浅海矢量声场干涉结构形成机理及试验研究

浅海低频声场的微观结构特征在于具有可用波导不变量表征的 稳定空间-频率干涉结构.声场兼具标量场和矢量场, 波导条件下二者联合决定声场的全部特性. 本文研究浅海声场空频干涉结构的矢量场特征. 理论分析了声压谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等矢量场干涉结构的形成机理, 探讨了矢量场干涉结构的波导不变量表征, 数值仿真研究了Pekeris波导中能量和能流密度的干涉特性, 进行了宽带声源辐射矢量声场干涉特性及表征的海上试验.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性. 研究结果表明: 中近程和中远程声场均能模态相干, 有稳定的空频干涉结构, 并且矢量声场空频干涉结构存在多种形式, 除各种能量和能流密度谱图外, 相干系数谱也呈现干涉特征, 这些形式的空频干涉结构均可用波导不变量理论有效表征. 关键词： 矢量声场 干涉结构 波导不变量 浅海低频声场     

基于波导不变量的目标运动参数估计及被动测距

结合波导不变量的概念推导了中近程目标的干涉条纹方程,它表明在浅海声场中此干涉条纹为一族类双曲线.采用Hough变换对LOFAR图和方位-时间历程进行处理,可以估计反映环境信息的波导不变量β、航向角(φ)以及最近通过距离和航速比r0/v.仿真研究和海试数据分析均表明,低频声场确实存在稳定的干涉结构,结合图像处理手段进行参...     

一种浅海声矢量场干涉结构提取方法

针对浅海Pekeris环境下声矢量场的干涉特征,基于简正波理论分析了在频率-距离域上声强谱、质点振速自谱、复声强谱和波阻抗谱干涉结构的形成机理,探讨了对干涉结构的波导不变量表征,并进行了宽带辐射声场干涉结构的海上测量试验。仿真研究和海试数据分析均表明,在频率-距离域上,上述4类物理量都会呈现稳定的、可用波导不变量β表征的干涉结构,而复声强独有的纯干涉分量更能体现波导的干涉效应。最后引入多尺度线性滤波器对海试实测LOFAR图进行处理,处理结果表明该滤波器可有效地增强干涉特征,更利于检测和提取干涉图案中的条纹信息。      

基于声场干涉结构的双水平阵(元)被动测距

为探寻适用于拖曳线列阵声呐的被动测距方法,基于海洋波导的重要特征一低频声场具有稳定可观察的干涉结构,结合波导不变量理论提出了两种被动测距算法。采用双水平阵(元)模型,分别获得各阵(元)的LOFAR图和方位时间历程后,对LOFAR图进行Radorn变换提取干涉条纹的频率时间历程,进而结合各测距算法实现被动测距。并通过仿真研究和定位精度分析,验证了算法的可行性。      

利用宽带声场干涉结构特性对移动船只距离的连续估计

浅海移动船只的宽带辐射声场在距离-频率上通常表现为有规则的干涉条纹结构,这些条纹的特性(数目和斜率)可用波导不变量理论来表征并已被用于多种水声反演问题中,如沉积层声学参数反演和宽带声源距离的估计。基于波导不变量理论和干涉条纹的结构特性,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器分析移动船只LOFAR图中干涉条纹的距离-频率特征可对其距离进行连续估计。该方法不需要海洋环境的信息和前向拷贝声场计算,具有较高的计算效率。海试数据处理结果和GPS数据计算结果比较一致,证实了本方法的准确性。试验数据处理同样证实该方法对初始距离的选择有着较高的稳健性。      

运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域特征研究

浅海低频声场呈稳定而显著的干涉特征,并蕴含声源状态和波导特性等信息.本文研究运动目标辐射声场干涉结构的简化映射以及映射域能量分布对目标运动状态的指示特征.理论分析了声压场和矢量声场空(时)频干涉谱图的二维傅里叶变换映射特征,推导了匀速运动目标时频干涉谱图映射域能量脊斜率与波导不变量以及距变率、航向角的关系式,证明了映射域脊斜率符号、脊斜率绝对值变化等对目标来袭或远离以及目标威胁程度的指示,并进行了数值仿真和海上试验研究.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性.研究结果表明:二维傅里叶变换可将声压场和矢量场时(空)频谱图干涉结构简化,匀速运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域的能谱脊斜率、距变率、航向角与波导不变量有解析关系式,声强谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等声场干涉结构经映射后更为一致,映射域脊能简明的指示目标运动状态和威胁程度.     

