模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质对比研究

对模拟尾流泡幕及实际尾流光学性质进行了对比研究.结果表明,实验室模拟尾流气泡幕的散射光平均照度均值随着压强变化梯度大，可据此定性区别不同压强的气泡幕.实际尾流随着航速增大，散射光照度减小，但这种减小不是线性的.散射光照度一定周期性的规律，说明随着航速的增大，尾流气泡幕逐渐增强，气泡幕中气泡密度、不同直径气泡分布等均随之变化，这可能预示着气泡幕的增强存在饱和度.实验室模拟尾流气泡幕与实际尾流的散射光信号在轮廓方面是相似的，都随着压强或航速的增加而减小.通过比较实验室模拟气泡幕和实际尾流的差值信号，可以有效地消除杂散光或自然光的影响，利用Haar小波对差值信号的分析也得到相同的结论.     

船舶尾流散射光信号及一维离散小波分析

用自行设计的测试系统测量了不同航速下船舶尾流的散射光信号,并选用一维离散小波Dmeyer小波对散射光信号进行了5层小波分析.测量和分析结果表明,随着航速增大,船舶尾流散射光照度减小,尾流气泡幕逐渐增强,气泡幕中气泡密度、气泡运动规律、不同直径气泡分布均随之变化.气泡幕的增强可能存在饱和度,在航速增大到一定值时,气泡幕会达到一稳定的密度分布.从小波分析得到的第五层逼近信号来看,不同航速下主峰位置、主峰个数以及峰值差均不同,不同航速下散射光细节信号的第一层均具有一定周期性,航速10 km/h时表现出完美的周期性,出现类似于同方向不同频率简谐振动叠加而出现“拍”的现象.     

基于CMOS探测模拟气泡幕前向光散射动态特性

提出了基于CMOS图像传感器探测前向激光近轴的散射横面角和散射纵面角的概念.使用CMOS采集了模拟气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列,通过计算每帧灰度图像行和列像元均值将其可以用一个列向量和行向量表示,从而图像序列可以用一个图像序列矩阵描述.实验模拟了压强0.005MPa和0.01 MPa产生的气泡幕,通过计算两种压强产生的气泡幕前向光散射图像序列的横向灰度均值和纵向灰度均值,定性分析了100帧图像序列的灰度分布和演化特点,并定量分析了5帧连续图像的动态变化范围和相关性.分析CMOS探测气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列实验结果表明,随着压强增大,产生气泡幕尺度增大、密度增加、上升速度加快,导致图像序列横向和纵向散射光灰度变化范围增加,并且相邻图像帧之间变化波动幅度增大.     

基于图像处理的模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别

提出了一种应用数字图像处理技术对模拟尾流气泡幕分类识别的新方法.文章介绍了BP神经网络的基本结构及其工作原理,通过仿真测试了BP神经网络对模拟尾流气泡幕图像的模式分类.应用灰度图像统计矩法得到了均值﹑归一化系数﹑三阶矩﹑一致性和熵等特征量,设定神经网络学习率为0.1时经过14次循环可以达到训练目标误差为0.001,此时网络对不同压强下的尾流气泡幕分类正确率到达100%.这种方法在处理尾流图像时具有直观、高效、精确等特点,易于应用于对尾流探测、识别等工程技术中.     

模拟气泡幕激光近轴前向散射照度分布

从Mie散射理论出发,利用单气泡散射理论模型研究了激光前向散射特性以及激光前向散射光轴周围激光照度分布状态。选用波长为632.8 nm的激光,在不同介质和不同压强下测量并分析了气泡幕的散射光照度。研究表明,激光前向散射光主要分布在离光轴0.588的范围内,其沿激光光轴呈轴对称分布,并且沿光轴方向截面分布为高斯分布;在考虑水体自身散射时,0.006 MPa、0.008 MPa和0.010 MPa下,各个散射角被散射掉的光大概占激光前向散射照度的35%、45%和55%,可得到无论考虑水体自身散射与否,激光前向散射光与压强皆成反比。     

气凝胶单元体模型结构参数与等效热导率研究

本文基于二氧化硅气凝胶的微观结构特点,运用小球构成的立方阵列单元体纳米孔隙模型,结合固相导热和气相传热的尺度效应,计算得到了一定尺寸范围内材料的等效热导率,分析了材料密度、颗粒接触面积、材料比表面积等因素对材料等效热导率的影响。结果表明:存在使气凝胶等效热导率取最小值的最佳密度;在一定的密度范围内,孔隙率一定时,材料的等效热导率随比表面积的增大而减小;颗粒间接触界面直径与固相颗粒直径的比值越大,等效热导率越低,在该比值一定时,气孔的尺寸和分布成为影响模型等效热导率的关键因素。     

