空心旋转液体射流初始阶段特性的实验研究

以空心旋转射流的理论模型为基础［１］,通过实验对旋流喷嘴射流特性做进一步深入的研究,特别是实际射流形状的变化规律及喷嘴初始参数的变化规律．结果表明,旋流喷嘴的初始参数和空心射流内外表面压力差是决定射流形状的主要因素。     

空心旋转液体射流初始阶段运动规律的研究

应用质量守恒定律和动量守恒定律,建立了描述空心旋转液体射流初始阶段运动的非线 性常微分方程组;该方程组可以用数值方法方便地求解。理论计算结果与实验拍摄到的射流照片吻 合很好。本结果表示射流受挑动失稳破碎成液滴前的最基本运动状态,是进一步从理论上研究空心 旋转射流破碎雾化机理的基础。     

旋流燃烧室内同向和反向旋转射流湍流流动的数值模拟

针对发展高效低污染旋流燃烧技术的需要,对旋流燃烧室内两股同轴旋转射流相互作用的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟.计算中采用了一种新的代数Reynolds应力模型和QUICK离散格式.在两股射流同向旋转和反向旋转两种条件下,将模拟得到的燃烧室内湍流旋流流动的时均气体轴向速度场、切向速度场和静压场与实验数据进行了比较.     

自由空间内气泡破碎过程的实验研究

利用高速摄像对自由空间内悬挂气泡的自然破碎过程进行了研究,分析了气泡破碎过程中环形断面的发展规律、膜液滴的形成过程及末期射流的产生原因。气泡成孔后,在液膜表面张力和气泡内部气流喷射的综合作用下,会形成不稳定的环形断面,其铺展过程中边缘会出现诸多不稳定液线,液线末端断裂形成膜液滴,膜液滴飞行方向与断裂点切线方向一致;随着液膜的破碎,半封闭球状液膜的曲率半径逐渐减小,环状断面以一定的加速度推进;在破碎末期,环形断面将在初始破碎点的对称位置附近聚焦并形成射流。表面张力系数和液膜厚度均匀性对膜液滴分布和射流强度具有一定的影响;相对于液膜厚度,作用于液膜单位面积上的表面张力对气泡破碎时间的影响更为显著。     

切向燃烧炉内旋流数分布的试验研究

本文采用ＩＦＡ３００型三维热膜风速仪系统对一大型四角切向燃烧锅炉的旋流数进行了模型试验研究。测得了炉内不同位置处瞬时速度、脉动速度和湍动度分布,得到了表征炉内气流旋转强度的旋流数沿炉膛高度的分布规律,并以此提出了减少残余旋转的措施。同时发现炉内实际旋流数远远大于锅炉设计校核时所用的旋流数。本文的研究对锅炉的设计校核及防治残余旋转具有重要意义。     

短纽带作用下气液两相旋流液膜的形成及发展

目前对短纽带引发的气液旋流中液膜的分布规律认识不清楚,限制了短纽带在换热器中的应用。本文采用欧拉双流体模型研究了短螺旋纽带引发的管内气液旋流场中液膜的形成及发展规律。研究发现:气液两相雾状流来流,在纽带下游的直管段中,存在两个对称的螺旋涡,截面上的液膜厚度存在两个对称的波峰。纽带下游一定位置处,截面上液膜厚度的周向峰值会达到最大,随后液膜厚度的峰值逐渐降低。周向平均液膜厚度沿轴向先增厚后减薄。截面上流体的低压中心与螺旋涡的中心不重合,受液膜分布的影响显著。     

基于MRT-LB伪势模型的液滴撞击液膜数值研究

运用改进的格子玻尔兹曼（LB）伪势多松弛多相模型，研究单/双液滴撞击液膜的流动特性.考察单液滴在不同气液相密度比时撞击液膜的发展.随着密度比的减小，冠状水花顶端开始向内弯曲，且底部半径显著减小.在大密度比情况下研究双液滴撞击液膜.结果表明：双液滴撞击液膜有中心射流的形成；液滴水平间距的增大，延缓中心射流的出现，并降低初始中心射流的高度；随Re数的增加，中心射流的高度明显增大.     