差分偏振干涉成像光谱仪Ⅰ.概念原理与操作

本文介绍了一种基于Wollaston棱镜角剪切和Savart偏光镜横向剪切组合的静态、紧凑型、高通量差分偏振干涉成像光谱技术.其显著特点是无运动部件,可同时获取目标正交偏振组分的干涉图和二维空间图像.干涉图经傅里叶变换和图像融合算法可得到正交偏振组分的偏振光谱图像,正交偏振光谱图像之和等效于传统强度光谱图像,正交偏振光谱图像之差称为差分偏振光谱图像.高对比度的差分偏振光谱不仅能刻画目标详细的表面形貌、纹理和结构信息,还可反演弹性散射粒子的尺度、浓度和折射率等信息.文中描述了差分偏振干涉成像光谱仪的原理结构,给出了干涉强度分布规律表达式,分析了完整干涉图和二维空间图像的数据获取模式.利用杨氏干涉模型对光通过Savart偏光镜后形成干涉直条纹的近轴关系进行了深入分析.利用光场衍射理论确定了光谱仪中准直透镜和成像透镜实现紧凑化的结构关系.计算机仿真模拟验证了方案的可行性.为偏振成像光谱仪的发展提供了一种新思路.     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。      

声场干涉结构相似度匹配的目标运动参数估计

针对水中运动声源定位问题,建立了一种基于声场干涉结构谱向量相似度匹配的目标运动参数估计方法。结合声场干涉结构水平纵向相关特性,利用目标辐射噪声LOFAR谱图中不同频率的谱值序列,基于两方位-两距离目标运动要素计算方法获取的目标距离解向量,构造声场干涉结构谱向量相似度匹配代价因子,实现目标运动参数估计。仿真数据与试验数据验证结果表明:在绘制的目标运动要素解算结果可视化分布图中可清晰呈现出目标初距、航向和速度结果。该算法实现过程简单、解算效率高,对目标方位误差有较好的鲁棒性。      

基于联合波叠加法的相干声场全息重建与预测理论

在相干声场中,很难将各个声源产生的声压分离开来,所以常规波叠加法不能用于相干声场的全息重建与预测。根据相干声场的叠加性,通过构造全息面与多个声源之间的联合声压匹配矩阵,建立了基于联合波叠加法的相干声场全息重建与预测理论。该理论可以精确地重构出各个声源的表面声学信息,也可以分别预测每个声源的空间声场分布,叠加后即可获得相干声场的空间分布,从而实现了相干声场的重建与预测。实验和数值仿真的结果表明:该相干声场重建与预测理论不仅能有效地解决相干声场的重建与预测问题,并且可以作为一种相干声场分离技术,拓宽了全息技术的应用范围。     

Controlling spontaneous emission in a driven M-type atom by low-frequency coherence

We have studied the spontaneous emission behaviour in a five-level M-type atom driven by two optical fields of high frequencies and a microwave field of low-frequency. In absence of non-orthogonal decaying pathways, due to microwave field induced low-frequency coherence, the present model produces the emission spectrum resembling that of a three-level system controlled by the effect of vacuum induced decay-interference. For particular sets of values of the Rabi frequencies of the resonant coherent fields, the system exhibits quantum interference induced switching effect. By using this model, we have shown that the phenomenon of narrowing can be induced in the emission peaks without any detuning and phase control of the coherent fields. With the increase in the value of the Rabi frequency of the microwave field, this feature will be accompanied by the peak-compression and -repulsion effect. When the coherent fields are far from resonance, the appearance of the single-photon and the two-photon peaks in the emission spectrum can be easily controlled by changing the value of the Rabi frequency of the microwave field. We have shown the appearance of multiple dark regions in the emission line shape for equal as well as unequal decay rates of two emission pathways. Other interesting phenomena like elimination, enhancement and suppression of spectral line are also explored in various resonant and non-resonant cases.     