尾流气泡幕光学特性的数理模型

对实验室模拟的尾流以及真实尾流气泡幕中气泡的运动规律进行了分析和计算,并提出了气泡幕中气泡随半径分布规律的数学物理模型,引入了最可几半径的概念从单个气泡对激光散射的影响推导出了气泡幕对激光的散射效应的数学表达式,并利用所得到的表达方式在实验室条件下进行了相关计算所建立的理论模型对于气泡分布的计算结果同实验结果相比,一致性相当好在气泡幕对激光散射的影响中,首次对激光偏振化特性的影响进行了区别计算计算结果表明:激光的两种偏振化状态对气泡幕散射的影响从粗糙结构来看没有明显差异,但其精细结构有所不同对不扩束和扩束两个条件下的计算明确显示出,扩束条件下散射光的强度是不扩束条件下的二倍以上,但二者的精细结构并没有可见的差别.     

小波分析在气泡幕散射光信号处理中的应用

选取Daubechies小波对尾流气泡幕散射光信号做一维离散小波变换,小波阶数为3,尺度数Level为5,得到了原始信号的小波分析和重构误差结果.经db3小波分解,散射光信号的低频及高频部分区别不大,可能是信号采集频率过低(×10－1 s)导致的结果.对原始信号进行小波分析容易得到均值、中值、模式、标准差等统计量.通过对散射光信号进行一维平稳小波去噪、小波变换密度估计、小波系数选取等方面的分析,揭示了不同压强下散射光信号具有不同的性质.     

基于声散射的水下气泡群空间关联性研究

基于气泡空间位置非独立分布气泡群的线性声散射,从统计观点对气泡间的空间关联性进行了研究,通过对气泡群进行子区域划分,提出了等效空间关联函数这一概念.由于等效空间关联函数随气泡空间位置变化而变化,提出了基于子气泡群散射声波的气泡分布以及聚集趋势的声学反演方法.通过对理论进行建模仿真发现,这一方法不但能准确反演出气泡群的分布及聚集趋势,还具有在被多个含聚集中心气泡群"掩埋"的条件下对目标气泡群聚集趋势的检测能力.为了进一步对理论进行验证,对船舶气泡尾流进行了声学测量,实验获得的等效空间关联函数符合尾流中气泡群的分布和聚集趋势.本文的研究工作可为海洋中不同成因的气泡群识别以及恶劣海况下风浪形成气泡群"掩埋"下的尾流、鱼群等水下气泡群检测提供理论基础.     

基于Shearlet多尺度边界检测及融合的浮选气泡提取

针对浮选表面气泡图像边界弱、光照不均匀和气泡分布不均匀导致气泡提取困难的问题,提出了一种结合非下采样Shearlet变换(NSST)和多尺度边界检测及融合的浮选气泡提取方法。对气泡图像进行NSST分解,得到低频子带和多尺度多方向高频子带图像,通过构造自适应分数阶微分谷底检测模板提取低频子带的山谷边界,结合尺度相关系数及方向模极大值检测获取高频子带的边缘信息,再通过山脊特性判定从边缘信息中提取气泡的边界细节,最后进行多尺度边界融合、边界形态学处理以实现气泡提取。实验结果表明:该方法受噪声和光照的影响小,能有效提取出不同分布类型的气泡,其平均检测效率和准确率较现有方法有较大的提高,能够满足浮选工况动态变化的需求。     

基于OCT技术对古瓷釉气泡特征的初步研究

气泡是古代瓷釉中最常见的一种现象,气泡的大小与分布与胎体和釉层的配方及制作工艺密切相关。气泡表征对研究陶瓷的制作工艺、产地和时代特征等具有重要的意义。为了探讨利用光学相干层析成像技术（OCT）表征古代瓷釉中气泡及其分布特征的可行性,实验采用扫频OCT成像系统对五件不同类型的瓷釉样品进行了测试。根据实验所获得的透明釉层及胎釉结合部位的二维断面图像和三维层析图像,分别进行了瓷釉气泡二维断面和三维切片的特征研究,综合分析了釉层中的气泡特征及其可能产生的原因,认为釉层中的气泡主要是由于胎体中的气体在烧制过程中向釉层溢出所致;同时基于像素点计算了气泡的大小, 并与传统光学显微镜观测到的结果进行了比较;实验还针对不透明釉层中的气泡进行了大小计算、二维断面及三维切片的特征研究。实验结果表明,不同类型的古代瓷釉釉层中的气泡特征差异明显;基于像素点计算的气泡大小与传统光学显微镜测试的结果吻合, 近胎釉结合面的胎体切片能很好的反映瓷釉的气泡特征。本研究提出并验证了利用OCT技术表征瓷釉气泡特征的可行性与有效性,实现了釉层气泡特征的无损检测,特别是对不透明釉层气泡的分析,克服了以往利用传统显微镜技术对釉层气泡分布研究的局限,为古代陶瓷瓷釉的气泡特征分析提供了一种新型的、可靠的分析手段。     

