Optimization of the probe-forming system for a scanning nuclear microprobe based on the ÉGP-10 electrostatic tandem accelerator

The probe-forming system of a nuclear scanning microprobe based on the parametric multiplets of quadrupole lenses is optimized. The optimization is aimed at creating an ion probe with energy of several MeV that produces a micrometer spot on the target at a current of ∼100 pA. The influence of different geometric and physical parameters on the ion-optical properties of the probe-forming systems considered is determined. The optimization is carried out by varying the parameters specifying a given parametric multiplet, and its efficiency is found from a quality criterion that takes into account the beam current for given sizes of the spot and target. The beam parameters at the entrance to and at the exit from the éGP-10 electrostatic tandem accelerator (produced by the VNIIéF) are involved in the optimizing calculations. These are the maximal energy, normalized brightness, transport conditions, and chromatic inhomogeneity of the beam (i.e., the energy straggling of beam particles). Allowance is also made for the parasitic components of the magnetic quadrupole lens field, which arise because of quadrupole symmetry breaking by technological and physical reasons.     

考虑磁透镜边缘场的质子成像系统优化设计

高能质子照相系统由四极磁透镜和准直器组成,实际透镜的边缘场将影响成像系统的性能.本文将含边缘场的磁场梯度用贝尔函数近似,提出了一种含边缘场的成像系统优化方法.通过Geant 4程序模拟了能量为1.6 GeV的质子成像系统,并通过优化方法给出了考虑边缘场的优化后的系统参数.研究了考虑边缘场时的成像系统参数对准直器孔径的影响.通过对比理想成像系统和优化前后的成像系统在使用准直器时的客体通量分布,研究了边缘场对质子通过客体的通量影响.结果表明,优化后的成像系统可以减小质子通过客体后的通量误差,并且积分差值在10^–2量级时,准直器的孔径参数变化亦在10^–2量级.     

On the chromatic aberration of magnetic lenses with a field distribution in the form of an inverse power low (B(z) ∝ z)

The chromatic aberration of magnetic lenses with the field distribution in the forms of inverse law have been studied by analytical and digital methods. These aberrations can be expressed in terms of Bessel function of fraction order. Analytical expressions for chromatic aberration coefficients of the spherical field model, which is useful for the study of single-pole magnetic lenses, are given.     

Semianalytical theory of focusing synchrotron radiation by an arbitrary system of parabolic refracting lenses and the problem of nano-focusing

It has been shown that an arbitrary system of parabolic refracting lenses does not change the shape of the Gaussian wave function of a synchrotron radiation beam. Only three parameters of the wave function change, for which the recurrent formulas are derived. These formulas allow one to perform quickly and accurately the calculation of optical properties of an arbitrary system of lenses. The parameters of the radiation beam calculated by the developed method have been compared to the results of the theory of continuously refracting lens. It has been shown that both approaches give surprisingly close values. The problem of focusing the beam to a nanometer size is discussed. A two-lens system has been proposed, which can provide a five-fold increase in the number of photons inside the focus, although we failed to decrease the beam size.     

A study on effect of current density on magnetic lenses

Attention has been concentrated on the effect of the current density on magnetic objective lens design. The optical properties of various objective lens types have been investigated in terms of current density σ. Arrangement of energizing coil on symmetric magnetic electron lenses also, has been examined. Favorable current density σ regions are estimated for the iron polepiece and iron free magnetic lenses.     

基于边界元方法的超导核磁共振成像设备高阶轴向匀场线圈优化算法

在磁共振成像设备中,为了消除目标区域内的高阶谐波磁场分量,传统方法采用无源匀场,但该方法匀场精度较低,针对性较差,适用于全局匀场,而有源匀场则可以通过优化线圈分布来产生所需要的特定的磁场分布.但是,由于匀场线圈线型的复杂度会随着线圈阶数的增加而增加,难以满足设计需要,因此本文提出了一种用于磁共振成像超导匀场线圈系统的多变量非线性优化设计方法.该方法基于边界元方法,将匀场线圈所产生的磁场与目标磁场之间的偏差作为目标函数,线匝间距、线圈半径等作为约束条件,通过非线性优化算法,得到满足设计要求的线圈分布.通过一个中心磁场为0.5 T的开放式双平面磁共振成像超导轴向匀场线圈的设计案例,说明本方法具有计算效率高、灵活性好的特点.     