海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算方法

针对海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算问题,提出了一种基于波叠加法并在近、远场采用不同水声传播模型的建模方法,可以将近、远场作为一个统一的系统进行高效地分析。该方法通过给定的已知表面振动速度的结构计算出目标内部虚拟点声源的源强,再配合在相应的水声环境中点声源传播模型的Green函数计算出结构外的声辐射场。以Green函数为纽带,在求源强和计算近场声辐射场时采用镜像虚源法,而在计算远场声辐射场时采用简正波法。通过该方法得到的有限水深波导中声速剖面为正梯度、负梯度、负跃层的3种情况下的脉动球、刚体摆动球的声辐射场计算结果与COMSOL的有限元计算结果进行对比,结果表明了该方法在提高计算效率的同时保证了计算精度。      

Nonlinear propagation acoustics of dual-frequency wide-band excitation pulses in a focused ultrasound system

In this article, acoustic propagation effects of dual-frequency wide-band excitation pulses in a focused ultrasound system are demonstrated in vitro. A designed and manufactured dual-frequency band annular array capable of transmitting 0.9/7.5 MHz center frequency wide-band pulses was used for this purpose. The dual-frequency band annular array, has been designed using a bi-layer piezo-electric stack. Water tank measurements demonstrate the function of the array by activating the low- and high-frequency layers individually and simultaneously. The results show that the array works as intended. Activating the low- and high-frequency layers individually, results in less than -50 dB signal level from the high- and low-frequency layers respectively. Activating both layers simultaneously, produce a well defined dual-frequency pulse. The presence of the low-frequency pulse leads to compression, expansion, and a time delay of the high-frequency pulse. There is a phase shift between the low- and high-frequency pulse as it propagates from the array to the focus. This makes the latter described effects also dependent on the array configuration. By varying the low-frequency pressure, a shift of up to 0.5 MHz in center frequency of a 8.0 MHz transmitted high-frequency pulse is observed at the array focus. The results demonstrate the high propagation complexity of dual-frequency pulses.     

利用浅海声场干涉条纹反演海底参数方法研究

浅海频散特性导致声场在距离-频率平面形成干涉条纹,该干涉条纹蕴含着声源以及海底信息。本文通过降噪、滤波等方法,提取船舶辐射噪声干涉条纹中距离域干涉准周期、波导不变量以及去扩展衰减系数(不考虑扩展损失后接收到噪声级随距离的衰减程度)三种特征量的观测值,基于无限均匀沉积层海底模型,采用简正波计算程序理论计算上述三种特征量作为拷贝,提出一种以模拟退火法作为搜索寻优策略的新的匹配反演海底参数的方法。海试数据处理结果表明,该方法反演估计所得海底密度、声速、衰减系数三参数用于浅海负跃层条件下的声场预报效果比较良好。     

Observer-based beamforming algorithm for acoustic array signal processing

In the field of noise identification with microphone arrays, conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is the most popular signal processing technique. However, acoustic imaging results that are generated by DAS beamforming are easily influenced by background noise, particularly for in situ wind tunnel tests. Even when arithmetic averaging is used to statistically remove the interference from the background noise, the results are far from perfect because the interference from the coherent background noise is still present. In addition, DAS beamforming based on arithmetic averaging fails to deliver real-time computational capability. An observer-based approach is introduced in this paper. This so-called observer-based beamforming method has a recursive form similar to the state observer in classical control theory, thus holds a real-time computational capability. In addition, coherent background noise can be gradually rejected in iterations. Theoretical derivations of the observer-based beamforming algorithm are carefully developed in this paper. Two numerical simulations demonstrate the good coherent background noise rejection and real-time computational capability of the observer-based beamforming, which therefore can be regarded as an attractive algorithm for acoustic array signal processing.     

