Variable Wavelengths Fiber Bragg Gratings Written with A Phase Mask and Four Prisms

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Changing photo-written Bragg wavelengths of fiber gratings via one phase mask and four mirrors

A phase mask interferometer is developed to photo-write long gratings with arbitrary Bragg wavelengths. In this system, the fiber Bragg grating is photo-written by UV interference stripes of 193 nm reflected from two rotatable mirrors and two fixed mirrors, where the phase mask is not only used as a beam splitter, but also initialized the reference quantity of Bragg wavelength; the fixed mirrors are used for reducing the incident angle; the rotatable mirrors are used for adjusting the corresponding photo-written Bragg wavelength. It is worth noting that the photo-written length is fourfold as high as the length in the Talbot interferometer with the same mirror size.     

利用一块相位掩模和两块棱镜改变光纤光栅的写入Bragg波长

一种相位掩模干涉仪被用于写入不同的Bragg波长的。在该系统中,光纤光栅是由来自两可旋转棱镜所形成的紫外干涉条纹写入的,其中,相位掩模被用作&;#61617;1级衍射光的分束器。并且,当两块顶角由相位掩模的&;#61617;1级衍射角和棱镜折射率确定的棱镜的底部相互平行放置时,该相位掩模给出了Bragg波长的参考值。当Bragg波长的移位为1 nm时,棱镜最大的旋转角为1 degree,最小的旋转角是~2.4 minute。与Talbot干涉仪中平面镜的旋转角~23 second/nm相比,该相位干涉仪中棱镜的旋转精度降低了2~3个数量级。替代了许多具有不同光栅周期的相位掩模,该可调谐相位掩模干涉仪仅用一块相位掩模和两块旋转棱镜就实现了写入具有不同Bragg波长的光栅。     

双棱镜改变写入Bragg波长的相位掩模技术

将一种可旋转的双棱镜引入到相位掩模技术中以改变光栅的写入Bragg波长.在该系统中,光纤光栅是由来自可旋转双棱镜所形成的波长为248 nm的紫外干涉条纹写入的,其中,相位掩模被用作 1级衍射光的分束器,通过双棱镜的旋转可改变两写入光束的交叉角.为了初始化Bragg波长的参考值,双光栅的顶角由相位掩模的 1级衍射角和双棱镜的折射率确定.因为在～100 nm范围内两光束的非对称旋转对光栅周期的改变是5×10~(-4) nm,双棱镜引入的光栅的闪耀可忽略.当Bragg波长的移位为1 nm时,棱镜最大的旋转角为～1 degree,最小的旋转角是～2.4 min.与Talbot干涉仪中平面镜的旋转角～23 s/nm相比,该相位干涉仪中棱镜的旋转精度降低了2～3个数量级.     

A novel dual-wavelength fiber Bragg grating and its application in fiber ring laser

A novel method for fabricating dual-wavelength fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) by using one phase mask is developed. The method is based on a double-exposure technique. Our technique lends itself to writing gratings with controllable reflectivity and separation of two Bragg wavelengths. A grating with two equal transmission peaks of 20.25 dB is obtained by this method and the separation of the two Bragg wavelengths is about 0.8 nm. With the grating, we demonstrate a dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser whose interval of the two peaks is 0.8 nm. The laser's peak powers can get 3.1 mW above and have a good stability.     

改变写入Bragg波长的干涉条纹运动的扫描式Talbot干涉仪

一种干涉条纹运动的扫描式Talbot干涉仪被用于改变光纤Bragg光栅的写入Bragg波长。在系统中,光纤光栅是由来自相位掩模的±1级衍射光经平面镜反射后在远场形成紫外干涉条纹写入的,其中,相位掩模被用作±1级衍射光的分束器。值得注意的是通过干涉条纹的运动来扫描写入光纤光栅,有效降低了Talbot干涉仪对写入光源相干性的要求。     

Absolute metrology by phase and frequency modulation for multiwavelength interferometry

A fiber interferometer for absolute distance measurements is presented whereby wavelength variation is achieved via a sinusoidal strain modulation of a fiber Bragg grating to generate a series of beat wavelengths. The interferometer employs fiber laser sources where the design is based on the use of narrow-bandwidth fiber Bragg gratings. The accuracy of the beat wavelengths is improved compared to the use of multiple wavelengths measured with conventional optical spectrum analyzers or available wavemeters. Initial measurements are presented for beat wavelengths of 254.74 mm and 27.4 m over an optical path difference of 200 mm and 3.8 m, respectively. Combined with a two (or three) wavelength interferometer, this technique has the potential for ultrahigh dynamic range metrology ranging over several meters while preserving subfringe resolution and a low system complexity.     

