磁性Weyl半金属的实现及其巨反常霍尔效应

正作为一个重要的电输运现象,反常霍尔效应的发现已有近140年的历史。长期以来的研究表明,反常霍尔效应在不同的条件下呈现出迥异的主导机制~([1])。一是由杂质原子散射所引起的外禀过程,一是晶体能带的贝利曲率所驱动的内禀行为。作为动量空间里的赝磁场,贝利曲率源于布洛赫电子的带间相互作用,对其在整个布里渊     

自旋陈数理论和时间反演对称破缺的量子自旋霍尔效应

一般认为,量子自旋霍尔效应只有受到时间反演对称性的保护才是稳定的。但是,因为在 实际材料中破坏时间反演对称性的微扰往往无法避免,这种受时间反演对称性保护的量子自旋霍 尔效应在真实环境中并不稳定。本综述将介绍近期在寻找无需时间反演对称性保护的量子自旋霍 尔效应方向上的系列研究进展。我们将证明量子自旋霍尔体系的非平庸拓扑性质在时间反演对称 性被破坏后仍然可以完好存在,并通过一个规范讨论,将边缘态一般性质和体能带的非平庸拓扑 性质联系起来。进一步,将探讨通过人工消除边缘态时间反演对称性而实现稳定的量子自旋霍尔 效应的方案。此外,我们还将介绍自旋陈数理论,自旋陈数是在没有时间反演对称性存在时,表 征量子自旋霍尔体系所处不同拓扑相的有效工具。     

光子自旋霍尔效应及其在物性参数测量中的应用

光子自旋霍尔效应是指光束在非均匀介质中传输时,自旋角动量相反的光子在垂直于入射 面的方向发生的横向自旋相关分裂。光子自旋霍尔效应可以和电子自旋霍尔效应作类比：自旋光 子扮演自旋电子的角色,折射率梯度扮演外场的角色。光子自旋霍尔效应源于光的自旋-轨道相互 作用,和两类几何相位有关：一类是动量空间的自旋重定向Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry 相位;另 一类是斯托克斯参数空间的Pancharatnam-Berry 相位。光子自旋霍尔效应对物性参数非常敏感, 结合量子弱测量技术,在物性参数测量、光学传感等领域具有重要的应用前景。本文将简单分析 光子自旋霍尔效应的物理根源,回顾近几年不同物理系统中光子自旋霍尔效应的研究进展,介绍 光子自旋霍尔效应在物性参数测量中的应用。最后,展望其在光学模拟运算、显微成像、量子成 像等领域的可能发展方向。     

磁子霍尔效应

霍尔效应是凝聚态领域中古老却又极具潜力的研究领域,其起源可以追溯到数百年前. 1879年,霍尔发现将载流导体置于磁场中时,磁场带来的洛伦兹力将使得电子在导体的一侧积累,这一新奇的物理现象被命名为霍尔效应.之后,一系列新的霍尔效应被发现,包括反常霍尔效应、量子霍尔效应、自旋霍尔效应、拓扑霍尔效应和平面霍尔效应等.值得注意的是,霍尔效应能够实现不同方向的粒子流之间的相互转化,因此在信息传输过程中扮演着重要的角色.在玻色子体系(如磁子)中,相应的一系列磁子霍尔效应也被发现,他们共同推动了以磁子为基础的自旋电子学的发展.本文回顾了近年来在磁子体系中的霍尔效应,简述其现代半经典的处理方法,包括虚拟电磁场理论和散射理论等.并进一步介绍了磁子霍尔效应的物理起源,概述了不同类型磁子的霍尔效应.最后,对磁子霍尔效应的发展趋势进行了展望.     

调制磁场交流霍尔电压测量技术

霍尔效应测量伴随着多种副效应,直流换向法在变温测量中存在难以克服的技术缺点.采用调制磁场与交流样品电流测量技术,并选择后者频率为前者的整数倍.当数据采样历遍调制磁场完整周期时,实验结果等效于磁场和样品电流换向测量.利用数字锁相放大器对被测信号谐波分量离散傅里叶分析原理,实现调制磁场交流霍尔电压实时测量.实验说明调制磁场交流霍尔测量技术方案的合理性,进而由变温霍尔测量结果表明该方法的科学性.     

