Frictional effect of ultrasonic-vibration on upsetting

The ultrasonic-vibration ring compression test and finite element analysis were performed on aluminum alloy specimens to explore the frictional effect of superimposing ultrasonic-vibration during upsetting. The extrapolated compression test was first adopted to obtain the frictionless material properties for finite element analysis. Experimental results of extrapolated compression test also indicate that ultrasonic-vibration can reduce the compressive force when friction is eliminated and can increase the temperatures of a material at the same time.The following results of the hot extrapolated compression test and the hot ring compression test reveal that increasing temperature by ultrasonic-vibration may reduce the flow stress and increase the interfacial friction. Finally, finite element analysis was conducted to derive the friction calibration curves and to evaluate the friction factor.     

高温处理后活性粉末混凝土动力学行为及本构模型研究

 利用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,采用铅片作为整形器,分别对常温下及400、600、800 ℃高温处理后的活性粉末混凝土（Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC）试样进行单轴冲击压缩实验,研究高温后RPC材料的动态力学性能,建立高温处理后材料的率型本构模型。结果表明：经不同高温处理后的RPC材料的动态抗压强度和韧性指标均有较明显的应变率敏感性,而峰值应变、初始弹性模量受应变率影响不大;不同应变率下,400 ℃以上高温处理后RPC材料的单轴动态压缩力学性能有所降低。扫描电镜分析表明,高温处理后RPC材料微观结构的劣化是宏观力学性能降低的根本原因。对ZWT粘弹性本构模型进行了修正,修正后的模型适用于混凝土材料经高温处理后的率型本构关系的分析。     

Effect of ZnAl2O4 coating on the compressive behaviors of aluminum borate whiskers-reinforced aluminum composites at elevated temperatures

Aluminum borate whiskers (ABOw) with or without ZnAl₂O₄ coating reinforced pure aluminum composites (ABOw/Al, ABOw/ZnAl₂O₄/Al) were fabricated by squeeze casting. The effects of ZnAl₂O₄ coating on the compressive behaviors, microstructures, and matrix textures of the composites were investigated at different temperatures and strain rates. The results indicate that the maximum compressive flow stress of the composites almost linearly decreases with the increase in temperature. The maximum compressive flow stress of ABOw/ZnAl₂O₄/Al composite is higher than that of ABOw/Al composite at the same temperature when the strain rate is larger, however, it is reversed when the strain rate is smaller. It is more serious for the fracture of whiskers in ABOw/ZnAl₂O₄/Al composite than that in ABOw/Al composite at the high compressive strain rate. However, the average length of whiskers in ABOw/ZnAl₂O₄/Al composite is larger than that in ABOw/Al composite at the low compressive strain rate. The strong matrix texture in ABOw/ZnAl₂O₄/Al composite appears at the high compressive strain rate, however, it is observed in ABOw/Al composite at the low compressive strain rate.     

Effect of hot deformation temperature on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared by spark plasma sintering

The magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets at different hot deformation temperatures have been investigated. The results showed that the optimum magnetic and mechanical properties and the highest crystallographic alignment of Nd-Fe-B magnets were obtained at 700 °C, and the possible reasons were analyzed. The microstructures show that abnormal grain growth is not observed at 650 °C; there exist many small spherical grains, and these small grains do not align during die upsetting. The average size of the grains and the volume fraction of coarse grains increase with increase in deformation temperature. The coarse grains do not align during die upsetting, and the non-alignment regions enlarge with increase in deformation temperature.     

