立式螺旋管汽液两相流沸腾传热恶化实验研究

本文实验研究了低质量流速(500～800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1))下的立式螺旋管临界热负荷,对沸腾传热恶化壁温特性和螺旋管临界热负荷影响因素进行分析.并同前人工作汇总,以流量,压力和临界干度为参数,建立了基于局部条件假设的立式螺旋管临界热负荷查询表(Look-Up-Table),共272个点.压力范围6.5～21 MPa,质量流速范围500～1800 kg·m~(-2)·s~(-1).     

超临界锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁传热特性的研究

本文在全周均匀加热和侧面半周加热的条件下,对600 MW超临界变压运行直流锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁φ32×2mm不锈钢管,在倾角α=20°时的传热特性进行了试验研究。试验参数的范围为:压力: p=13~30 MPa,质量流速G=600~1200 kg/m2·s,内壁热负荷q=200~600 kW/m2。半周加热时最大热负荷与最小热负荷之比qmax/gmin为4.2,最大热负荷与平均热负荷之比qmax/gini为1.6。试验得出了在不同条件下的壁温分布,发生传热恶化的临界干度、壁温飞升和最小传热系数,比较了半周加热与全周加热的区别,为超临界锅炉设计提供参考。     

超流氦传热中的特殊物理问题：静压及范德瓦尔斯压力对传热的影响

本以ＨｅＩＩ传热的基本规律及ＨｅＩＩ的相图为基础，研究了压力对ＨｅＩＩ传热的影响。在压力小于λ点压力的情况下，得出了超流氦浴中的ＨｅＩＩ静压以及范德瓦尔斯压力对临界热负荷的影响关系，并分析了无噪声沸腾，噪声沸腾工况下临界热负荷关系式的特点。在压力大于λ点压力的情况下，得出了超流浴中临界热负荷的一般关系解。     

基于EAST装置量热系统的 第一壁热负荷实验研究

通过测量EAST装置水冷系统的出入口冷却水的温差和流量，搭建了第一壁热负荷测量系统，实现了第一壁热负荷的分布测量。实验结果表明，在上单零偏滤器位形放电实验中，该系统测量的热负荷约占总注入能量的80%，其中，接近50%的热负荷沉积在上偏滤器区域。高的加热功率会使得第一壁热负荷更快上升。通过冷却水降温曲线拟合计算得出EAST装置上钨偏滤器水冷系统的热衰减时间约为下石墨偏滤器水冷系统的十分之一。     

过冷态超流氦的临界热负荷研究

本研究了过冷态超流氦（ＨｅＩＩｐ）中的最大临界热负荷ｑｐ和最小临界热负荷ｑＲ。从相界面的传热传质出发推导出了ｑｐ及ｑＲ理论表达式。所导出的ｑｐ理论式及ｑＲ半经验式由于采用了“相对临界热流密度法“撇开几何因子因而具有广泛的应用范围，该理论解与实验结果符合得较好。     

存在热斑及总压梯度时静叶正弯对透平级气热特性的影响

通过三维非定常数值计算,研究了透平进口存在热斑及总压梯度时静叶正弯引起的高压燃气透平气热性能变化,分析了静叶正弯对动叶壁面、叶顶和端壁热负荷的影响。结果表明:静叶正弯改变了静叶吸力面静压及载荷分布,削弱了端壁二次流,使透平效率略有增加;同时静叶正弯增强了静叶吸力面侧流体从端壁向叶片中部的迁移,削弱了热斑的径向耗散。总压梯度的存在使静叶正弯不会引起动叶壁面二次流结构的显著变化,但热斑耗散程度的减弱会影响动叶热负荷分布。静叶正弯使动叶压力面高热负荷区传热恶化,但可以显著削弱动叶叶顶、下端壁及机匣的高温区域。     

一维二嵌段高聚物中电荷输运的分子弹性效应

基于扩展SSH(Su-Schrieffer-Heeger)模型并采用动力学方法讨论了一维二嵌段高聚物中分子弹性对电荷输运的影响。我们发现,由于两嵌段高聚物中分子弹性的差异,在其交界处会形成一个载流子跃迁势垒。增大注入电子的动能将有效降低电子隧穿的临界电场,而加大两段高聚物弹性的差别将增大临界电场的强度。     

一维二嵌段高聚物中电荷输运的分子弹性效应

基于扩展SSH(Su-Schrieffer-Heeger)模型并采用动力学方法讨论了一维二嵌段高聚物中分子弹性对电荷输运的影响。我们发现,由于两嵌段高聚物中分子弹性的差异,在其交界处会形成一个载流子跃迁势垒。增大注入电子的动能将有效降低电子隧穿的临界电场,而加大两段高聚物弹性的差别将增大临界电场的强度。     