低维微纳尺度体系声子热传导和热调控:来自芯片散热的非平衡统计物理问题

半导体芯片发展路线图上的一个障碍是“热死(heat death)”,也就是大量热量的产生而导致芯片被烧毁.所以散热问题成为进一步发展半导体工业亟待解决的关键问题.芯片里的热传导包含一维和二维材料中声子热传导以及声子通过不同材料间的界面热传导.本文总结了过去30年来一维、二维和界面声子热传导的主要理论和实验进展,重点介绍了一维体系声子热传导发散的物理机制以及反常热传导和反常扩散之间的关系.本文还简要讨论了与此相关的非平衡态统计物理的基本问题:从给定的哈密顿量出发是否能够推导出宏观输运行为.本文从微观图像的角度讨论了调控声子热传导的几种方法:纳米声子晶体,纳米热超材料,界面和声子凝聚等.为了让读者全面了解声子热传导,还简要地介绍了其他声子热输运现象,包括热导量子化、声子热霍尔效应、手性声子,以及声子与其他载流子之间的相互作用.最后,本文讨论了声子热传导研究面临的挑战和机遇,包括声子在量子信息和技术中的潜在应用.     

霍耳效应实验中的对称性破缺研究

迄今为止,半导体材料的导电类型及很多参数的获得,仍需利用霍尔效应实验.然而,在霍尔效应发生的同时,有很多副效应发生,这使得霍尔效应电压的测量值总与其真实值偏离,导致所测量的各种参数也存在一定的偏差.为了消除副效应的影响,常常采用对称测量法,但对称测量法所测量的数据列仍然存在着对称性破缺.该文从载流子运动状态入手,逐步深入分析得出,对称性破缺产生的根源是电场和磁场的共同作用,并发现磁场对于材料对称性的破坏作用大于电场.该文对于半导体材料性能的深入研究,以及其各种功能的开发利用,具有一定的启发作用.     

霍尔效应实验的改进和扩展

对霍尔效应仪器进行了改进,通过对磁场标定,研究霍尔电压与恒定电流的关系,可以测定霍尔片载流子的浓度. 测量霍尔片的长度和横截面积,进而可以测定霍尔片的电导率和迁移率.     

利用霍尔效应研究热退火对黑硅材料电学性质的影响

利用霍尔效应测量了不同温度热退火后的黑硅的霍尔系数、载流子浓度、载流子迁移率和电导率.随着热退火温度的升高,黑硅内载流子的浓度缓慢下降,载流子迁移率却同步增加,这说明黑硅内载流子散射的主要形式是电离杂质散射.     

反铁磁半金属 EuCd2Pn2（Pn = As,Sb）中磁交换诱导的外尔态

由于丰富的拓扑量子效应及巨大的潜在应用价值,拓扑材料逐渐成为凝聚态物理前沿的研究材料体系。其中,作为与石墨烯具有相似电子结构的材料,三维拓扑半金属吸引了越来越多的研究兴趣。目前已知的拓扑半金属大多为非磁性的,而磁性拓扑半金属数量有限,与非磁性拓扑半金属相比较,研究开展的还比较少。磁性与拓扑之间的相互作用能够导致非常规的物理性质,如反常霍尔效应甚至量子反常霍尔效应等。此外,在一些具有特殊磁结构的拓扑半金属中,施加外磁场能够调制其自旋结构,从而影响其拓扑能带结构。在该综述中,笔者将详细介绍利用外磁场在 EuCd2Pn2 (Pn = As, Sb) 反铁磁半金属材料中通过调制自旋结构从而改变晶体结构对称性来诱导拓扑相变。此外,笔者也将简单介绍包括 GdPtBi 和 MnBi2Te4 在内的几个相关材料。该综述中讨论的外磁场调控的磁交换诱导的拓扑相变不仅有望应用于拓扑器件,也有助于为理解磁性与拓扑态之间的紧密关联提供新的线索,对于设计新的磁性拓扑材料有启发意义。综述最后,笔者对发展磁性拓扑半金属做了一些简单展望。     