GREEN'S FUNCTION THEORY OF THE KONDO LATTICE(I) —MAGNETIC ORDERING AND KONDO EFFECT

The periodic s-d model is investigated by Green's function methods. A closed set of equations for Green's function of Kondo-lattice system and a formula of single electron self-energy are obtained in the presence of a broken rotational symmetry. The formula can-be used to discuss low temperature anomalous properties of Kondo-lattice system with spontaneous magnetization or in an external magnetic field. We have evaluated the influence of magnetic ordering on logarithmic sin-gularity of electron self-energy by perturbative method to Leading logarithmic order (LLO).The result obtained indiGates there exists a competition between Kondo effect and Zong range magnetic ordering. The static susceptibility in the paramagnetic case has been evaluated, too.     

Magnetic properties of CrSb compounds with zinc-blende and wurtzite structures

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of Cr-Sb compounds with zinc-blende and wurtzite structure have been studied by means of the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) band structure method. The occurrence of a half-metallic behavior has been investigated for the bulk systems as a function of lattice parameter, as well as for thin films deposited on different substrates. In the latter case the influence of the surface and interface on the electronic structure is discussed in addition. To study magnetic order in the bulk and within the films, exchange coupling parameters have been calculated from first principles. They have been used for subsequent Monte Carlo simulations, based on a classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian, to obtain the Curie temperature.     

A different algebraic method for the fifth-order combined geometric-chromatic aberrations of practical magnetic electron lenses

In this paper, differential algebraic (DA) method is applied to fifth-order combined geometric-chromatic aberrations of practical magnetic electron lenses. The magnetic fields of magnetic electron lenses, which are computed by FEM or FDM method, are in the form of discrete arrays. Thus the developed new DA method is applicable to engineering design and programs were written for computing the fifth-order combined geometric-chromatic aberrations of practical magnetic electron lenses. An example is given. The combined geometric-chromatic aberrations up to fifth order are calculated. It is proved that the numerical results for the magnetic fields in the form of discrete arrays have good accuracy compared with the results computed by using the magnetic fields expressed in analytical form. The accuracy is limited only by the accuracy of the numerical computation of the fields and the arithmetic errors. Finally, a practical magnetic electron lens is analyzed and discussed as an example.     

Magnetic properties of a mixed spin-1 and spin-2 Heisenberg ferrimagnetic system: Green’s function study

The magnetic behaviors of a mixed spin-1 and spin-2 Heisenberg ferrimagnetic system on a square lattice are studied by using the double-time temperature-dependent Green’s function technique. In order to decouple the higher order Green’s functions, Anderson and Callen’s decoupling and random phase approximations have been used. The system is described in the presence of an external magnetic field. We illustrate the influences of the nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions and the single-ion anisotropies with an external magnetic field on compensation and critical temperatures. We found that the system that includes only the nearest-neighbor interaction and the single-ion anisotropies does not have a compensation temperature. When the next-nearest-neighbor interactions exceed a certain minimum value, a compensation temperature begins to appear. For some negative values of single-ion anisotropies, there exist first-order phase transitions. The system has first-order phase transition properties when it is under the influence of an external magnetic field.     

