卷积神经网络的缺陷类型识别分析

该文提出一种基于卷积神经网络直接对阵列超声检测原始信号进行缺陷类型识别的方法,该方法无需对超声回波原始信号进行特征提取.文章研究对比了不同卷积神经网络及其优化的识别性能.首先采用超声相控阵系统对不同试块上的平底孔、球底孔、通孔三种缺陷进行超声检测,然后利用LeNet5、VGG16和ResNet三种卷积神经网络对一维和二...     

空间脉冲响应和有限元混合的超声回波建模方法

针对数值仿真计算效率低的问题,提出了空间脉冲响应法和有限元法相混合的建模方法,只对缺陷周围的局部区域进行网格划分,用有限元计算超声波与缺陷的相互作用,用空间脉冲响应法计算超声波的向前传播和向后反射,该方法既可以模拟超声波与复杂缺陷的相互作用,保证了计算精度,又极大提高了计算效率。分别利用混合方法和数值方法建立了平底孔回波模型,得到了平底孔的反射回波,两者波形吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性。平底孔混合模型仿真用时是数值模型的5.9%,计算效率提升明显。建立了惰轮轴轴肩根部不同深度裂纹的混合模型,得到了反射回波,轴肩回波和裂纹回波混叠在一起难以从时域上区分,但随着裂纹深度的增加回波幅值也随之增大,可根据回波幅值的变化情况对根部裂纹的深度进行定量评价。     

球形薄壁工件超声检测用扫查装置

经过与γ射线探伤比较，决定采用超声波探伤进行球形薄壳件检测。超声波对缺陷的检出能力与缺陷的取向密切相关，为实现对多种取向缺陷的检出，超声束需由多个方向射入工件。为此，要求在检测过程中探头可以进行多种方式运动，要实现这一点，就必须建立适当的扫查装置。     

基于平底孔反射体的双晶直探头测量模型

双晶探头在无损检测领域有着重要的应用,因而有必要建立一个超声测量模型来深入了解这类换能器的特点.通过将一个基于传递矩阵的多高斯声束模型和一个基尔霍夫近似方法获得的散射模型有效结合,建立了一个完整的纵波双晶直探头测量模型,用于预测平底孔缺陷体的回波信号.对比分析了平底孔反射回波信号的模型计算结果与实验测量结果,验证了该测量模型的准确性. 关键词： 超声测量模型 双晶直探头 多高斯声束模型     

基于深度学习的材料超声回波衰减预测方法

材料超声回波衰减是评价材料均匀一致性的常用方法, 针对具有复杂结构的航空发动机盘件难以进行材料底面超声回波衰减评价的问题, 本文提出了利用超声背散射波信号直接预测底面回波衰减的方法。采用10MHz聚焦探头进行超声背散射波数据的采集, 利用深度学习技术构建和训练模型,建立了基于深度学习的材料底面回波衰减预测方法, 同时讨论了采用不同信号形式的超声波信号分类识别模型的准确率差异。研究发现：基于深度学习技术可实现通过超声背散射波预测材料的底面回波衰减, 预测结果和实际底面回波衰减试验结果具有良好的一致性。     

基于空耦超声的复合材料黏弹性评价方法*

复合材料的黏弹性是表征其内在阻尼机制的重要力学特性,而内在阻尼机制是材料安全性能的一个重要评价指标。该文提出了空气耦合超声波的材料黏弹性评价方法。首先讨论了黏弹性进行评价的相关理论,利用接触式超声波底面回波法与空气耦合超声波透射法对比验证,其结果基本一致,证明了空气耦合超声对材料黏弹性检测的有效性。并且对一批不同铺层方向的碳纤维复合材料进行了评价,其结果与期望值完全相符,验证了该方法的可行性和准确性,为复合材料的动态力学特性评价和安全评价提供了新的思路。     

用自适应滤波解卷积进行缺陷类型识别

提出了超声缺陷散射回波信号的卷积模型和缺陷散射回波信号的自适应滤波解卷积方法。对一给定系统的模拟,进行了解卷积效果分析．通过解卷积,能够减弱其它因素的影响,突出缺陷的类型（形状）和大小信息。通过对横穿孔、平底孔、球孔和长方孔缺陷的共１８个样品的回波信号进行解卷积处理,实现了带棱边的平面与光滑曲面──自然缺陷二要素的类型识别。     

水平连铸圆钢超声检测结果的信号处理

水平连铸圆钢为多晶种的不均匀粗晶材料，当采用超声波对其进行检测时，将产生较强的组织散射噪声，从而使得对缺陷回波的判断与评价无法进行本文采用分离频谱的方法对原始检测信号进行处理，再用截止地对缺陷回波进行恢复运算。实验结果本文所采用的方法能较为有效地消除原始检测信号中的组织噪声，从而提高超声检测的信噪比。     