强关联电子系统中的热输运测量

当考虑电子间的库伦排斥相互作用,以及电荷、自旋和轨道之间的相互耦合时,诸多超越 了近自由电子框架的新奇量子态涌现而出,如非常规超导态和量子自旋液体等。对这些新奇物态 的认知不仅会拓展现有的知识框架,也有望引发新一轮的量子科技革命。因此,对强关联物理的 研究是当下凝聚态物理领域的前沿课题。铜基高温超导体的母体是一种莫特绝缘体,在传统的能 带论之下被预言为金属态。然而电子间的强关联行为使得它表现出绝缘体的性质。由于莫特绝缘 体中库伦相互作用致使能隙打开并冻结其中的电荷自由度,所以在该体系中难以开展电输运性质 的测量研究。作为一种对于元激发（不仅包括电子,还包括磁振子、自旋子等）敏感的探针,热输 运测量在强关联电子系统的研究中发挥着重要的作用。本文回顾了近些年在非常规超导、重费米 子系统和量子自旋液体研究中一些有趣的纵向热输运性质的研究成果,并与我们近期发表的运用 横向热导率测量热霍尔现象的综述文章相互补充。      

Short-range order and singularities of the electronic structure of icosahedral quasicrystals

For icosahedral phases of the Al-Cu-Fe system, components of the electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, Hall effect, and heat capacity associated with thermally induced charge carriers for the first time have been considered jointly over a wide temperature range. It has been shown that the full range of thermal effects can be understood in the framework of the unified concept, which is based on an inhomogeneous system of two-level electronic excitations. A model of the inhomogeneous electronic state and the mechanism of its formation with the dominant role of short-range order have been proposed.     

Band structure and scattering mechanisms in manganese monosilicide

The electrical and thermal conductivities, the thermal emf, and the Hall coefficient have been measured in manganese monosilicide at temperatures between 70 and 700 °K. Band parameters are calculated for MnSi on the basis of wide-band and narrow-band models. Scattering mechanisms for the current carriers and phonons are discussed; in particular, the anomalous temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity is attributed to the high efficiency for phonon scattering by conduction electrons.Translated from Izvestiya VUZ. Fizika, No. 12, pp. 108–112, December, 1969.     

Low-temperature heat transport of spin-gapped quantum magnets

This article reviews low-temperature heat transport studies of spin-gapped quantum magnets in the last few decades. Quantum magnets with small spins and low dimensionality exhibit a variety of novel phenomena. Among them, some systems are characteristic of having quantum-mechanism spin gap in their magnetic excitation spectra, including spin-Peierls systems, S=1 Haldane chains, S= 1/2 spin ladders, and spin dimmers. In some particular spin-gapped systems, the XY-type antiferromagnetic state induced by magnetic field that closes the spin gap can be described as a magnon Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Heat transport is effective in probing the magnetic excitations and magnetic phase transitions, and has been extensively studied for the spin-gapped systems. A large and ballistic spin thermal conductivity was observed in the two-leg Heisenberg S=1/2 ladder compounds. The characteristic of magnetic thermal transport of the Haldane chain systems is quite controversial on both the theoretical and experimental results. For the spin-Peierls system, the spin excitations can also act as heat carriers. In spin-dimer compounds, the magnetic excitations mainly play a role of scattering phonons. The magnetic excitations in the magnon BEC systems displayed dual roles, carrying heat or scattering phonons, in different materials.     

PdGa intermetallic hydrogenation catalyst: an NMR and physical property study

The PdGa intermetallic compound is a highly selective and stable heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene. We have studied single crystals of PdGa grown by the Czochralski technique. The (69)Ga electric-field-gradient (EFG) tensor was determined by means of NMR spectroscopy, giving experimental confirmation of both the recently refined structural model of PdGa and the theoretically predicted Pd-Ga covalent bonding scheme. The hydrogenation experiment has detected no hydrogen uptake in the PdGa, thus preventing in situ hydride formation that leads to a reduction of the catalytic selectivity. We have also determined bulk physical properties (the magnetic susceptibility, the electrical resistivity, the thermoelectric power, the Hall coefficient, the thermal conductivity and the specific heat) of single-crystalline PdGa. The results show that PdGa is a diamagnet with metallic electrical resistivity and moderately high thermal conductivity. The thermoelectric power is negative with complicated temperature dependence, whereas the Hall coefficient is positive and temperature-dependent, indicating complexity of the Fermi surface. Partial fulfillment of the NMR Korringa relation reveals that the charge carriers are weakly correlated. Specific heat measurements show that the density of electronic states (DOS) at the Fermi energy of PdGa is reduced to 15% of the DOS of the elemental Pd metal.     

