铜/水振荡热管传热特性的实验研究

本文所研究的振荡热管为垂直放置的蛇形弯曲封闭循环铜/水热管,由10个直段组成,铜管内径为2 mm,外径4.2 mm,总长1.6 m。蒸发段由电加热块加热,冷凝段为风冷。本文测定了该振荡热管在不同充注率,不同加热功率下的热阻。根据实验现象及对热阻的比较,分析了不同情况下振荡热管不同的传热机理,给出了振荡热管的工作特性,为开发、设计和使用振荡热管提供了参考。     

微型热管传热极限的研究

热管技术已在电子设备散热领域得到广泛应用。热管的传热能力虽然很大,但不能无限加大热负荷。文中讨论了热管的主要极限如沸腾极限、毛细极限、粘性极限、声速极限、携带极限等的理论表达式,就一种实验用微槽平板热管进行了理论计算,得出了毛细极限是实验热管主要传热极限的结论。     

磁流体流动与传热的格子Boltzmann模拟

考虑外加磁场下磁流体中纳米磁性粒子所受的各种作用力,建立了用于模拟磁流体流动与传热特性的两相格子Boltzmann模型,模拟了外加不同方向梯度磁场下平板间磁流体的流动与传热过程,计算了磁流体与平板间对流换热的Nusselt数,分析了磁场梯度方向、大小对Nusselt数的影响．     

新型沟槽道微热管散热性能实验研究

微热管以其效率高、响应快且无能耗,在高功率集成微电子散热方面应用广泛。针对电子器件的小型化、高能耗发展趋势,本文提出一种新型沟槽道微热管结构,对该沟槽道微热管进行稳态和瞬态热性能实验研究,研究了风速、角度、加热功率等因素对该新型热管的热性能影响规律。结果表明,该微热管在整个散热器传热上起主导作用,性能比达到0.88,冷凝端温差为0.8℃,具有良好的均温性,该微热管加热功率为140 W,空气流速1.5 m/s时,换热系数可达2 359 W/(m^2·℃),热阻为0.27℃/W;高功率状态下可保持良好的热扩散性能,有效避免微热管的热应力集中,有望高效解决集成电子器件的散热问题。     

Experimental evidence of zero forward scattering by magnetic spheres

Magnetically induced diffraction patterns by micron sized magnetic spheres dispersed in a ferrofluid disappear at a certain critical magnetic field. This critical field is found to depend on the concentration of the ferrofluid and on the volume of the magnetic spheres. We attribute this effect to the zero forward scattering by magnetic spheres as predicted by Kerker, Wang, and Giles [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 765 (1983)]. We suggest that such a dispersion can be used to study the optical analogues of localization of electrons in condensed matter, the Hall effect, and the anisotropic diffusion, etc. The combination of the micron sized magnetic spheres and the ferrofluid will also be useful to design magnetically tunable photonic devices.     

自激振荡流热管脉冲加热强化传热实验研究

自激振荡流热管也称为脉动热管,是一种新型高效的传热元件。本文提出了采用脉冲加热代替常规连续热源加热强化自激振荡流热管传热的方法,并对其进行了实验研究。实验结果显示,脉冲加热时热管冷、热端壁面温度的振荡频率明显大于连续加热热管的壁面温度振荡频率。在相同的加热功率下,当脉冲宽度在200-1000 ms时,脉冲加热热管的传输热流量与当量导热系数均大于连续加热热管的传输功率和当量导热系数．这表明脉冲加热强化自激振荡流热管传热的方法是可行的．     

Experimental investigation for enhanced ferrofluid heat transfer under magnetic field effect

This paper reports an experimental work on the convective heat transfer of ferrofluid flowing through a heated copper tube in the laminar regime in the presence of magnetic field. Significant enhancement on the heat transfer of ferrofluid by applying various orders of magnetic field is observed in this experiment. Also in this experiment, the effect of magnetic nanoparticles concentrations and magnet position have been investigated. The main reason for the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient could be caused due to remarkable changes in thermophysical properties of ferrofluid under the influence of applied magnetic field.     