温度和应变速率耦合作用下纳米晶Ni压缩行为研究

本文利用低温力学测试系统研究了电化学沉积纳米晶Ni在不同温度和宽应变速率条件下的压缩行为. 借助应变速率敏感指数、激活体积、扫描电子显微镜及高分辨透射电子显微镜方法, 对纳米晶Ni的压缩塑性变形机理进行了表征. 研究表明, 在较低温度条件下, 纳米晶Ni的塑性变形主要是由晶界位错协调变形主导, 晶界本征位错引出后无阻碍的在晶粒内无位错区运动, 直至在相对晶界发生类似切割林位错行为. 并且, 在协调塑性变形时引出位错的残留位错能够增加应变相容性和减小应力集中; 在室温条件下, 纳米晶Ni的塑性变形机理主要是晶界-位错协调变形与晶粒滑移/旋转共同主导. 利用晶界位错协调变形机理和残留位错运动与温度及缺陷的相关性揭示了纳米晶Ni在不同温度、不同应变速率条件下力学压缩性能差异的内在原因.     

Effect of upsetting deformation temperature on the formation of the fine-grained cast alloy structure of the Ni–Mn–Ga system

The plastic behavior during deformation by upsetting and its effect on the microstructure in the polycrystalline Ni_2.19Fe_0.04Mn_0.77Ga alloy are studied. The temperatures of martensitic and magnetic phase transformations were determined by the method for analyzing the temperature dependence of the specific magnetization as M _F = 320 K, A _S = 360 K, and T _C = 380 K. Using differential scanning calorimetry, it is shown that the phase transition from the ordered phase L2₁ to the disordered phase B2 is observed in the alloy during sample heating in the temperature range of 930–1070 K. The melting temperature is 1426 K. An analysis of the load curves constructed for sample deposition at temperatures of 773, 873, and 973 K shows that the behavior of the stress–strain curve at a temperature of 773 K is inherent to cold deformation. The behavior of the dependences for 873 and 973 K is typical of hot deformation. After deforming the alloy, its microstructure is studied using backscattered scanning electron microscopy. Plastic deformation of the alloy at study temperatures results in grain structure fragmentation in the localized deformation region. At all temperatures, a recrystallized grain structure is observed. It is found that the structure is heterogeneously recrystallized after upsetting at 973 K due to the process intensity at such a high temperature. The alloy microstructure after plastic deformation at a temperature of 873 K is most homogeneous in terms of the average grain size.     

Effect of misfit strain on the electrocaloric effect of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer thin films

Based on the phenomenological Landau-Devonshire theory, we investigate the effect of misfit strain on the electrocaloric effect of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer thin films. Theoretical analysis indicates that the compressive misfit strain reduces the working temperature to a great extent where the electrocaloric effect is maximized, which is different from the result of the conventional ferroelectric thin films, such as BaTiO₃. Although the compressive or tensile misfit strain does not change the maximum of the electrocaloric coefficient, the compressive misfit strain decreases the maximum of the adiabatic temperature change and the tensile misfit strain results in the opposite effect. Consequently, control of the misfit strain provides potential means to vary the working temperature for use in cooling systems.     

铁电薄膜漏电流的应变调控

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理并结合非平衡格林函数, 探讨了应变对 BaTiO₃ 铁电薄膜漏电流的影响规律.研究表明,压应变能有效地抑制BaTiO₃ 铁电薄膜漏电流, 特别是当压应变为4%时,其漏电流相对无应变状态降低了近10 倍.通过考察体系的透射系数和电子态密度发现: 一方面压应变状态下铁电隧道结的透射几率要比张应变时小,特别是在费米面附近;另一方面随着张应变过渡至压应变时,价带的位置逐渐向低能区移动而导带向高能区移动,导致了其带隙的增大, 从而有效抑制了漏电流. 本研究为寻找抑制铁电薄膜漏电流,提高铁电薄膜及铁电存储器的性能提供合适的方法. 关键词： 铁电薄膜 双轴应变 漏电流 第一性原理     

