Fully room‐temperature‐fabricated TiN/TaOx/Pt nonvolatile memory devices

The reliable resistive switching properties of TiN/TaO_x/Pt structures fabricated with a fully room‐temperature process are demonstrated in this letter. The devices exhibited a low operation voltage of 0.6 V as well as good endurance up to 10⁵ cycles. No data loss was reported upon continuous readout for more than 10⁴ s at 125 °C. Multilevel storage is feasible due to the dependence of the low resistance state (LRS) on the initial “SET” (switch from high to low RS) compliance current. The values of LRS showed no dependence on the size of the device, which correlated with the localized conductive filament mechanism. This nonvolatile multilevel memory effect and the fully room‐temperature fabrication process make the TiN/TaO_x/Pt memory devices promising for future nonvolatile memory application. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Atomistic simulation of Pt trimer on Pt(1 1 1) surface

The diffusion of Platinum trimer on Pt(1 1 1) is studied at different temperatures by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The structure stability is studied by cluster binding energy. The interaction between adatoms and surface atoms is discussed based on the calculated phonon density of state of Pt trimer. The diffusion coefficients of Pt trimer are derived from mean square displacement of cluster’s mass-center, which is obtained by long simulation times (?0.2 s) and tracing of interstitial atoms on surface. Then the diffusion prefactor and migration energy are deduced from Arrhenius relation. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with experiment. In addition, using the diffusion prefactor and migration energy, the efficiency of Pt trimer as a critical nucleus for three-dimensional growth of thin films is discussed.     

Light Auxiliary Hydrogen‐Evolution Catalyst Based on Uniformly Pt Nanoparticles Decorated Molybdenum Sulfide Hybrids

The electrocatalytic splitting of water via hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is one of the most efficient technologies for hydrogen production, while the massive consumption of precious Pt‐based catalysts hinders its commercialization, bringing an urgent task to explore low‐cost and earth‐abundant alternatives. Herein, a cost‐efficient system composed of metal Pt/molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) nanosheets hybrids for the HER by auxiliary of solar light is reported. The uniformly Pt nanoparticle decorated MoS₂ sheets can be easily obtained under hydrothermal condition using oleylamine as capping agent and N,N‐dimethylmethanamide (DMF) as intercalation molecule for MoS₂ exfoliation. The Pt/MoS₂ hybrid shows a significantly enhanced HER activity compared with bare MoS₂ due to enhancing conductivity and reducing overpotential by electron transport between Pt and MoS₂. As a result, a Tafel slope of 38 mV per decade is obtained, suggesting a highly efficient Volmer–Heyrovsky reaction of hydrogen evolution.     

双光栅切换微型平场全息凹面光栅光谱仪

基于CCD的微型平场全息凹面光栅光谱仪,以其简单紧凑的结构和快速高效的工作方式在光谱分析领域获得了广泛的应用。但是,由于受限于色散距离,单纯依靠优化光栅像差很难进一步使光谱分辨率获得大幅提高。提出一种双光栅切换微型平场全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计方法,用两个使用结构相同的光栅代替传统的单光栅设计,给出一个光谱范围为400～1000nm光谱仪的具体设计,计算显示光谱分辨率最大可提高为原来的2.5倍。通过对光栅衍射效率的计算分析,说明此方法能够显著改善仪器的通光效率。设计制作了原理样机,进行了装调测试,实验结果与理论计算相吻合。     

The Lyapunov Spectrum Is Not Always Concave

We characterize one-dimensional compact repellers having non-concave Lyapunov spectra. For linear maps with two branches we give an explicit condition that characterizes non-concave Lyapunov spectra. The first author was partially supported by Proyecto Fondecyt 11070050. Both authors were partially supported by Research Network on Low Dimensional Systems, PBCT/CONICYT, Chile.     