基于光纤Bragg光栅位移测量的研究

介绍了一种基于布喇格光纤光栅技术的位移测量方法。利用宽带光源经不同的布喇格光栅得到一种由温度稳定器控制波长稳定性的合成光源。由于系统设计的合成光源波长比常规光源的波长长，所以允许的光程差测量范崮提高了几百倍，从而使得布喇格光纤光栅的波长准确性提高了干涉仪位移测量的准确性。此外，利用光外差法马赫一曾德尔干涉仪进行了位移测量实验，得到了很好的效果。     

非线性二次曝光法制作三角形光纤Bragg光栅

提出了一种利用非线性二次曝光技术制作三角形光纤Bragg光栅的新方法.该方法只使用普通Bragg位相模板,采用两次曝光技术,通过控制光纤光栅的本地谐振波长和反射率,达到控制光纤光栅谱形的目的.第一次直接对光纤曝光,用来控制光纤光栅谐振波长;第二次通过位相模板曝光,用来控制光纤光栅的反射率.考虑到光敏光纤感光特性曲线的多项e负指数变化规律,按照"分步写入光纤光栅设计软件"进行曝光分布设计,利用"分步曝光光纤光栅写入系统"进行曝光控制,使用信息产业部第46研究所生产的DCS-01型光敏光纤,得到了线性范围1.24 nm、反射率为0～64%的三角形光纤Bragg光栅.三角形光纤Bragg光栅作为光纤光栅传感解调器件,在光纤传感领域具有重要应用价值.     

双波长啁啾相移光纤光栅

理论研究并实验验证了一种含有两段π相移的啁啾相移光纤光栅.采用F矩阵对啁啾相移光纤光栅进行计算并分析了该光栅的谱特性.含有两段π相移的啁啾相移光纤光栅可以在普通啁啾光栅透射谱阻带中产生双波长透射峰,透射峰位置直接取决于光栅中π相移的位置,透射峰的线宽和透射峰的波长间隔没有关系,仅随着啁啾率的增大而增大.采用带相位掩模的逐点扫描法对含有两段π相移的双波长啁啾相移光栅进行了制作,获得波长间隔为8 nm的双波长透射谱的光栅器件.该光栅的消光比和3 dB谱线宽分别为20 dB和0.08 nm,实验结果和理论设计一致.     

40Gb/s光时分复用传输光纤光栅补偿色散研究

用精密扫描掩模法写入宽阻带啁啾光纤光栅,掩模板背面两端各10％长度处镀有按4阶高斯函数透过率的膜,写入的啁啾光栅的时延纹波最大值为20ps。为减少写入光纤光栅的偏振模色散,研制了新的低偏振模色散光纤光栅补偿写入法。采用补偿写入法前的平均微分群时延为9．1406 ps;采用补偿写入法后的平均微分群时延为0．1521 ps。并利用低偏振模色散光纤光栅对40Gb／s光时分复用系统在普通G．652光纤传输122km的色散进行了补偿实验,功率代价为1．5dB。     

Fabrication of Dual-Wavelength Fiber Bragg Grating with a Longitudinal Stretch

A method of fabricating dual-wavelength fiber Bragg grating with a uniform phase mask is demonstrated. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation using Matrix method are given. The moving exposing technique is adopted. Good control over the grating’s reflectivity and the separation of the two Bragg wavelengths is enabled by adjusting the stretch, the length of the grating, and the exposure. A grating with two equal transmission peaks of 19.5 dB is obtained by using this method, and the separation of the two Bragg wavelengths is 0.78 nm. Translated from Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2005, 22(1) (in Chinese)     

All-Fiber Spectroscope with Second-Order Fiber Bragg Grating for Rotational Raman Lidar

Owing to the second-order fiber Bragg grating possessing narrower reflectivity bandwidth than first-order, an all-fiber spectroscopic filter with several second-order fiber Bragg gratings and optical fiber couplers in the visible region is designed to extract interest rotational Raman spectra. Considering the inference fringe visibility of inscribing fiber Bragg grating and the fiber core index dispersion effect, numerical simulations are made by the improved mathematical model based on an exponential photorefractive dynamic, and its simulative results show better agreement with the experimental data. We propose an all-fiber spectroscopic configuration, which could balance lidar sensitivity against signal-to-noise ratio for optimizing remote sensing performance by fiber Bragg gratings serially. Simulative results show that the thumb principle for fabricating second-order fiber Bragg grating is the increasing gratings length, and that this all-fiber spectroscope can achieve >70 dB suppression to elastic scattering and efficiently extract the rotational Raman signal for profiling atmospheric temperature.     

