利用地铁隧道风能发电的设计与研究

当今世界,随着社会发展,能源是经济之本,是人类生活的依存。本项目对地铁隧道风力发电展开研究,从了解地铁隧道风能的特征入手,通过理论分析结合实验验证,制作实体模型辅助研究,做出初步可行性分析,认定方案可行,然后提出有效利用地铁风力发电的创新设计方案,其中包括羽状风叶、差速装置和机械蓄能装置,并以此为基础设计了整套地铁隧道风力发电设计。该设计是对室内环境风力发电的率先探索,通过研究可得出：利用地铁隧道风力发电设计是一种新的能源利用形式,并有一定应用前景。     

风力发电实验仪

研制了风力发电实验仪,并利用该实验仪探究了风速、风机转速、发电机输出电动势之间关系,测量了风机的风能利用系数,展示了风力发电涉及的工程技术问题,即:在额定风速之下,采用追踪最佳叶尖速比的调节方法可最大限度利用风能;当风速超过额定风速,用变浆距调节方法可实现风力发电平稳输出.     

超声多普勒效应测量声速实验设计

利用多普勒效应来测量声速是大学物理中的一个重要的实验。本文介绍了设计性实验"超声多普勒效应测量声速",利用多普勒效应综合实验仪,设计出一套超声多普勒效应测量声速的实验装置,并利用该实验装置测量声速。     

基于金刚石对顶砧的液体高压黏度测量北大核心CSCD

研制了一种基于金刚石对顶砧的液体高压黏度测量装置。该装置由金刚石对顶砧、显微镜和CCD探测器构成,利用红宝石荧光标定压力,通过落球法可简单方便地实现不同压力下液体黏度的测量。利用该装置,测量了高压下丙三醇的黏度,测量结果与已发表的实验数据吻合得很好,验证了测量装置的可靠性。     

大型风电机组桨距角跟踪鲁棒自适应反演控制

针对具有很强非线性的风力机桨叶系统,利用动量矩定理,建立桨叶动力学数学模型,采用自适应反演控制,设计独立变桨鲁棒自适应桨距角跟踪控制器。该控制方法采用在实际控制量中,引入自适应鲁棒项,克服和消除不确定性对桨叶系统的影响。利用Matlab/Simulink软件,搭建风力机仿真平台,仿真结果验证了所提出控制方法的可行性和有效性。在桨叶系统参数不确定、受到未知不平衡载荷的情况下,经过自适应过程,设计的控制器较好地实现了风力机桨叶桨距角独立、快速跟踪各自期望的桨距角。     

新型三线摆周期测量装置的研制与探讨

形状复杂或非匀质刚体的转动惯量可以利用三线摆测量,其中,扭摆周期是关系到测试精度的重要参数.人工计数和秒表计时费心费力,容易出错.采用光电传感器和单片机测量容易受到横摆或晃动的影响,导致漏记一个周期.为此,提出一种新型三线摆周期测量装置,由光源、起偏器、检偏器、光敏电阻模块、数据采集系统和安装有上位机软件的电脑构成,利用光的偏振特性和马吕斯定律来检测三线摆下盘的扭摆情况.利用Origin软件的线性拟合功能处理数据可以得到三线摆扭摆的周期.利用市场上现有的光电测量装置和新型三线摆周期测量装置同时进行对比实验,测量三线摆下盘的转动惯量.实验结果表明:利用现有的光电测量装置,相对误差为0.83%;利用新型三线摆周期测量装置,相对误差可达0.11%,系列实验结果说明新型三线摆周期测量装置的准确度比现有的光电测量装置要高.因为三线摆下盘的横摆或晃动引起的起偏器小范围的平动并不影响透射光的强度,所以,新型三线摆周期测量装置的抗干扰能力较强.此外,该装置还具有测量速度快、操作简单、方便、快捷等优点,具有一定的推广价值.     