Nonlinear oscillation and acoustic scattering of bubbles

The scattered acoustic pressure and scattered cross section of bubbles is studied using the scattered theory of bubbles. The nonlinear oscillations of bubbles and the scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster are numerically simulated based on the bubble dynamic and fluid dynamic. The influences of the interaction between bubbles on scattering acoustic field of bubbles are researched. The results of numerical simulation show that the oscillation phases of bubbles are delayed to a certain extent at different positions in the bubble cluster, but the radii of bubbles during oscillation do not differ too much at different positions. Furthermore, directivity of the acoustic scattering of bubbles is obvious. The scattered acoustic pressures of bubbles are different at the different positions inside and outside of the bubble cluster. The scattering acoustic fields of a spherical bubble cluster depend on the driving pressure amplitude, driving frequency, the equilibrium radii of bubbles, bubble number and the radius of the spherical bubble cluster. These theoretical predictions provide a further understanding of physics behind ultrasonic technique and should be useful for guiding ultrasonic application.     

Analysis on the factors that influence bubble coalescence in an acoustic field

The coalescence time between two contacting bubbles was measured experimentally in different acoustic pressures and frequencies using an imaging system with a high-speed video camera,and taken an analysis to the influence of the secondary Bjerknes force and maximum oscillation velocity on the coalescence time of two contacting bubbles in this paper.It showed that under the action of different acoustic pressures and frequencies,the coalescence time increases with secondary force and maximum oscillation velocity.The analysis and comparison of the secondary Bjerknes force and maximum oscillation velocity for the effect of bubble coalescence time showed that the secondary Bjerknes force is the critical factor to influence the bubble coalescence.     

Study on shock wave-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution process

This study investigated dissolution processes of cavitation bubbles generated during in vivo shock wave(SW)-induced treatments. Both active cavitation detection(ACD) and the B-mode imaging technique were applied to measure the dissolution procedure of bi Spheres contrast agent bubbles by in vitro experiments. Besides, the simulation of SW-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution behaviors detected by the B-mode imaging system during in vivo SW treatments, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT), were carried out based on calculating the integrated scattering cross-section of dissolving gas bubbles with employing gas bubble dissolution equations and Gaussian bubble size distribution. The results showed that(i) B-mode imaging technology is an effective tool to monitor the temporal evolution of cavitation bubbles dissolution procedures after the SW pulses ceased, which is important for evaluation and controlling the cavitation activity generated during subsequent SW treatments within a treatment period;(ii) the characteristics of the bubbles, such as the bubble size distribution and gas diffusion, can be estimated by simulating the experimental data properly.     

Cavitation under spherical focusing of acoustic pulses

The early stage of the dynamics of interacting cavitation bubbles in a transmitted spherically focused pulsed wave consisting of compression and rarefaction phases is studied. The cavitation is investigated away from the liquid boundaries for negative pressures up to −42 MPa with a decrease rate of −40 MPa/μs by high-speed microscopic filming (100 million frames per second and a spatial resolution of 5–50μm/pixel) and pressure measurements. It is demonstrated that, according to the kinematics of size variation, the bubbles are separated into two fractions: expanding and collapsing ones. Experimental data provide grounds to assume that the formation of a two-fraction bubble cluster occurs on account of different threshold values of pressure in the rarefaction wave for two characteristic sizes of nuclei, namely, micronuclei (d _I < 10μm) and nanonuclei (“bubstons,” d _II ∼ 1 nm), which become detectable only when the rarefaction wave amplitude exceeds the critical one. Pulsed compression of small bubbles in the process of transformation of a rarefaction wave into a compression wave occurs under the effect of a cluster’s internal pressure up to 20 MPa and proceeds with the conservation of the spherical shape of the second-fraction bubbles. It is demonstrated that the velocity of the center of mass of a bubble reaches its peak value close to the moment of bubble collapse. The translational and radial dynamics of a bubble are studied in a numerical experiment using the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and taking into account the viscous force and the pressure gradient. The results of measuring the translational shift may be useful for estimating the minimum bubble radius by comparing the numerical results with the experiment.     

