of Sound Source Scattering on Measurement of Near-Field Head-Related Transfer Functions

A simple spherical head and pulsating spherical sound source model are proposed to investigate the effect of multiple scattering between the head and the sound source on near-field head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurement. Multipole expansion method is used to calculate HRTFs of the model, then the relationships among the magnitude error of HRTF with frequency, source direction, source size, and the distance between the head centre and the sound source are analysed. The results show that to ensure the magnitude error of HRTF within 1.0dB up to 20kHz, for source distance not less than 0.15m or 0.20m, the radius of the sound source should not exceed 0.03m or 0.05m, respectively. The conclusion suggests an appropriate size of sound source in near-field HRTF measurement.     

基于稀疏表示和特征加权的离格双耳声源定位*

基于头相关传递函数数据库的传统双耳声源定位方法的定位角度往往被限定在头相关传递函数数据库的离散测量点上。当头相关传递函数数据库的测量方位角间隔较大时,这类算法的性能会显著下降,这就是典型的离格问题。该文提出了基于加权宽带稀疏贝叶斯学习的离格双耳声源定位算法。首先该算法建立离格双耳信号的稀疏表示模型,然后利用双耳相干与扩散能量比特征对各个频点进行加权以降低噪声和混响的影响,最后通过加权宽带稀疏贝叶斯学习方法估计离格声源的方位角。实验结果表明,该算法在各种复杂的声学环境下都有着较高的定位精度和鲁棒性,特别是提高了离格条件下的声源定位性能。     

Spatial symmetry of head-related transfer function

Methods for analyzing the spatial symmetry of head-related transfer function (HRTF) are proposed. The influences of anatomical structures on the symmetry of HRTF are investigated using HRTFs measured on KEMAR mannequin and human subjects. Results show that for KEMAR mannequin, pinnae destroy the front-back symmetry of HRTF above 5 to 6 kHz, while for human subjects the frequency reduces to 2.5 kHz because of the locations of ears. Furthermore, at low and median frequencies, HRTF is approximately left-right symmetrical. While as frequencies increase, the asymmetry caused by the fine anatomical leftright differences appears. The starting frequency and the extent of the left-right asymmetry in HRTF depend on individuals. The analyses demonstrate the spatial symmetrical characteristics of HRTF and the frequency ranges in which the current binaural models are valid.     

近场头相关传递函数的数值计算与特性分析

建立了近场头相关传递函数(HRTF)的边界元算法,针对刚性圆球人头简化模型,利用解析计算结果对其进行了验证,然后依据GB/T2428-1998建立了一个椭球人头模型,利用边界元算法计算了中低频多个空间方位的近场HRTF,并对其随方位和距离的变化特性进行了分析。     

双扬声器近场声源重放实验研究

该文针对电子器件散热用的一款变速轴流风扇的气动噪声及其降噪方法进行实验研究。首先利用风扇旋转轴等高平面内圆周分布的传感器阵列测量风扇不同转速下远场噪声分布,总声压级与转速的对数关系验证散热风扇主要气动噪声属于偶极源噪声,频谱分析显示离散单音噪声为主要噪声影响因素。基于管道声学理论的管道模态截止方法,研究进出风口安装圆形短管对风扇气动噪声的影响,实验结果显示不同位置、不同长度的短管对风扇远场噪声影响不同。额定转速下,在进风口安装2 cm管道可以使远场1 m处平均总声压级下降4.1 dB(A),降噪效果显著。模态测量结果显示,此种情况下对应离散单音处的风扇主要模态幅值大大降低,风扇离散单音噪声降低从而噪声总声压级大幅减小。该方法为散热风扇降噪提供了一种新的途径。     

Fast head-related transfer function measurement via reciprocity

An efficient method for head-related transfer function (HRTF) measurement is presented. By applying the acoustical principle of reciprocity, one can swap the speaker and the microphone positions in the traditional (direct) HRTF measurement setup, that is, insert a microspeaker into the subject's ear and position several microphones around the subject, enabling simultaneous HRTF acquisition at all microphone positions. The setup used for reciprocal HRTF measurement is described, and the obtained HRTFs are compared with the analytical solution for a sound-hard sphere and with KEMAR manikin HRTF obtained by the direct method. The reciprocally measured sphere HRTF agrees well with the analytical solution. The reciprocally measured and the directly measured KEMAR HRTFs are not exactly identical but agree well in spectrum shape and feature positions. To evaluate if the observed differences are significant, an auditory localization model based on work by J. C. Middlebrooks [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92, 2607-2624 (1992)] was used to predict where a virtual sound source synthesized with the reciprocally measured HRTF would be localized if the directly measured HRTF were used for the localization. It was found that the predicted localization direction generally lies close to the measurement direction, indicating that the HRTFs obtained via the two methods are in good agreement.