高温SHPB冲击实验技术及其应用

 为研究高温下材料的动态力学性能,研制了一套适用于分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）高温冲击实验的温控系统。利用该温控系统和Φ100 mm常规SHPB装置,对混凝土在高温下的动态力学性能进行了实验研究,实验温度分别为20、200、400、600、800和1 000 ℃。结果表明：由管式实时加热装置和箱式预加热炉组成的温控系统操作方便,实验效率高,试件组装方法简便可行;热传导导致的试件温度分布不均匀和压杆局部温升对实验结果产生的影响可以忽略,实验技术可靠;高温下混凝土动态力学性能的温度效应十分明显,相同冲击速率下,随温度升高,平均应变率逐渐增大,动态应力-应变曲线逐渐表现出塑性特性,动态抗压强度随温度升高先增大后减小,动态峰值应变随温度升高不断增大。     

Compressive strength and hot deformation mechanisms in as-cast Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca (ABaX422) alloy

The behaviour of an as-cast ABaX422 Mg alloy has been evaluated with regard to its compressive strength in the temperature range 25–250?°C and hot working characteristics in the range 260–500?°C. The microstructure of the as-cast alloy has intermetallic phases Mg₁₇Ba₂ and (Al, Mg)₂Ca at the grain boundaries and is fine grained. The alloy has compressive strength better than AZ31 with Ca and Zn, which was attributed to the finer grain size. A processing map developed to characterize its hot working behaviour revealed two dynamic recrystallization domains in the temperature and strain rate ranges of (1) 300–390?°C/0.0003–0.001?s^?1 and (2) 400–500?°C/0.0003–0.5?s^?1. In the first domain, basal?+?prismatic slip occurs along with recovery by climb while in the second domain, second-order pyramidal slip dominates and recovery occurs by cross-slip. The apparent activation energy estimated in Domains 1 and 2 are 169 and 263?kJ/mol respectively, both being higher than that for self-diffusion suggesting that the intermetallic particles in the matrix cause considerable back stress. Bulk metal working of this alloy may be done in Domain 2 which ensures high workability while finish working may be done in Domain 1 in order to achieve a fine grained component. The alloy exhibits flow instability regimes at higher strain rates, in both the lower and higher temperature regions of the processing map, the manifestation being adiabatic shear band formation and flow localization respectively.     

Application of the time-temperature superposition principle to the mechanical characterization of elastomeric adhesives for crash simulation purposes

In the automotive industry, finite element simulation is widely used to ensure crashworthiness. Mechanical material data over wide strain rate and temperature ranges are required as a basis. This work proposes a method reducing the cost of mechanical material characterization by using the time-temperature superposition principle on elastomeric adhesives. The method is based on the time and temperature interdependence which is characteristic for mechanical properties of polymers. Based on the assumption that polymers behave similarly at high strain rates and at low temperatures, a temperature-dominated test program is suggested, which can be used to deduce strain rate dependent material behavior at different reference temperatures. The temperature shift factor is found by means of dynamic mechanical analysis according to the WLF-equation, named after Williams, Landel and Ferry. The principle is applied to the viscoelastic properties as well as to the failure properties of the polymer. The applicability is validated with high strain rate tests.     

温度、应变率和空位缺陷对氮化硼纳米管压缩性能的影响

采用分子动力学方法,分别模拟了完好的和含有缺陷的氮化硼纳米管的轴向压缩过程。原子间的相互作用采用Tersoff多体势函数来描述。结果表明,同尺寸的锯齿型氮化硼纳米管的临界轴向压缩强度高于扶手型氮化硼纳米管,这与碳纳米管的研究结果一致。发现纳米管的压缩强度,如临界轴向内力在低温下受温度影响明显,并且和应变率的大小有关。然而,应变率对纳米管的弹性变形没有影响。另外,还发现空位缺陷降低了纳米管的力学性能。与完好的纳米管相比,含有缺陷的纳米管轴向压缩强度对于温度的影响并不敏感。     

Conditional analysis of temperature and strain rate effects on dissipation structure in turbulent non-premixed jet flames