Dynamics of a bubble cluster in an acoustic field

A mathematical model describing the dynamics of clustered gas bubbles under the effect of an acoustic field is presented. The proposed model is used as the basis for an analytical study of small bubble oscillations in monodisperse and polydisperse clusters and for a numerical study of nonlinear bubble oscillations under high-amplitude external pressures. The following effects are found to occur in a polydisperse cluster: a synchronization of the collapse phases of bubbles with different radii and a collapse intensification for bubbles of one size in the presence of bubbles of another size. These effects are explained by the interaction between bubbles of different radii in the cluster.     

Effects of medium viscoelasticity on bubble collapse strength of interacting polydisperse bubbles

Due to its physical and/or chemical effects, acoustic cavitation plays a crucial role in various emerging applications ranging from advanced materials to biomedicine. The cavitation bubbles usually undergo oscillatory dynamics and violent collapse within a viscoelastic medium, which are closely related to the cavitation-associated effects. However, the role of medium viscoelasticity on the cavitation dynamics has received little attention, especially for the bubble collapse strength during multi-bubble cavitation with the complex interactions between size polydisperse bubbles. In this study, modified Gilmore equations accounting for inter-bubble interactions were coupled with the Zener viscoelastic model to simulate the dynamics of multi-bubble cavitation in viscoelastic media. Results showed that the cavitation dynamics (e.g., acoustic resonant response, nonlinear oscillation behavior and bubble collapse strength) of differently-sized bubbles depend differently on the medium viscoelasticity and each bubble is affected by its neighboring bubbles to a different degree. More specifically, increasing medium viscosity drastically dampens the bubble dynamics and weakens the bubble collapse strength, while medium elasticity mainly affects the bubble resonance at which the bubble collapse strength is maximum. Differently-sized bubbles can achieve resonances and even subharmonic resonances at high driving acoustic pressures as the elasticity changes to certain values, and the resonance frequency of each bubble increases with the elasticity increasing. For the interactions between the size polydisperse bubbles, it indicated that the largest bubble generally has a dominant effect on the dynamics of smaller ones while in turn it is almost unaffected, exhibiting a pattern of destructive and constructive interactions. This study provides a valuable insight into the acoustic cavitation dynamics of multiple interacting polydisperse bubbles in viscoelastic media, which may offer a potential of controlling the medium viscoelasticity to appropriately manipulate the dynamics of multi-bubble cavitation for achieving proper cavitation effects according to the desired application.     

非球形效应对强声场中次Bjerknes力的影响

考虑了非球形气泡在声场中的形状振动,推导了非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力方程,数值模拟了声场中非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力,并对非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力的影响因素进行了分析讨论.研究结果表明:当驱动声压振幅大于非球形气泡的Black阈值且又能使得非球形气泡稳定振动时,在第一个声驱动周期内,非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力和两个球形气泡的次Bjerknes力方向差异较大,在大小上是两个球形气泡次Bjerkens力的数倍,且有着更长的作用距离.非球形气泡和球形气泡之间的次Bjerknes力取决于非球形气泡的形状模态、两个气泡初始半径的比值、驱动声压振幅、气泡间距和两个气泡的相对位置.     

Numerical simulation of the coalescence of two bubbles in an ultrasound field

The coalescence of two bubbles under ultrasound irradiation is numerically investigated. The results indicate that ultrasound may accelerate the coalescence process, depending on the initial phase. The time-averaged nonzero Bjerknes force promotes bubble coalescence by dragging bubbles to nodes or antinodes, depending on their size. At the beginning of the coalescence process, a film forms between the two bubbles. The film drainage time first increases then decreases as a function of initial distance. This study contributes to an understanding of the effects of ultrasound on bubble coalescence.     

Instability of the 2S electron bubbles

The 2S electron bubble placed in liquid helium has been previously believed to be spherical. We show that the 2S bubble is morphologically unstable at pressures above -1.23 bars. The 2S state being known to be radially unstable at pressures below -1.33 bars, the result leaves only a very narrow pressure range in which it can be found in a spherical configuration. Our stability analysis indicates that the 2S bubble is unstable against perturbations proportional to any of the third spherical harmonics Y(3m). Our numerical simulations show that there exist nonspherical stable configurations, such as the ones Maris and Konstantinov predicted for the 1P, 1D, and 2P electron bubbles and confirmed experimentally for the 1P. We believe that the 2S bubbles can also be produced and that our prediction will yield itself to experimental verification.