中科院声学所超声室生产复合材料等超声换能器

中科院声学所超声研究室的换能器研究，曾获得中国科学院重大成果一等奖和国家自然科学奖，在国内外有较大影响．在理论研究的基础上，研究室近年来推出超声检测用换能器系列产品，其中包括气介式检测、液浸式检测和固体耦合式检测几大类换能器．每一类中又有特殊的空间响应和时间响应探头和常规探头，频率一般在几千赫至100兆赫．使扶探头：．高灵敏度窄脉冲探头（灵敏度和相对带宽普遍高于市场商品探头6－20dB）．无旁瓣高斯探头．平面接触绳声束聚焦窄脉冲探头（专利产品）．首次波幅度比大于1的测量探头．直接耦会横渡直探头．有信号处…     

激光超声的多模式合成孔径聚焦成像仿真分析*

针对激光超声体波在检测材料内部缺陷时反射信号弱、信噪比较差的问题,提出了一种基于激光超声的多模式合成孔径成像方法。通过耦合激光激发超声方向性、干涉仪探测超声方向性、超声波与缺陷作用后声场分布方向性得到声场灵敏度图,再根据声场灵敏度图和不同模式波的传播特性预测不同位置分布缺陷的最佳成像模式波,从而使用多模组合的合成孔径成像方法对缺陷成像。使用有限元方法对该成像过程进行数值模拟来验证其可行性,成像结果与理论预测一致。采用这一缺陷成像方法可减小盲区,消除伪像,从而提高图像质量。     

一种非均匀厚度压电复合材料片宽带换能器的实验研究

本文利用１－３压电复合材料作为换能元件，通过特殊工艺制备成一面是平面，一面是球面的非均匀厚度压电振子，这种压电晶片加上激励电压后，不同厚度处以不同的共振频率振动，从而使压电晶片的振动频带加宽，本文介绍了这种压电晶片的机电特性，以及用这种压电晶片制成的宽带聚焦超声换能器的脉冲回波特性，此外，文中还对这种换能器与均匀厚度压电晶片换能器的脉冲回波特性进行了比较。     

A theoretical study of ultrasonic wave transmission through a fluid-solid interface

This article develops a model for the study of the transient ultrasonic waves radiated by a transducer in a liquid and transmitted into a solid through a plane interface. The method is an extension to the transient case, of the angular spectrum method previously developed for the monochromatic case. It is based on the decomposition of the ultrasonic field, in impulse plane waves. The radiated waveform is calculated at any point in the field by a simple summation of these impulse plane waves, where the propagation delay and the refraction have been taken into account. These plane waves are, first of all, delayed by an amount of time corresponding to the travel time up to the considered field point. The transmission through the plane interface is taken into account by using Snell refraction laws and transmission coefficients. In the obtained results all the waves previously described by other authors are highlighted: direct wave, edge waves, head waves as well as subsurface waves with a clear resolution between compression and shear waves.     

Theoretical analysis and experimental validation of radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer

A radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is analyzed.The transducer consists of three short metal tubes and two radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic short tubes arranged alternately along the radial direction.The short metal tubes and the piezoelectric ceramic short tubes are connected in parallel electrically and in series mechanically,which can multiply the input sound power and sound intensity.Based on the theory of plane stress,the electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of radial vibration of the transducer is derived firstly.The resonance/anti-resonance frequency equation and the expression of the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient are obtained.Excellent electromechanical characteristics are determined by changing the radial geometric dimensions.Two prototypes of the transducers are designed and manufactured to support the analytical theory.It is concluded that the theoretical resonance/anti-resonance frequencies are consistent with the numerical and experimental results.When R_2 is at certain values,both the anti-resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient corresponding to the second mode have maximal values.The radial cascaded composite ultrasonic transducer is expected to be used in the fields of ultrasonic water treatment and underwater acoustics.     