This work presents results from simultaneous high-resolution temperature and velocity measurements in a series of turbulent non-premixed jet flames. The filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS)-based temperature measurements demonstrate sufficient signal-to-noise (SNR) and spatial resolution to estimate the smallest scalar length scales and accurately determine dissipation rate fields. A comprehensive set of conditional statistics are used to characterize the small-scale structure, including the dependence of dissipation layer widths on Reynolds number, temperature, and dissipation magnitude. In general, the dissipation layer thickness decrease with increasing Reynolds number and increase with increasing temperature. However, dissipation layer widths show two distinct behaviors with respect to dissipation magnitude. For small dissipation values, increases in magnitude results in broadening of the dissipation layer, while for larger magnitude values of dissipation, the layer widths are thinned, highlighting the complexity of small-scale turbulent mixing. Additionally, measured ratios of the dissipation layer width to the Batchelor length scale are consistent across all Reynolds numbers and agree with previous studies in non-reacting flows. The unique aspect about the current set of measurements is the ability to examine the interaction of dissipation structure with turbulent flow parameters for the first time in turbulent non-premixed flames. Particularly, the strain rate/dissipation relationship is examined and compared to previous studies in non-reacting flows. It is found that the dissipation layers tend to align normal to the principal compressive strain axis and this tendency increases with increasing Reynolds number. For the lowest Reynolds number case, no dependence of the dissipation layer width nor dissipation rate magnitude on strain rate is found. However, for higher Reynolds numbers, a strong dependence of the dissipation layer width and dissipation rate magnitude on the principal compressive strain rate is observed. These results indicate the direct role of the compressive strain rate field on small-scale mixing structure in reacting flows.     

Effect of different heating methods on deformation of metal plate under upsetting mechanism in laser forming

In a laser forming process, different forming mechanisms have different deformation behaviors. The aim of laser forming is to acquire plane strain under an upsetting mechanism, while a plate undergoes a small bending deformation. In some industrial applications, the bending strain should not occur. To achieve high-precision forming, the deformation behaviors of a metal plate when an upsetting mechanism plays a dominant role are studied in the paper. Several heating methods are proposed to reduce the plane strain difference along the thickness direction and little bending deformation resulting from a small temperature difference between the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. The results show that negligible bending deformation and a uniform plastic plane strain field can be obtained by simultaneously heating the top and bottom surfaces with the same process parameters. A conventional scanning method needs a larger spot diameter and slower scanning speed under the upsetting mechanism, but a smaller spot diameter and quicker scanning speed may be selected using the simultaneous heating method, which can greatly widen the potential scope of process parameters.     

A numerical study of contact force in competitive evacuation

Crowd force by the pushing or crushing of people has resulted in a number of accidents in recent decades. The aftermath investigations have shown that the physical interaction of a highly competitive crowd could produce dangerous pressure up to 4500 N/m, which leads to compressive asphyxia or even death. In this paper, a numerical model based on discrete element method(DEM) as referenced from granular flow was proposed to model the evacuation process of a group of highly competitive people, in which the movement of people follows Newton's second law and the body deformation due to compression follows Hertz contact model. The study shows that the clogs occur periodically and flow rate fluctuates greatly if all people strive to pass through a narrow exit at high enough desired velocity. Two types of contact forces acting on people are studied. The first one, i.e., vector contact force, accounts for the movement of the people following Newton's second law. The second one, i.e., scale contact force, accounts for the physical deformation of the human body following the contact law. Simulation shows that the forces chain in crowd flow is turbulent and fragile. A few narrow zones with intense forces are observed in the force field, which is similar to the strain localization observed in granular flow. The force acting on a person could be as high as 4500 N due to force localization, which may be the root cause of compressive asphyxia of people in many crowd incidents.     