Transient magnetoviscosity of dilute ferrofluids

The magnetic field induced change in the viscosity of a ferrofluid, commonly known as the magnetoviscous effect and parameterized through the magnetoviscosity, is one of the most interesting and practically relevant aspects of ferrofluid phenomena. Although the steady state behavior of ferrofluids under conditions of applied constant magnetic fields has received considerable attention, comparatively little attention has been given to the transient response of the magnetoviscosity to changes in the applied magnetic field or rate of shear deformation. Such transient response can provide further insight into the dynamics of ferrofluids and find practical application in the design of devices that take advantage of the magnetoviscous effect and inevitably must deal with changes in the applied magnetic field and deformation. In this contribution Brownian dynamics simulations and a simple model based on the ferrohydrodynamics equations are applied to explore the dependence of the transient magnetoviscosity for two cases: (I) a ferrofluid in a constant shear flow wherein the magnetic field is suddenly turned on, and (II) a ferrofluid in a constant magnetic field wherein the shear flow is suddenly started. Both simulations and analysis show that the transient approach to a steady state magnetoviscosity can be either monotonic or oscillatory depending on the relative magnitudes of the applied magnetic field and shear rate.     

脉动热管的结构改进及其传热特性的实验研究

通过观察脉动热管的运行过程,并分析其存在的缺点,提出对脉动热管的结构进行改进,合理匹配各通道内的 流动阻力,实现工质在热管里的稳定单向流动,以改善加热段的供液情况,提高脉动热管传热性能。并对充灌率、倾角和 通道大小对改进型脉动热管的传热性能的影响进行了实验研究。     

Characterization of a ferrofluid-based thermomagnetic pump for microfluidic applications

We experimentally characterize the performance of a miniature thermomagnetic pump, where suitably imposed temperature and magnetic field gradients are used to drive ferrofluid in a 2 mm diameter glass capillary tube, without application of any external pressure gradient. Such a pump can operate in a hermetically sealed micro electromechanical system configuration without any moving part, and is thus capable of handling microfluidic samples with little risk of contamination. In the experiment, the ferrofluid in the capillary is exposed to a magnetic field using a solenoid; a small resistive heater wrapped on the tube wall is used to create temperature gradient in such a way that the Kelvin body force in the medium produces a net unbalanced axial component. This causes a thermomagnetic pumping action, transporting the ferrofluid in the capillary tube from the colder end to the warmer end. Performance of the thermomagnetic pump is investigated experimentally to characterize the pump pressure head and discharge under different working conditions, namely, the magnetic field strength, heating power, and ferrofluid properties. A comparison with two other field actuation pumps at comparable length scales is also presented. The pump produces higher output at lower power supplies and magnetic field compared to the other two pumps.     

脉动热管的工质流动和传热特性实验研究

建立了半可视化环路型脉动热管的实验台并进行了实验。结果表明,加热功率较小时管内工质的流型是间歇振动,加热功率较大时管内工质的流型是单向脉动流动。随着蒸发器加热功率的增大,热阻减小。随着脉动热管倾角的增加,热阻是先降后增,60°的实验台倾角会使热阻达到最小。蒸发器的加热位置改变后的影响效果并不显著。不凝性气体的含量对蒸发器和冷凝器运行的温度水平和热阻的影响较大。有些结果是首次发现,对改进脉动热管的物理模型有重要参考价值。     

Thermal control of electronic equipment by heat pipes

In the frame of the BRITE-EURAM european programme (KHIEPCOOL project), a literature survey on the main heat pipe and micro heat pipe technologies developed for thermal control of electronic equipment has been carried out. The conventional heat pipes are cylindrical, flat or bellow tubes, using wicks or axial grooves as capillary structures. In the field of micro heat pipes, three and four corner tubes have been developed. The pipes are mounted on single chips, in-line chip arrays or integrated into the component interconnection substrate. The best performances were achieved with Plesch's axially grooved flat miniature heat pipe [1], which is able to transfer a heat flux of about 60 W·cm⁻². Theoretical models have shown that the performance of micro heat pipe arrays increase with increasing tube diameter, decreasing tube length and increasing heat pipe density. The heat pipe technologies are classified and compared according to their geometry and location in the system. A list of about 150 references, classified according to their subjects, is presented.     