超声检测用压电换能器瞬态特性可控可调

超声检测用压电换能器瞬态特性主要包括瞬态空间响应和瞬态时间响应。本文通过调整控制换能器和激励源,实现瞬态空间响应和瞬态时间响应的某些特性的可控可调。其中包括在空间响应方面消除边缘波以获得平行声束和消除平面波以获得聚焦绳声束;在时间响应方面,调整换能器的背衬阻抗以获得可调首次波幅比和调整换能器结构和激励电信号以获得任意检测信号等。     

Study on the multifrequency Langevin ultrasonic transducer

Langevin ultrasonic transducers are widely used in high-power ultrasonics and underwater sound. In ultrasonic cleaning, a matching metal horn rather than a metal cylinder is used as the radiator in order to enhance the radiating surface and improve the acoustic matching between the transducer and the processed medium. To raise the effect of ultrasonic cleaning, the standing wave in the cleaning tank should be eliminated. One method to eliminate the standing wave in the tank is to use the multifrequency ultrasonic transducer. In this paper, the Langevin ultrasonic horn transducer, with two resonance frequencies, is studied. The transducer consists of two groups of piezoelectric ceramic elements: the back metal cylinder, the middle metal cylinder and the front matching metal horn. The vibrational modes of the transducer are analysed, and resonance frequency equations of the transducer in the half-wave and the all-wave vibrational modes are derived. According to the resonance frequency equations, transducers with two resonance frequencies are designed and made. The resonance frequencies, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficients and the equivalent electric impedances of the transducers are measured. It is shown that the measured resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the computed results, and the transducer can be excited to vibrate at two resonance frequencies, which correspond to the half-wave and the all-wave vibrational modes of the transducer.     

一种基于互易原理的超声功率新测量方法

本文从换能器的互易原理出发，利用平面波自易校准法获得换能器的自由场发送电流响应．根据平面活塞型换能器的衍射规律，推导出发射声功率的表达式．由此计算互易换能器在给定驱动电流（或电压）作用下的辐射超声功率．基于上述原理，使用自易校准装置测量了互易换能器的声功率一频率曲线．估计的测量不确定优于±20％．     

The transducer vibratory profile effects on the detection of the transient ultrasonic field scattered by a rigid point reflector

In this study a generalized approach, based on the impulse response technique, is developed to evaluate the transient ultrasonic field scattered by a rigid point reflector and detected by a planar circular transducer characterized by a non-uniform vibratory profile. For this purpose, several analytical functions are used to represent the non-uniform vibration amplitude of the transducer. All these functions have maximum amplitude at the transducer’s center and decrease monotonically away from axis. The amplitude variation of these functions has a direct effect on the shape of the average pressure detected by the transducer. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the effects of a non-uniformly vibrating source on the detected transient pressure. The results show the relative importance of the edge wave modifications in the case of source having non-uniform vibration amplitude distribution.     

多匹配层空气耦合压电超声换能器*

该文针对超声无损检测与成像功能空气耦合换能器开展了分析计算和研制。为解决压电材料与空气间巨大的阻抗失配问题,进行了多匹配层设计,并基于有限元技术仿真设计了1-3压电复合材料参数。借助复数压电方程,导出考虑损耗的多匹配层压电复合材料换能器厚度振动等效电路,获得其等效导纳,以此计算电导谱,同时基于有限元技术数值计算相应电导谱,二者有较好的一致性。在此基础上分别设计制作复合压电材料,多匹配层材料以及由此构成的空气耦合超声换能器。换能器的实测电导谱与数值仿真结果一致。进一步的换能器回波信号测试及其谱分析结果表明,所研制的160 k Hz中心频率空气耦合换能器样品有较好灵敏度和带宽。这些结果说明,该文研制的空气耦合超声换能器的初样是成功的。     

基于2-2型压电复合材料的新型宽频带径向振动超声换能器

本文提出了一种基于2-2型压电复合材料的新型宽频带径向振动超声换能器,它主要由内金属圆环和外压电陶瓷复合材料圆环组成.首先利用Newnham串并联理论和均匀场理论推导了2-2型压电复合材料的等效参数;其次利用解析法得到了金属圆环和径向极化压电复合陶瓷圆环径向振动的机电等效电路;最后得到了换能器的六端机电等效电路,从而得到了换能器的频率方程.接着分析了换能器共振频率和反共振频率以及有效机电耦合系数与几何尺寸、两相体积占比的关系,采用仿真软件对新型换能器的径向振动进行了数值模拟.结果表明,利用解析法得到的共振频率和反共振频率与数值模拟结果吻合较好.此外,对换能器在水下的辐射声场进行了仿真研究,结果表明新型复合材料径向换能器相比传统纯陶瓷径向换能器,发射电压响应幅值更大,工作带宽提高接近一倍,声匹配更佳.     

Flaw characterization based on diffraction of ultrasonic waves

A method of flaw characterization based on time domain analysis of the diffracted sound field from a flaw when irradiated by short ultrasonic pulses is described. The echo formation mechanism developed by Freedman has been utilized to predict the return pulse pattern. Experimental results that are in good agreement with theoretical predictions are presented. Using a microcomputer-based scanning and testing system the feasibility of reproducing planar, straight-edged flaw shapes has been successfully demonstrated.