Differential algebraic method for computing the high order aberrations of practical electron lenses

Differential algebraic method is of an effective technique in computer numerical analysis. It implements exactly differentiation up to arbitrary high order based on the nonstandard analysis. Some complicated nonlinear dynamics problems including high order aberrations of electron optics systems can be solved by mapping properties of differential algebraic quantities. However, the existing electron optical differential algebraic method can only be applied to those problems where the electric and/or magnetic fields are expressed in analytic forms. In this paper, the principle of differential algebraic method is applied to practical electron lenses whose electric/magnetic fields are in the forms of discrete arrays, for example, the files computed by FEM or FDM method. Thus the developed new differential algebraic method is applicable to engineering design. The programs were written for computing the high order aberrations of practical electron lenses. An example is given to show that the numerical results have good accuracy compared with the results computed by using the electric fields expressed in analytical form; the accuracy is limited only by the accuracy of the numerical computation of the fields and the arithmetic errors, and it is enough for engineering design.     

Monte Carlo study on bilayer thin films magnetic properties dependence with discontinouos anisotropy parameters

In the last few years there has been significant interest in the field of thin films, due to numerous specific phenomena related to the low dimension of these systems, and to the large opportunities in development of high technologies based on their specific magnetic and electronic properties. When dealing with systems of reduced dimensionality it is important to take into account the influence of magnetic anisotropies. In this paper we investigate the magnetic properties of bilayer thin film. This behavior is modeled using Monte Carlo simulations, in the Extended Anisotropic Heisenberg Model. The magnetization, out-of-plane and in-plane magnetic susceptibilities, and also the specific heat bearings according to temperature are investigated in order to find the potential magnetic ordering phases and the critical temperatures, for two sets parameter assignments. For quasi-uniform anisotropy parameters of the film we detect the ferromagnetism-paramagnetism transition and then, by changing the model parameters values, we relieve a short range ferromagnetic ordering phase arising from the antiferromagnetic base layer coupling influence and from easy-plane anisotropy discontinuity on the layers interface.      

圆孔液晶透镜的ZEMAX设计与优化

液晶透镜是自由3D显示的新器件,其原理是利用基于向列相液晶指向矢随外加电场作用发生变化的光电特性。本文提出一种简易准确的透镜参数设计和优化方案。以单圆孔结构的液晶透镜为例,利用光学软件ZEMAX和焦距缩放法对圆孔结构的液晶透镜的参数加以设计并优化。分析液晶透镜的像差,评价成像质量。结果表明,优化后的液晶透镜的像差明显减小,3.5°视场下,弥散斑均方根半径RMS值由248.118μm减小到62.192μm,为原来的25.1%;光学调制传递函数MTF值明显改善。最后实验测试验证了液晶透镜阵列的衍射光斑亮度及清晰度均显著提高。     

基于改进禁忌搜索算法的液体透镜系统优化设计

建立了一套最新的优化概念,以便于液体透镜在一般光学系统中的优化设计。由于液体透镜拥有多个离散的变焦位置,设计时不得不在其中选择多个位置作为阻尼最小二乘法(DLS)的初始优化点。而这些位置通常是由设计者凭经验来选择的,不同的选择不仅会对设计过程带来不同的影响,而且会给设计结果带来本质的不同。基于此提出了一套改进禁忌搜索(ITS)算法,从而实现在DLS算法优化的过程中液体透镜变焦位置的自动选取,从而得到更佳的成像效果。     

周期性磁谐振材料本构参数的理论分析

将薄的磁谐振介质板等效为面磁流, 利用周期性边界条件, 给出了面磁流的指数形式. 通过计算无穷个面磁流在不同空间位置上产生的总电场和总磁场, 推导出了周期性磁谐振人工材料的色散关系和布洛赫阻抗, 进而获取了布洛赫本构参数的理论计算公式. 由于考虑了磁谐振人工材料中的电反谐振对布洛赫介电常数和磁导率的影响, 所以基于仿真实验的布洛赫本构参数的提取值和布洛赫本构参数理论预测值之间的误差很小, 这说明本文推导的布洛赫本构参数的理论计算公式在描述周期性磁谐振材料的电磁特性方面是十分有效的. 这些理论公式将在解释磁谐振现象、设计和优化周期性磁谐振材料等方面提供重要的理论依据. 关键词： 周期性结构 磁谐振 布洛赫本构参数 面磁流     