基于金刚石对顶砧的液体高压黏度测量

研制了一种基于金刚石对顶砧的液体高压黏度测量装置。该装置由金刚石对顶砧、显微镜和CCD探测器构成,利用红宝石荧光标定压力,通过落球法可简单方便地实现不同压力下液体黏度的测量。利用该装置,测量了高压下丙三醇的黏度,测量结果与已发表的实验数据吻合得很好,验证了测量装置的可靠性。     

多普勒效应测量声速实验的设计

介绍了设计性实验"多普勒效应测量声速."该实验要求学生理解多普勒效应测量声速的原理,利用气垫导轨实验和声速的测定实验仪器,设计出一套多普勒效应测量声速的实验装置,并利用该实验装置测量声速.     

风力发电前景广阔

 被称为“蓝天白煤”的风力资源,是一种取之不尽,又不会产生任何污染的可再生能源．人类早在远古时代便开始利用风力,但直到１９世纪末丹麦才建成全球第一个风力发电装置．由于风力发电与火电、核电、水电等其他发电方式相比有诸多优点,所以,本世纪８０年代以来,世界风电装机容量迅猛增长．１９８１年为１５兆瓦,１９９２年已达２６５２兆瓦,１３％的年增长率使风力发电成为世界上增长最快的能源之一,目前仍保持着快速发展的势头．１９９９年１０月５日,欧洲风能协会在布鲁塞尔发表了一项国际能源研究报告．报告称,风力发电到２０２０年可提供世界电力需求的１０％,创造１７０万个就业机会.     

小型风光互补发电演示装置

研制了适用于大学物理演示实验教学的小型风光互补发电演示装置,该装置由叶片、风力发电机、光伏太阳能电池板、控制器、蓄电池、逆变器、负载等几部分组成.整个系统以光电互补控制器为核心,经由风力发电机与光伏太阳能电池板将风能和太阳光能转变为电能,并将其储存于蓄电池中供负载使用.该装置展示了风力发电系统的组成,演示了风力发电原理和相关空气动力学原理.     

Optical system design and experimental evaluation of a coherent Doppler wind Lidar system for the predictive control of wind turbine

The control of wind turbine blade pitch systems by Lidar assisted wind speed prediction has been proposed to increase the electric power generation and reduce the mechanical fatigue load on wind turbines. However, the sticking point of such Lidar systems is the price. Hence, our objective is to develop a more cost efficient Lidar system to support the pitch control of horizontal axis wind turbines and therefore to reduce the material requirement, lower the operation and maintenance costs and decrease the cost of wind energy in the long term. Compared to the state of the art Lidar systems, a laser with a shorter coherence length and a corresponding fiber delay line is introduced for reducing the costs. In this paper we present the experimental evaluation of different sending and receiving optics designs for such a system from a free space laboratory setup.     

考虑风剪切的漂浮式风力机气动特性研究

波浪与风载的共同作用下,海上风电机组平台存在多自由度运动,同时伴随着海上复杂的风况,其气动特性变化较为复杂。以NREL5MW风电机组为研究对象,在风剪切来流下,依据波浪和风载的作用规律,研究平台纵摇和纵荡运动对机组气动特性和绕流场细节的影响。结果表明:平台运动会造成风电机组气动性能的周期性波动,而风剪切作用使得风电机组平均发电量降低并加剧功率和推力的波动。风剪切会增大纵摇运动过程中展向截面的法向载荷幅值且波动加剧,但会降低与功率输出有关的切向受力;风剪切作用推迟了纵荡运动过程中展向截面法向和切向载荷峰值出现时刻,加剧载荷的波动。外叶展截面的法向和切向力系数曲线出现平台,加剧了叶片疲劳载荷,减小了功率输出。     

风力机叶尖加小翼动力放大特性实验研究

本文在风力机的叶尖上通过添加V型平板小翼实验,提高了风力机的输出功率.在风洞实验研究中,进行了不同长度和宽度,不同前张角和后张角小翼的探索.实验表明小翼对风力机在一定尖速比λ范围内可以提高功率系数cp值.     