大离轴量凹面取样镜的设计

根据系统的使用要求以及椭球面特有的成像性质,提出使用离轴椭球面来完成光束取样和完善成像的设计方式.利用设计输入,计算出镜面的初始结构参数,得到离轴椭球面的二次曲线方程,将计算结果带入光学设计软件ZEMAX中验证成像质量.结果表明:离轴椭球面不但将物点和像点分开,减小了系统的长度,而且在像点处成完善像,将离轴成像转换为轴上成像,使后续光斑成像系统的高质量成像易于实现.     

双光栅平场全息凹面光栅光谱仪的优化设计

提出了双光栅平场全息凹面光栅光谱仪的优化设计方法.将使用波段一分为二,由两个使用结构相同的平场全息凹面光栅分别进行光谱成像以达到提高光谱分辨率的目的.根据全息凹面光栅像差理论,对光栅的使用结构和两光栅各自的制作结构进行优化求解以校正离焦、像散、彗差和球差等各种像差.据此原理设计了工作波段为200~800 nm、探测器长...     

用双计算全息图检测凹非球面

为实现对凹非球面的高精度检测,提出并设计了一种二元纯相位型双计算全息图.设计的双计算全息图由主全息和对准全息两部分组成,分别用于检测非球面和精确定位主全息.介绍了双计算全息图的工作原理及其设计方法,并给出了一个检测Φ140、F/2抛物面反射镜的双计算全息图设计实例,实验得到的均方根(RMS)误差为0.062λ.通过分析对准全息的误差,推导出主全息的条纹位置畸变误差,最后计算出其综合误差为0.06A.为验证实验结果的可靠性,将其与平面镜自准直检测结果(ERMS=0.062A)比较,结果二者吻合良好.     

Conformational analysis of N‐phenyl‐ and N‐trifyl‐4,4‐dimethyl‐4‐silathiane 1‐sulfimides

N‐Substituted 4,4‐dimethyl‐4‐silathiane 1‐sulfimides [R = Ph ( 1 ), CF₃ ( 2 )] were studied experimentally by variable temperature dynamic NMR spectroscopy. Low temperature ¹³C NMR spectra of the two compounds revealed the frozen ring inversion process and approximately equal content of the axial and equatorial conformers. Calculations of the 4‐silathiane derivatives 1 , 2 and the model compound [R = Me ( 3 )] as well as their carbon analogs, the similarly N‐substituted thiane 1‐sulfimides [R = Ph ( 4 ), CF₃ ( 5 ), Me ( 6 )] at the DFT/B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level in the gas phase and in chloroform solution using the PCM model at the same level of theory showed a strong dependence of the relative stability of the conformer on the solvent. The electronegative trifluoromethyl group increases the relative stability of the axial conformer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian linear‐in‐spin binary Hamiltonians

The next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian spin‐orbit and spin(1)‐spin(2) Hamiltonians for binary compact objects in general relativity are derived. The Arnowitt‐Deser‐Misner canonical formalism and its generalization to spinning compact objects in general relativity are presented and a fully reduced matter‐only Hamiltonian is obtained. Several simplifications using integrations by parts are discussed. Approximate solutions to the constraints and evolution equations of motion are provided. Technical details of the integration procedures are given including an analysis of the short‐range behavior of the integrands around the sources. The Hamiltonian of a test‐spin moving in a stationary Kerr spacetime is obtained by rather simple approach and used to check parts of the mentioned results. Kinematical consistency checks by using the global (post‐Newtonian approximate) Poincaré algebra are applied. Along the way a self‐contained overview for the computation of the 3PN ADM point‐mass Hamiltonian is provided, too.     

Ru(III), Os(VIII), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) catalysed oxidation of glycyl–glycine by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide: comparative mechanistic aspects and kinetic modelling

The Ru(III)/Os(VIII)/Pd(II)/Pt(IV)‐catalysed kinetics of oxidation of glycyl–glycine (Gly‐Gly) by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐ toluenesulfonamide (chloramine‐T; CAT) in NaOH medium has been investigated at 308 K. The stoichiometry and oxidation products in each case were found to be the same but their kinetic patterns observed are different. Under comparable experimental conditions, the oxidation‐kinetics and mechanistic behaviour of Gly‐Gly with CAT in NaOH medium is different for each catalyst and obeys the underlying rate laws:

• Rate = k [CAT]_t [Gly‐Gly]⁰ [Ru(III)][OH^?]^x
• Rate = k [CAT]_t[Gly‐Gly]^x [Os(VIII)]^y[OH^?]^z
• Rate = k [CAT]_t[Gly‐Gly]^x [Pd(II)][OH^?]^y
• Rate = k [CAT]_t[Gly‐Gly]⁰ [Pt(IV)]^x[OH^?]^y

Here, and x, y, z < 1 in all the cases. The anion of CAT, CH₃C₆H₄SO₂NCl^?, has been postulated as the common reactive oxidising species in all the cases. Under comparable experimental conditions, the relative ability of these catalysts towards oxidation of Gly‐Gly by CAT are in the order: Os(VIII) > Ru(III) > Pt(IV) > Pd(II). This trend may be attributed to the different d‐electronic configuration of the catalysts. Further, the rates of oxidation of all the four catalysed reactions have been compared with uncatalysed reactions, under identical experimental conditions. It was found that the catalysed reaction rates are 7‐ to 24‐fold faster. Based on the observed experimental results, detailed mechanistic interpretation and the related kinetic modelling have been worked out for each catalyst. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of energy and force of Pt adatom on Pt (0 0 1) surface by MAEAM

The energy and perpendicular force of a Pt adatom on Pt (0 0 1) surface have been calculated by MAEAM. With increasing the distance of the adatom from the surface, the energy and force maps can be classified into four regions: repulsive region, transformed region, strongly attractive region and weakly attractive region. In repulsive region, the maximum (minimum) values of the energy and repulsive force appear on the top (hole) of the first layer atoms of Pt (0 0 1) surface due to stronger pair-potential interaction. In other regions, the energy and force maps are more complicated than those in repulsive region due to the effects of the many body interactions and nonspherical distribution of the electrons of the atoms in crystal. The most stable position is 0.1664 nm above the hole of the first layer atoms for a Pt adatom on Pt (0 0 1) surface.     

Next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian spin‐orbit Hamiltonian for self‐gravitating binaries

We present the next‐to‐next‐to‐leading order post‐Newtonian (PN) spin‐orbit Hamiltonian for two self‐gravitating spinning compact objects. If at least one of the objects is rapidly rotating, then the corresponding interaction is comparable in strength to a 3.5PN effect. The result in the present paper in fact completes the knowledge of the post‐Newtonian Hamiltonian for binary spinning black holes up to and including 3.5PN. The Hamiltonian is checked via known results for the test‐spin case and via the global Poincaré algebra with the center‐of‐mass vector uniquely determined by an ansatz.     

Use of N‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide in N‐chlorination reactions

Second‐order rate constants (k₂) were determined for the addition of ten nitrogenous organic compounds (benzylamine, 2,2,2‐trifluoethylamine chlorhidrate, methylamine chlorhidrate, glycine ethyl ester chlorhidrate, glycine, glycylglycine chlorhidrate, morpholine, pyperidine, pyperazine and dimethylamine) to the N‐chloro‐N‐methyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide (NCNMPT) in the formation reaction of N‐chloramines in aqueous solution at 25 °C and ionic strength 0.5 M. The series of nucleophiles considered is structurally very varied and covers five pK_a units. The kinetic behaviour is similar for all compounds, being the elementary step the transfer of chlorine from the NCNMPT molecule to the nitrogen of the free amino group. These reactions were found first order in both reagents. The values of the rate constants indicate that the more basic amines produce N‐chloramines more readily. Rate constants for the nucleophilic attack are shown to correlate with literature data for some of these nitrogenous organic compounds in their reaction with N‐methyl‐N‐nitroso‐p‐toluenesulfonamide. Both reactions involve that the rate determining step is the attack of nitrogenous compounds upon electrophilic centre (Cl or else NO group). NCNMPT is a particularly interesting substrate, for which has not hitherto been published kinetic information, that allows us to assess the efficiency and the competitiveness of this reaction and compare it with other agents with a Cl⁺ atom. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.