液滴撞击液膜的射流与水花形成机理分析

建立了单液滴撞击平面液膜的物理与数学模型,采用Coupled Level Set and Volume of Fluid方法对这种现象进行了数值模拟,探讨了黏度和表面张力对冠状水花形态的影响.通过分析撞击后液体内部的压力和速度分布,揭示了液滴颈部射流的产生机理,验证了Yarin和Weiss提出的运动间断理论.研究显示,表面张力对冠状水花形态的影响远大于黏度的影响.颈部射流的产生主要是由于撞击后颈部区域局部较大压差造成的,随着撞击过程的继续,压差作用减弱;液膜内流体的径向运动对射流发展成冠状水花具有推动作用.     

单液滴撞击液膜的颈部射流模拟及机理分析

本文采用DNS耦合ACLS方法对喷雾中常见的单液滴撞击水平液膜现象进行二维的数值模拟,通过撞击后形态演变及内部场信息对比,重点分析颈部射流的形成机理,随后将研究对象拓展到倾斜液膜。本文验证了ACLS方法的准确性,成功捕捉到液膜倾角对空气卷吸现象的促进作用。研究表明,局部压差是液滴撞击水平液膜后产生颈部射流的直接原因,而对于撞击倾斜液膜的案例,前后两端颈部射流成因不同:前端射流由局部压差产生而后端射流随着液膜倾斜角的增大,旋涡机理的影响比重逐渐增强,两者处于共存竞争关系。     

旋转射流雾化的直接数值模拟研究

雾化现象涉及到气液界面复杂的拓扑变化,使得雾化过程极其复杂。目前针对一次雾化的机理研究及模型尚不够准确,由于数值计算方法的快速发展,越来越多的研究者采用数值方法来研究一次雾化。本文采用大规模的直接数值模拟手段和Level Set追踪气液界面的方法模拟旋转射流的一次雾化过程,以揭示旋流雾化的机理和界面不稳定波的贡献。     

圆环旋转液体射流稳定性的研究

本文详细研究了圆环旋转非粘液体射流在静止的非粘不可压缩气体介质中的不稳定性问题，给出了描述射流稳定性的色散方程，证明了圆环旋转液体射流失稳的主导模式是准非对称模式，最后讨论了射流稳定性的影响参数．     

同轴流动聚焦中射流不稳定性的理论研究

壳核结构的微胶囊在医学药学材料食品农业等领域具有广泛的应用前景, 其制备方法一直是相关领域关注的焦点.同轴流动聚焦(co-flow focusing)是一种新型制备技术, 利用复合射流的破碎制备微胶囊具有包裹率高过程量化可控参数域广产率高等诸多优势.在实验中, 复合射流的破碎受到多个过程参数的影响, 并涉及了多层界面的耦合效应.利用简化的物理模型, 在时间和时空域中分析了三相水-油-水复合射流不稳定性的发展和演化.在黏性流体线性稳定性理论中, 同轴射流和驱动液体的基本速度型分别基于管流和误差函数构造, 并通过数值方法求解满足相应边界条件下的线化小扰动控制方程.结果表明:增加内外层界面的界面张力均有利于射流的破碎; 流体的黏性对同轴射流的稳定性均有着促进作用; 越大的黏性越小的内界面张力对应着越大的射流破碎波长; 内外界面的耦合作用以及复合液滴的包裹情况均与内外射流的半径比息息相关; 绝对-对流不稳定性转换的临界Weber数随Reynolds数内层界面张力的增大而增大, 随内层和驱动流体的黏性增大而减小.这些结果将有助于提高液体驱动下同轴流动聚焦技术的过程控制, 为实际应用提供理论指导.      

Simulation of impact of a hollow droplet on a flat surface

Despite many theoretical and experimental works dealing with the impact of dense continuous liquid droplets on a flat surface, the dynamics of the impact of hollow liquid droplets is not well addressed. In an effort to understand dynamics of the hollow droplet impingement, a numerical study for the impact of a hollow droplet on a flat surface is presented. The impingement model considers the transient flow dynamics during impact and spreading of the droplet using the volume of fluid surface tracking method (VOF) coupled with the momentum transport model within a one-domain continuum formulation. The model is used to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the impact of glycerin hollow droplet. It is found that the impact and spreading of the hollow droplet on a flat surface is distinctly different from the conventional dense droplet and has some new hydrodynamic features. A phenomenon of formation of a central counter jet of the liquid is predicted. With the help of simulations the cause of this phenomenon is discussed. Comparison of the predicted length of the central counter jet and the velocity of the counter jet front shows good agreements with the experimental data. The influence of the droplet initial impact velocity and the hollow droplet shell thickness on the impact behaviour is highlighted.     