Acoustic field outside a cylindrical region excited from inside

We present the results of numerical calculation of the acoustic field distribution in a structure consisting of three cylindrically symmetrical, infinitely long coaxial regions with identical constant density. The media in the inner and outer regions have the same sound velocity which is different from that in the intermediate region. In the inner region, a harmonic pressure source is located. Expressions for the acoustic fields in each region are derived and the field distribution in the outer region is determined. The numerical analysis is performed at the distances corresponding to the near field of the source. Characteristic features of the field structure as a function of the source frequency, the sizes of the system, and the acoustic parameters of the medium are determined. The results obtained can be used in geophysical prospecting for characterization of boreholes, in acoustic logging of wells, and in the problems of noise control near industrial and power plants.     

基于平面声源进行结构声辐射有源控制的实验研究

采用分布式平面声源作为次级声源,对振动钢板的声辐射进行了抵消实验,验证了以往研究中的一系列关键理论。实验研究结果表明:一个平面声源可以控制钢板奇-奇模态的声辐射,两个平面源可以控制结构偶-奇或奇-偶模态的声辐射,同时也可以控制结构奇-奇模态的声辐射;平面声源的面积和布放位置对降噪效果有重要影响,采用单个平面声源控制时,平面声源面积越大,控制效果越好;基于近场声压的误差传感策略是有效可行的,实际中,将近场测量面的声功率作为有源控制的目标函数与总声功率作为目标函数是一致的;控制后远场声压和声强都得到有效降低,部分区域的声能向声源流动,近场声压及声强分布也发生显著变化。     

浅海波导环境失配下的协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计

实际浅海波导中环境噪声为相干噪声,最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法能在相干噪声背景下准确估计声源辐射功率,但该方法受环境不确定性影响较大;此外,由于最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法使用信号幅度作为中间量估计声源功率,信号幅度估计误差会二次放大并传递到声源功率估计结果中。本文提出一种协方差矩阵拟合稳健最小方差匹配场声源功率估计方法,该方法引入信道传递函数不确定集,结合协方差矩阵拟合思想将声源功率估计问题建模为在信道传递函数不确定集约束下对函数取极值的问题,使用Lagrange乘子法求解该问题得到信道传递函数估计值和声源辐射功率估计值。环境失配影响声源辐射功率估计性能的根本原因在于信道传递函数偏差较大,协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法有效减小了环境失配时信道传递函数的偏差,从而显著提升环境失配稳健性。此外,该方法使用权值直接估计声源功率,无需使用信号幅度作为中间量,避免了估计误差的传递。仿真验证了协方差矩阵拟合稳健匹配场声源功率估计方法的环境失配稳健性。     

近场子空间聚焦的碰摩故障声发射定位方法

针对宽带多源声发射信号的相干、多模态和能量衰减快问题,提出一种近场多重相干信号子空间聚焦的定位算法用于碰摩故障声发射源的定位检测。首先,为滤除干扰模态波、减小频散效应,采用基于模态声发射传播特性分析的小波分解滤波方法,从碰摩初期的声发射信号中获取零阶模态波及波速用于定位计算;其次,为实现信号解相干,提出基于双边相关变换(TCT)的近场聚焦矩阵估计方法;最后,针对声发射信号的能量衰减快问题,利用近场基于特征分解的多重信号分类(N-MUSIC)的空间谱估计方法来实现声源的精确定位。理论分析和实验结果表明:该方法定位精度高、计算复杂度低、稳定性强,能有效识别多个相干碰摩声源。相比传统相干子空间算法(CSM),该方法减少了信号初值和聚焦频点的计算量,对双声源的分辨概率较现有修正近场多重信号分类算法提高了17%,是一种有效的碰摩故障源检测方法。