Low-temperature heat transport of the zigzag spin-chain compound SrEr2O4

Low-temperature thermal conductivity ($\kappa$), as well as the magnetic properties and specific heat, are studied for the frustrated zigzag spin-chain material SrEr$_{2}$O$_{4}$ by using single-crystal samples. The specific heat data indicate the long-range antiferromagnetic transition at $\sim 0.73 $ K and the existence of strong magnetic fluctuations. The magnetizations at very low temperatures for magnetic field along the $c$ axis (spin chain direction) or the $a$ axis reveal the field-induced magnetic transitions. The $\kappa $ shows a strong dependence on magnetic field, applied along the $c$ axis or the $a$ axis, which is closely related to the magnetic transitions. Furthermore, high magnetic field induces a strong increase of $\kappa $. These results indicate that thermal conductivity along either the $c$ axis or the $a$ axis are mainly contributed by phonons, while magnetic excitations play a role of scattering phonons.     

Nonmetallic crystals with high thermal conductivity

Nonmetallic crystals transport heat primarily by phonons at room temperature and below. There are only a few nonmetallic crystals which can be classed as high thermal conductivity solids, in the sense of having a thermal conductivity of > 1 W/cmK at 300K. Thermal conductivity measurements on natural and synthetic diamond, cubic BN, BP and AIN confirm that all of them are high thermal conductivity solids. Studies have been made of the effect on the thermal conductivity of nitrogen impurities in diamond, and oxygen impurities in AIN. The nitrogen impurities scatter phonons mostly from the strain field, the oxygen impurities scatter phonons mostly from the mass defects caused by aluminum vacancies. Pure A1N as well as pure SiC, BeO, BP and BeS conduct heat almost as well as does copper at room temperature, while pure natural and synthetic diamonds conduct heat five times better than copper.All of the nonmetallic solids that are known to possess high thermal conductivity have either the diamond-like, boron carbide, or graphite crystal structure. There are twelve different diamond-like crystals, a few boron carbide-type crystals, and two graphite structure crystals that have high thermal conductivity. Analyses of the rock-salt, fluorite, quartz, corundum and other structures show no candidates for this class. The four rules for finding crystals with high thermal conductivity are that the crystal should have (1) low atomic mass, (2) strong bonding, (3) simple crystal structure, and (4) low anharmonicity. The prime example of such a solid is diamond, which has the highest known thermal conductivity at 300K.     

Exact and model operators for magnon-phonon interactions in antiferromagnets

A theoretical study is given of magnon-phonon interactions in antiferromagnetic materials. The roles of magnons and phonons as heat carriers and as sources of thermal resistance have been taken into consideration. The exact collision operator which represents the magnon-phonon interactions involved in the transport Boltzmann equations has been replaced by a model operator which possesses the same important properties. The effect of other scattering processes that either phonons or magnons are involved has also been investigated. A new expression for the thermal conductivity has been derived. It includes terms which represent both Normal and Umklapp magnon-phonon processes. The results obtained by using the new expression agree quantitatively with the experimental measurements on Fe Cl₂     

Transport coefficients and flux motion in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystals

We present measurements of the electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and Hall, Nernst, and Seebeck effects in the mixed state of single crystalline Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_x. It is shown that the sign of the Hall voltage changes twice as temperature decreases below T_c. From the Nernst effect we estimate the transport entropy S_φ to be about 10⁻¹⁰ erg/K cm. S_φ is equal to zero in the normal state, increases and passes through a maximum at the mixed state as expected. The temperature dependences of the thermoelectric power in magnetic fields are analogous to the resistive transition curves. These phenomena are discussed in terms of flux flow. The contribution of the flux flow to the thermal conductivity is estimated to be negligible. Lowering of the thermal conductivity at temperatures below T_c by a magnetic field is attributed to phonon scattering by the vortex lines.     

Electrical and thermal transport properties of dilute Pr in Pd

We have measured susceptibility, electrical resistivity thermopower, thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal lattice expansion and Hall effect of dilute alloys of Pr (x = 0.014, 0.03) and of Lu (x = 0.014) in Pd. We find a rather strong valence instability at room temperature from L_III X-ray absorption (v = 3.1), which manifests itself by a concentration-independent characteristic temperature, by a resistivity minimum and by a strong anomally of the thermopower. The susceptibility also indicates strong magnetic polarisation of the surrounding Pd-atoms through the excited crystal field levels but not through the ground state of the impurity. The neutron scattering shows several sharp crystal field excitations between 0 and 1 meV and a very broad quasi-elastic scattering at higher temperatures with the 4f-form factor. We take this also as evidence for a weak coupling of valence instabilities to the low lying crystal field levels of the impurity and a strong coupling to the higher ones.