Dripping to jetting transitions in coflowing liquid streams

A liquid forced through an orifice into an immiscible fluid ultimately breaks into drops due to surface tension. Drop formation can occur right at the orifice in a dripping process. Alternatively, the inner fluid can form a jet, which breaks into drops further downstream. The transition from dripping to jetting is not understood for coflowing fluid streams, unlike the case of drop formation in air. We show that in a coflowing stream this transition can be characterized by a state diagram that depends on the capillary number of the outer fluid and the Weber number of the inner fluid.     

Shock associated noise of inverted-profile coannular jets,part I: Experiments

The reduction of shock-associated noise in inverted-velocity-profile coannular jets is quantified and explained by (1) conducting extensive optical and acoustic measurements for a suitable range of outer and inner stream pressure ratio combinations, and (2) interpreting the measured noise results with the aid of new theoretical models. It is shown that the shock noise from the outer stream is virtually eliminated when the inner stream is operated at a Mach number just above unity, regardless of all the other jet operating parameters. Furthermore, this reduction can be achieved at inverted- as well as normal-velocity-profile conditions.     

An atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet produced from microdischarges in a porous dielectric

This report presents an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen-plasma jet generated from microdischarges in a porous dielectric. A plasma jet with a length of 42 mm was produced by feeding nitrogen gas through a porous alumina installed between an outer electrode and a hollow inner electrode and by applying 60 Hz sinusoidal voltage wave to the electrodes. Microdischarges in the porous alumina are ejected as a plasma jet from the outer electrode through a 1 mm hole by increasing the applied voltage, showing that the temperature of the jet decreases to a value close to room temperature. Even at a frequency as low as 60 Hz, the plasma that evolves from a large amount of microdischarge inside a porous dielectric can have characteristics that are similar to those generated at several hundreds of kilohertz. From the electrical measurements, it is expected that not only the steady generation but also the frequency of the pulses resulting from the microdischarges in the porous dielectric play an important role in obtaining a stable plasma jet. We also identified the various excited plasma species produced from the plasma jet by an optical emission spectroscopy.     

Depositing nanoparticles inside millimeter-size hollow tubing

The inner and the outer walls of hollow tubing with an inner diameter of 0.4-0.9 cm and an outer diameter of 0.6-1.3 cm were coated with silver nanoparticles (NPs) by a one-step process using ultrasound irradiation. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles (NPs) inside the hollow tubing and on the outer surface were characterized using methods such as XRD, TEM, HR-TEM, and HRSEM. The inner surface of the tubing was found to be coated with more silver than the outer surface. The coating was done on tubing made of rubber, PVC, Teflon and polyethylene. Sonochemistry is demonstrated as a method for depositing nanoparticles on the inner wall of a tube.     

Incomplete similarity of a plane turbulent wall jet on smooth and transitionally rough surfaces

This study assesses the hypothesis of incomplete similarity for a plane turbulent wall jet on smooth and transitionally rough surfaces. Typically, a wall jet is considered to consist of two regions: an inner layer and an outer layer. The degree to which these two regions reach equilibrium with each other and interact to produce the property of self-similarity remains an open question. In this study, the analysis of the outer and inner regions indicates that each region is characterised by a half-width which exhibits its own distinct dependence on the streamwise distance x from the slot, and a single self-similar structure for both regions does not exist. More specifically, the inner and outer layers of the wall jet exhibit different scaling laws, which results in two self-similar mean velocity profiles, both of which retain a dependence on the slot height H. As such, incomplete similarity of the wall jet on smooth and transitionally rough surfaces is confirmed by this study. In addition, comparison of the experimental results for the transitionally rough surface with the smooth wall case indicates that the surface roughness modifies the development of the mean velocity profile in both the inner and outer regions, although the effect on the outer region is relatively small and close to the experimental uncertainty.