Nonlinear analysis and enhancement of wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters

We investigate the level of harvested power from aeroelastic vibrations for an elastically mounted wing supported by nonlinear springs. The energy is harvested by attaching a piezoelectric transducer to the plunge degree of freedom. The considered wing has a low-aspect ratio and hence three dimensional aerodynamic effects cannot be neglected. To this end, the three dimensional unsteady vortex lattice method for the prediction of the unsteady aerodynamic loads is developed. A strong coupling scheme that is based on Hamming's fourth-order predictor–corrector method and accounts for the interaction between the aerodynamic loads and the motion of the wing is employed. The effects of the electrical load resistance, nonlinear torsional spring and eccentricity between the elastic axis and the gravity axis on the level of the harvested power, pitch and plunge amplitudes are investigated for a range of operating wind speeds. The results show that there is a specific wind speed beyond which the pitch motion does not pick any further energy from the incident flow. As such, the displacement in the plunge direction grows significantly and causes enhanced energy harvesting. The results also show that the nonlinear torsional spring plays an important role in enhancing the level of the harvested power. Furthermore, the harvested power can be increased by an order of magnitude by properly choosing the eccentricity and the load resistance. This analysis is helpful in designing piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters that can operate optimally at specific wind speeds.     

风力发电统一变桨距的双模糊控制策略研究

风电机组输出功率有两个主要影响因素,一个是风速的波动性,另一个是不可控性,对该目标的实现带来了困扰,使得传统控制策略在其稳定性控制方面效果并不理想。针对这一缺陷,提出了统一变桨距的双模糊控制策略。该双模糊控制系统的主体部分由模糊PID控制器和模糊前馈补偿器两部分组成。与传统控制策略相比,双模糊控制策略减小了风电机组输出功率的波动范围,降低了控制器参数的调整频率。仿真结果证明了该控制策略的有效性。     

叶片扰流器对风力机性能影响的数值研究

风力发电机组不断向大型化发展,风力机叶片的长度越来越长,为满足其结构要求,需要在叶片内侧采用厚翼型,而厚翼型在大攻角下容易导致流动分离,影响功率输出。本文通过对某一风力机叶片进行数值模拟,分析其近叶根处的流场,发现存在较大的流动分离现象。针对两种工况,在叶片内侧最大弦长位置增加环形扰流器后进行数值模拟,与原始叶片进行比较。结果表明:扰流器可以有效减小叶片内侧的流动分离区域,风速为11 m/s和15 m/s时功率都得到一定程度的提高,扰流器附近截面上的压力分布也有所改善。     

Probabilistic evaluation of interconnectable capacity for wind power generation

We propose a novel framework for probabilistic evaluation of interconnectable capacity for wind power generation. This is based on mathematical modeling of load frequency control systems, which captures their nonlinear (saturation and rate limiting) dynamical characteristics, and stochastic uncertainty of wind power output deviation. The method called stochastic linearization is used to analyze resulting power quality. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined by numerical simulation.     

Level-crossing statistics of the horizontal wind speed in the planetary surface boundary layer

The probability density of the times for which the horizontal wind remains above or below a given threshold speed is of some interest in the fields of renewable energy generation and pollutant dispersal. However there appear to be no analytic or conceptual models which account for the observed power law form of the distribution of these episode lengths over a range of over three decades, from a few tens of seconds to a day or more. We reanalyze high resolution wind data and demonstrate the fractal character of the point process generated by the wind speed level crossings. We simulate the fluctuating wind speed by a Markov process which approximates the characteristics of the real (non-Markovian) wind and successfully generates a power law distribution of episode lengths. However, fundamental questions concerning the physical basis for this behavior and the connection between the properties of a continuous-time stochastic process and the fractal statistics of the point process generated by its level crossings remain unanswered. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

A numerical study of the effects of design parameters on the acoustics noise of a high efficiency propeller

A numerical study of a high efficiency propeller in the aerodynamic noise generation is carried out. Based on RANS, three-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to obtain the aerodynamic performance of the propeller. The result of the aerodynamic analysis is given as input of the acoustic calculation. The sound is calculated using the Farassat 1A, which is derived from Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equation, and compared with the data of wind tunnel. The propeller is modified for noise reduction by changing its geometrical parameters such as diameter, chord width and pitch angle. The trend of variation between aerodynamic analysis data and acoustic calculation result are compared and discussed for different modification tasks. Meaningful conclusions are drawn on the noise reduction of propeller.