Diffraction of partially coherent X‐rays in clessidra prism arrays

When small triangular prisms are arranged in arrays which have an overall appearance like an hourglass (in Italian: clessidra) they can focus X‐rays owing to a combined action of diffraction and refraction. From the optical point of view these objects can be regarded as a Fresnel variant of concave transmission lenses. Consequently they can provide larger apertures than purely refractive lenses. However, one has to recognize that clessidra lenses will strongly diffract as the lens structure is periodic in the direction perpendicular to the incident beam. In experiments the diffraction is reduced because it is difficult to illuminate the large apertures with a full spatially coherent wavefront. So the illumination is at best partially coherent. In order to interpret available experimental data for this condition, diffraction theory has been applied appropriately to the clessidra structure, taking into account the limited spatial coherence. The agreement between the theoretical simulations and experimental data is very good, keeping the lens properties at their projected values and allowing for only two free model parameters. The first is the lateral spatial coherence; the second is a lens defect, a rounding of all edges and tips in the structure. Both values obtained from the simulations have been found to be in agreement with expectations.     

Field dependent specific heat and longitudinal magnetization of the quantum magnet layer Cs2CuCl4: Anisotropy effects

We have addressed the specific heat and magnetization of an anisotropic spin-1/2 triangular Heisenberg antiferromagnet Cs₂CuCl₄ in the presence of magnetic field at finite temperature. We have investigated the behavior of thermodynamic properties by means of excitation spectrum in terms of a hard core bosonic representation. The effect of in-plane anisotropy on thermodynamic properties has also been studied via the bosonic model by Green’s function approach. This anisotropy is considered for exchange constants that couple spin components perpendicular to magnetic field direction. We have found the temperature dependence of the specific heat and longitudinal magnetization in the gapped field induced spin-polarized phase for various magnetic fields and anisotropy parameters. Furthermore we have studied the magnetic field dependence of specific heat and magnetization for various anisotropy parameters. Our results show temperature dependence of specific heat includes a peak so that its temperature position goes to higher temperature with increase of magnetic field. We have found the magnetic field dependence of specific heat shows a monotonic decreasing behavior for various magnetic fields due to increase of energy gap in the excitation spectrum.     

Optimum design of aspheric collimation lenses for optical antenna system

Three kinds of aspheric collimation lenses for optical antenna have been design by optimization. The aspheric cylinder collimation lenses with aspheric surfaces (such as elliptic, hyperbolic and parabolic marginal profiles) have been researched for the semiconductor laser beam with the characteristic of dot emitting source. Based on genetic algorithm and the optimization toolbox of MTLAB, the divergence angle has been optimized. The collimation divergence angle is less than 115 μrad has been measured by laser beam analyzer. This optimum design laser beam collimation lenses as a pre-collimation system can be used for optical antenna system. And it can be widely used in modern space laser communication.     

无人机姿态控制器设计及仿真

由于无人机模型的非线性和参数的时变性,传统PID方法设计的控制器动静态性能可能会变得很差,针对这种问题,设计了适合于某型无人机的模糊自适应姿态控制器。对于模糊控制器的隶属函数选择中盲目性的问题,利用粒子群优化算法对隶属函数进行智能寻优,降低设计过程中专家主观意向对控制器性能不确定性的影响。仿真结果表明,本文设计的控制器相对传统PID有更好的动静态性能,并且对于模型参数的时变性具有一定的鲁棒性。     

细电子束像差与畸变参量非劣解中的最优解

以电子束偏转磁场的像差和畸变为目标,对参量进行非劣解中找出贴近理想的最优解。以SDS-3电子束曝光机的磁复合偏转系统为基础,分析了像差与电子束主轨迹的关系。并给出了磁聚焦和静电的偏转场相复合情况下竖轴的3级几何像差系数和1级色差系数公式。应用中表明,复合系统结构简单紧凑,像差小而可以不用动态校正。