绕汽柱热毛细对流的稳定性分析

本文根据非平衡热力学理论,选取熵产作为F函数,以熵产随时间的变化率作F函数,采用Liapounov稳定性分析方法用数值法对绕汽柱热毛细对流进行了稳定性分析,得到了不同参数组合下的临界Marangoni数,并以工质水为例,得到了不同情况下的临界热负荷。     

高聚物减阻溶液对壁湍流输运过程的影响

基于相同雷诺数下清水和高分子聚合物溶液壁湍流的高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TRPIV)的对比实验, 从高聚物溶液对湍流边界层动量能量输运影响的角度分析其减阻的机理. 对比两者的雷诺应力发现高聚物的存在抑制了湍流输运过程. 这一影响与高聚物对壁湍流中占主导地位的涡旋运动和低速条带等相干结构的作用密切相关. 运用条件相位平均、相关函数和线性随机估计(linear stochastic estimation, LSE)等方法, 分析提取了高聚物溶液流场中的发卡涡和发卡涡包等典型相干结构的空间拓扑形态. 相比于清水, 高聚物溶液中相干结构的流向尺度增大, 涡旋运动的发展及低速流体喷射的强度受到削弱, 表明了添加的高聚物阻碍了湍流原有的能量传递和自维持的机理. 正是通过影响相干结构, 高聚物抑制了湍流边界层中近壁区与外区之间的动量和能量输运, 使得湍流的无序性降低, 从而减小了湍流流动的阻力.     

圆管层流脉冲流动对流换热数值分析

对等热流和等壁温边界条件下圆管内层流脉冲流动对流换热问题进行了数值模拟。在等热流边界条件下的数值计算结果与理论解吻合很好。计算结果表明:在等热流和等壁温边界下脉冲流动可引起速度、温度以及努塞尔数随时间波动,振幅越大,脉冲频率越小,波动越大。但它们的时均值均等于在相同雷诺数下稳态流动的值,脉冲流动不能强化换热。     

细长竖直管路内自然对流沸腾临界热通量研究

l引言管内或窄小流路内的自然对流沸腾CHF的研究比较少。文献［1～41对水及氟里昂系等液体进行了实验，在Kutataladze【’］的池内沸腾无量式基础上，提出如下经验公式当L／De－－＋0时上式退化为池内沸腾公式。式中qm。x是临界热通量；Hi。是蒸发潜热；。是汽液界面张力；尸l和p。分别是液体和蒸汽的密度；9是重力加速度；c是实验常数；不同研究者之间相差很大。当L／De较大时各经验公式的计算值会相差l～2倍。式（1）没有任何物理机理的支持，仅以J和L／De之间的无量纲关系对实验值进行统计整理，对物性的实际影响、De独立于L／De的…     

Newtonian viscosity behavior of dilute to moderately concentrated solutions of cellulose acetate butyrate

The Newtonian viscosity behavior of dilute to moderately concentrated solutions of cellulose acetate butyrate in dioxane was investigated at different temperatures. The viscosity data were analyzed in terms of Martin's and Fedor's relationships and also generalized in terms of reduced variables. The rheological behavior of cellulose acetate butyrate solutions in the whole range of concentrations is determined by the parameter (K_MC [n]). The temperature dependence of viscosities was expressed by the Arrhenius-Frenkel-Eyring equation and the activation energy of viscous flow of polymer solutions (ΔGv) was calculated. ΔGv increases with concentration of polymer solution and is independent of temperature. The preexponential factor, A, related to activation entropy, decreases with concentration of polymer solution. The thermodynamic parameter of viscous flow for cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)-dioxane solutions is indicative of moderately stiff structure for CAB in solutions.     

High Pressure High Temperature Dynamic Rheometry of Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Solutions in Electrolyte Media as Used for Oil Recovery Applications

Sulfonated polyacrylamide (SPAA) solutions were prepared and the effects of pressure, polymer concentration, and water temperature, pH and salinity on their rheological behavior were investigated using a concentric cylinder dynamic rheometer equipped with a high pressure cell. According to the rheological flow curves the shear stress of SPAA solutions increased less than in proportion to their shear rates; that is, a shear thinning effect occurred. For polymer solutions containing 15,000 ppm of SPAA, shear viscosity, and stress were nearly insensitive to pressure. However, the shear viscosity and stress of SPAA solutions were affected by temperature and this effect was more evident at lower pressure. The flow curves indicated the shear viscosity and stress of the samples increased with increasing SPAA concentration and pH of the water, but were decreased with increasing water salinity and temperature.     