In situ measurement of the surface stress evolution during magnetron sputter-deposition of Ag thin film

We measured the evolution of in situ surface stress of Ag thin film during the magnetron sputter deposition. The measurement of force per width of Ag thin film showed that both the surface state and surface stress of Ag layer can be controlled through the variation of the deposition conditions such as the deposition temperature and rate. At room temperature, the force per width curve of Ag film deposited to 1 Å/s showed a typical curve consisting of three stages of surface stress. A brief presence of initial compressive stage and broad tensile maximum resulting in a compressive state had a tendency to disappear with increasing the deposition temperature. Meanwhile, a development of final compressive stage was more at higher temperature. Similar effect was observed but less obvious on increasing the deposition rate.     

Powder metallurgy technology of NiTi shape memory alloy

Powder metallurgy technology was elaborated for consolidation of shape memory NiTi powders. The shape memory alloy was compacted from the prealloyed powder delivered by Memry SA. The powder shows M_s = 10°C and A_s = -34°C as results from DSC measurements. The samples were hot pressed in the as delivered spherical particle's state. The hot compaction was performed in a specially constructed vacuum press, at temperature of 680°C and pressure of 400 MPa. The alloy powder was encapsulated in copper capsules prior to hot pressing to avoid oxidation or carbides formation. The alloy after hot vacuum compaction at 680°C (i.e. within the B2 NiTi stability range) has shown similar transformation range as the powder. The porosity of samples compacted in the as delivered state was only 1%. The samples tested in compression up to ε = 0.06 have shown partial superelastic effect due to martensitic reversible transform- ation which started at the stress above 300 MPa and returned back to ε = 0.015 after unloading. They have shown also a high ultimate compression strength of 1600 MPa. Measurements of the samples temperature changes during the process allowed to detect the temperature increase above 12°C for the strain rate 10^-2 s^-1 accompanied the exothermic martensite transformation during loading and the temperature decrease related to the reverse endothermic transformation during unloading.     

Diffusion-controlled transformation plasticity of steel under externally applied stress

The transformation plasticity of steel during phase transformation under external stress was modelled on a migrating interface diffusion mechanism. Atomic diffusion along the migrating phase interface is assumed to cause transformation plasticity by an accelerated Coble creep. A creep equation on transformation plasticity is derived as a function of transformation rate, temperature and externally applied stress. Predictions are compared with dilatometric measurements during the austenite-to-ferrite and ferrite-to-austenite transformation of steel under various levels of uniaxial compressive stress. Good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental transformation strain. The model proposed also successfully describes the thermally activated behaviour of the transformation strain. The evaluated effective diffusion coefficients on the migrating interface are three to four orders of magnitude larger than those reported for stationary boundaries.     

Effect of strain on electronic and magnetic properties of n-type Cr-doped WSe2 monolayer

Using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory, we study the effect of strain on the electronic and magnetic properties of Cr-doped WSe₂ monolayer. The results show that no magnetic moment is induced in the Cr-doped WSe₂ monolayer without strain. For the Cr substitutions, the impurity states are close to the conduction bands, which indicate n-type doping occurs in this case. Then we applied strain (from −10% to 10%) to the doped system, and find that a little magnetic moment is induced with tensile strain from 6% to 9% and negligible. We find that the influence of strain on the magnetic properties is inappreciable in Cr-doped WSe₂. Moreover, the tensile strain appears to be more effective in reducing the band gap of Cr-doped WSe₂ monolayer than the compressive strain.     

Effect of misfit strain on the electrocaloric effect in epitaxial SrTiO3 thin films

Based on a phenomenological Landau-Devonshire theory, the effect of misfit strain on the electrocaloric effect in epitaxial SrTiO₃ thin films is investigated. Theoretical analysis indicates that both the electrocaloric coefficient and the adiabatic temperature change strongly depend on the misfit strain. Moreover, the maximum of electrocaloric coefficient almost does not change with increasing the compressive or tensile misfit strain. However, the enhancement of misfit strain enlarges both the adiabatic temperature change and the temperature at which it is maximized. Most importantly, the largest room-temperature electrocaloric effect can be attained at a critical misfit strain. Therefore, it may open more opportunities for practical application in refrigeration devices.