Yield stress in thin layers of ferrofluids

We present results of theoretical study of quasielastic behavior of ferrofluid filling a thin flat gap, placed into perpendicular magnetic field. When the field exceeds a certain critical magnitude, magnetic particles form dense discrete domains, elongated along the field, and linking the gap boundaries. Due to these bridges between the gap boundaries, the ferrofluid exhibits quasielastic properties with respect to shear strain in the plane of the gap. We estimated the elastic modules as well as the yield stress of the system, depending on magnetic field and concentration of magnetic particles in the ferrofluid. Analysis shows that there are at least two microscopical mechanisms of transition from the elastic to fluid behavior of the ferrofluid. The first one is connected with the loss of the mechanical equilibrium of the domains, slopped, under the shear stress, with respect to applied magnetic field. The second mechanism is connected with breakup of the “bridge” into two separate drops, when the shear strain exceeds some critical magnitude. Estimates show that for real ferrofluids the second mechanism is more probable.     

脉动热管的毛细管结构和尺度效应实验研究

脉动热管的毛细管结构变化如何影响其性能是研究者关注的问题.本文对毛细管截面为正方形和正三角形,水力直径范围为1 mm左右的回路型脉动热管的传热性能进行了实验研究.结果表明,角管脉动热管的倾角变化时,底加热明显优于顶加热;三角形截面脉动热管的热阻比正方形截面脉动热管的热阻更低.脉动热管在水力直径为1.5 mm时比1mm时的性能要好.实验研究为理论分析打下了基础.     

复合相变材料应用于电子散热的热分析

基于显热容法,建立复合相变材料应用于电子散热的传热模型及相应的数值计算方法,利用Icepak软件进行数值计算,分析了温度场及流场分布。模拟结果与实验测量值相接近,其最大相对误差为8.8%,说明所采用的数值模型及相关简化处理正确。借助热分析方法可以真实地模拟系统的热状况,从而为电子设备的热设计和热管理提供依据。     

尺度效应对脉动热管启动和运行的影响

建立了脉动热管启动和运行的物理和数学模型,关联了新汽泡的产生条件和毛细管内已有汽泡之问的关系,从而发现了尺度效应如何影响脉动热管启动和运行的规律.已有汽泡的形状强烈影响脉动热管的启动和运行,小汽泡更利于新汽泡的产生.脉动热管的优化设计可以通过对壁面粗糙度的加工、形成的汽泡尺度的控制和工质的匹配选择等来实现.结果对于脉动热管的设计具有重要参考价值.     

Ferrite-enhanced MRI monitoring in hyperthermia

In an MRI hyperthermia hybrid system, T₁ changes are investigated for monitoring thermal therapy at 0.2 T. The water bolus, which is needed for power transmission and cooling of the skin, limits MR image quality by signal compression and artifacts. Superparamagnetic ferrofluid in different concentration was investigated with MR relaxometry and MRI methods. We found that using ferrofluid in a low concentration of 70–90 ppm magnetite the water signal can be suppressed without susceptibility artifacts. With our method of signal suppression, a significant improvement of spatial and temporal resolution is possible. The ferrofluid is stable and allows RF heating at 100 MHz. This method of signal extinction may also be useful for other experimental setups where suppression of water is necessary.     

平板热管相变传热特性的实验研究

平板热管具有很好的均热性,能够避免电子器件散热时热点的产生,使热沉具有更好的散热效果.为了研究平板热管的相变传热特性,制作了可视化平板热管,通过实验研究了加热功率、冷却风速、不同工质对平板热管性能的影响.同时,还研究了槽道结构对平板热管内部沸腾换热的强化作用.     

角管脉动热管的结构和尺度效应研究

根据角管毛细管中液体的分布以及汽液同向流动的特点,计算分析了正三角形和等腰直角三角形两种截面脉动热管中几种因素对热管传热性能的影响.计算结果表明,在充液率为 30% 时,两种角管脉动热管的热阻均在 0.1℃/W 以下;在相同加热功率和充液率时,等腰直角三角形截面脉动热管的传热性能优于正三角形截面的;截面形状相同时,水力直径较大的热管热阻值低于水力直径较小的热管;热管热阻值随接触角增大而减小.     

Heating of magnetic fluid systems driven by circularly polarized magnetic field

A theory is presented to calculate the heat dissipation of a magnetic suspension, a ferrofluid, driven by circularly polarized magnetic field. Theory is tested by in vitro experiments and it is shown that, regardless of the character of the relaxation process, linearly and circularly polarized magnetic field excitations, having the same root-mean-square magnitude, are equivalent in terms of heating efficiency.