Analytical Analysis of Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation in a Tube Filled with Double-Layer Porous Media

The heat transfer and entropy generation in a tube filled with double-layer porous media are analytically investigated. The wall of the tube is subjected to a constant heat flux. The Darcy-Brinkman model is utilized to describe the fluid flow, and the local thermal non-equilibrium model is employed to establish the energy equations. The solutions of the temperature and velocity distributions are analytically derived and validated in limiting case. The analytical solutions of the local and total entropy generation, as well as the Nusselt number, are further derived to analyze the performance of heat transfer and irreversibility of the tube. The influences of the Darcy number, the Biot number, the dimensionless interfacial radius, and the thermal conductivity ratio, on flow and heat transfer are discussed. The results indicate, for the first time, that the Nusselt number for the tube filled with double-layer porous media can be larger than that for the tube filled with single layer porous medium, while the total entropy generation rate for the tube filled with double-layer porous media can be less than that for the tube filled with single layer porous medium. And the dimensionless interfacial radius corresponding to the maximum value of the Nusselt number is different from that corresponding to the minimum value of the total entropy generation rate.     

INTERNAL HEAT TRANSFER TO VISCOELASTIC FLOWS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

Heat transfer and pressure drop were measured for flow of water, mineral oil, and aqueous solutions of viscoelastic polymers through a vertical tube filled with porous media. The heated stainless steel test section has an inside diameter of 2.25 cm, and is 200 diameters long. The porosity was varied from 0.32 to 0.68 by using uniform spherical glass beads. Uniform heat flux thermal boundary condition was imposed by passing direct electric current through the tube wall. Over a range of the parameters 8 < Re < 31,000, 7 < Pr < 245, 0.22 < d/D < 0.6, and polymer concentration from 100 to 500 parts per million, the friction factor data for Newtonian fluids agreed with the predictions in the literature. Drag reduction was noticed in the turbulent flow of dilute viscoelastic polymer solutions (Praestol at 100 and 200 wppm; polyox at 500 wppm) at φ < 0.68. Viscoelastic effect on heat transfer was insignificant. A new correlation was proposed for predicting heat transfer to Newtonian as well as viscoelastic flows through confined porous media.     

A Monte-Carlo study of equilibrium polymers in a shear flow

We use an off-lattice microscopic model for solutions of equilibrium polymers (EP) in a lamellar shear flow generated by means of a self-consistent external field between parallel hard walls. The individual conformations of the chains are found to elongate in flow direction and shrink perpendicular to it while the average polymer length decreases with increasing shear rate. The Molecular Weight Distribution of the chain lengths retains largely its exponential form in dense solutions whereas in dilute solutions it changes from a power-exponential Schwartz distribution to a purely exponential one upon an increase of the shear rate. With growing shear rate the system becomes increasingly inhomogeneous so that a characteristic variation of the total monomer density, the diffusion coefficient, and the center-of-mass distribution of polymer chains of different contour length with the velocity of flow is observed. At higher temperature, as the average chain length decreases significantly, the system is shown to undergo an order-disorder transition into a state of nematic liquid crystalline order with an easy direction parallel to the hard walls. The influence of shear flow on this state is briefly examined. Received 22 October 1998 and Received in final form 12 April 1999     

Flames in narrow circular tubes

We examine an axi-symmetric deflagration located in a tube with thermally active walls. It is noted that the flame-in-tube configuration defines a classical edge-flame, a flame in a shear flow for which there is a water-shed solution for a critical value of the Damköhler number (D), ignition front solutions for larger values of D, and failure wave solutions for smaller values. We examine semi-infinite tubes with a heat flux imposed at the tube wall ends, to simulate experiments reported in the 30th Symposium. We identify parameters for which stable solutions are obtained at certain flow rates, but unstable solutions are generated at higher flow rates, followed by stable solutions at still higher flow rates. These solutions are consistent with the experimental record. Instability leads either to regular oscillations or to a violent process characterized by quenching and re-ignition.     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

Modified Single-Mode Leonov Rheological Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions

The shear viscosity and the normal stress coefficients are important parameters in the flow of polymer melts and polymer solutions. Based on the Leonov model, modified single-mode rheological equations are presented by introducing relaxation time and temperature functions, and the shear viscosity and the normal stress coefficients are predicted. Without a complex statistical simulation, the experimental data of a low-density polyethylene melt, a poly(ethylene oxide) solution and a mixed decalin/polybutene oil solution were compared to verify the modified equations in very wide range of deformation rates. Furthermore, based on the equations, the relationship between the stress overshoot and the temperature is discussed. In addition, the predicted shear thinning behavior for the modified equations is also compared with other single-mode models.