取样布拉格光纤光栅的传输矩阵

根据在一般坐标系下均匀布拉格光纤光栅的传输矩阵,得到了取样布拉格光纤光栅的传输矩阵。利用傅里叶变换得到了取样布拉格光纤光栅的谐振方程。结果表明,在不考虑平均折射率变化的情况下,谐振峰的位置是由光栅的周期和取样周期共同确定的,与取样时的占空比、光栅长度和耦合系数没有关系。类似于物理光栅,取样布拉格光纤光栅也存在缺级现象,给出了出现缺级的条件。     

聚合物封装的高灵敏度光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器

将光纤光栅封装于一种有机聚合物基底中,制成温敏元件,测量了20～100℃不同温度下光纤光栅的反射谱.由于基底材料的带动作用,封装后的光纤光栅温度灵敏度为83.07×10-6/℃,是相应裸光纤光栅的12.3倍.     

Novel B/Ge codoped photosensitive fiber and dispersion compensation in an 8×10 Gbit/s DWDM system

We used the Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) method to fabricate a B/Ge codoped fiber with a depressed cladding in which boron and germanium were also doped, the depressed cladding was photosensitive, which can greatly suppress the cladding mode coupling. The transmission spectrum of written grating in this fiber made by the phase mask method verified its larger photosensitivity and great suppression of the cladding mode coupling. We then analyzed the Bragg wavelength tuning theory in the phase mask method in detail which gave us a more exact equation. The ultra-violet (UV) exposure system was modified, and eight cascaded Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) centered at different wavelengths were written in this photosensitive fiber successfully using a 248 nm KrF excimer laser and one piece of 1067 nm phase mask. Each channel spacing was 100 GH according to the Densed Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) standards of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T). At the same time, we also wrote in chirp in each grating by tilting the phase mask to realize dispersion compensation. The dispersion in 44 km SMF was successfully compensated by the cascaded chirped gratings in the eight channel WDM system with each channel being 10 Gbit/s.     

Apodised fiber Bragg gratings fabricated with a uniform phase mask using Gaussian beam laser

A new exposure scheme for fabricating apodised fiber Bragg gratings by the use of a uniform phase mask and a Gaussian beam laser is demonstrated. Average refractive index is kept nearly constant along the grating to derive a side lobe suppression of 20 dB in the shorter wavelength. This scheme allows the writing of truly apodized fiber Bragg gratings.     

Bragg grating recording in low-defect optical fibers using ultraviolet femtosecond radiation and a double-phase mask interferometer

The fabrication of Bragg reflectors in fluorine depressed cladding silicate glass and SMF-28 fibers by employing a double-phase mask interferometer and 248 nm, 500 fs laser radiation is demonstrated here. The maximum refractive index changes obtained were of the order of 6 x 10(-4) for pulse intensities of 220 GW/cm(2) and accumulated energy densities of 3.5 kJ/cm(2). The Bragg gratings fabricated in the F-doped fiber endured temperatures greater than 700 degrees C, while those inscribed in the standard telecom fiber demarcated at 900 degrees C. The experimental results presented depict that the combination of the two phase mask interferometer and the 248 nm photon at sub-TW/cm(2) intensities constitute an efficient route in the fabrication of Bragg gratings in low-defect silicate glass optical fibers.     

Novel B/Ge codoped photosensitive fibres and their dispersion compensation applications

A novel B/Ge codoped fibre was proposed, which also has photosensitive depressed inner cladding. The transmission spectrum of written grating in this fibre verified its strong photosensitivity and suppression of cladding mode coupling. After taking the diffraction into account, a more exact equation of the Bragg wavelength tuning theory of phase mask method was given. Then 8 cascaded fibre Bragg gratings centered at different wavelengths were successfully written with 248 nm KrF excimer laser and one piece of 1067 nm phase mask. By tilting the phase mask, chirp was also written in each grating. At last, it compensated the dispersion of 44 km single mode fibre in the 8 × 10 Gbit/s wavelength division multiplexing system successfully.