生物电磁学

生物电磁学是一门关于电磁学与生物、医学相互渗透的边绝交叉学科，它研究生物系统与电磁场的相互作用，介绍了电磁场对生物的热效应和非热效应，人体电磁能吸收的数值模型和安全辐照标准。     

烟草光合细胞Chla荧光动力学和超弱发光对低强度射频电磁场的响应

在300MHz低强度射频电磁场的作用下，烟草叶片光合细胞Chla荧光动力学过程和超弱发光均发生了变化，荧光动力学参数F0、FV／F0、FV／Fm、△FV／T和T1/2及超弱发光的光子数对电磁场辐射功率的响应呈现出非线性和“功率窗”特征，表明低强度射频电磁场对光合细胞具有非热效应．电磁场的非热效应使得烟草叶片光合细胞的细胞膜受到伤害，PSⅡ反应中心受损、PSⅡ潜在活性降低．光合电子传递过程受阻．原初光能转换效率下降．     

谈谈生物电磁学研究热点——非热效应

简单介绍了生物电磁学的意义、研究内容和形成的历史．着重对近年来生物电磁学研究热点———极低频低强度电磁场非热效应的特征（如非线性、相干性、“窗”特性、协同性、非热特性、阈值特性）和极低频范围的意义、特点和问题用自己的观点加以评述和分析．文章还对微波电磁辐射安全标准修订和非热效应研究提出了建议．     

温度与电磁参数协同影响胰岛素分子构象与功能的光谱学方法研究

近年来,脉冲电磁辐射和弱电磁辐射的生物效应已引起人们的关注.开展了众多的病理学调查和实验研究.但是研究结果并不一致,学术界存在众多争议.由于脉冲电磁辐射和弱电磁辐射不能引起被辐照生物样品产生明显的温升效应(温升小于0.1℃),不能用电磁辐射的热效应机理来解释这类生物效应.因此人们往往称之为"非热效应".文章应用荧光光谱和拉曼光谱方法研究脉冲电场对胰岛素分子构象变化影响的结果表明:(1)尽管这类电磁辐射不会引起被辐照生物样品的温度产生明显变化(0.1℃),但是辐照时的环境温度变化则能改变辐照实验的结果.(2)环境温度能对胰岛素分子结构中的链间二硫键,C-C键的振动等在脉冲电场作用下的变化产生明显的影响,从而对脉冲电场引发的胰岛素的构象变化产生影响.这表明对于"非热效应",表征热的量度的温度,仍是脉冲和弱电磁场辐照生物效应研究中值得关注的极重要参数.     

利用高频电磁场加热流体的实验研究

介绍了利用高频电磁场加热流体的实验。其原理是利用铁磁质在高频电磁场中和生涡流的热效应,当流体通过被加热的铁芯后进行热交换,实现了对流体进行动态加热。     

荧光光谱法研究蛋白质构象的电磁-温度协同效应

长期以来电磁生物效应受到人们普遍关注，近年来从各个角度进行了相关研究。电磁－温度协同效应是当前的热点。本研究通过电磁场及温度协同对蛋白质影响的研究，发现蛋白质在电磁场作用下的不可逆变性，而且这种变性也遵循Arrhenius规律，并进一步得出电磁－温度协同作用的蛋白质变性模型。本文从分子反应动力学的角度解释了电磁－温度协同效应，并对非热效应作了一定的探讨。     

571.2MHz次谐波聚束腔的高频电磁场效应

高频谐振腔中的电磁场通常以两种方式影响谐振腔的特性. 一种方式是通过作用在谐振腔内壁上的高频热, 这主要 由高频功率的欧姆损耗导致; 另一种方式是通过作用在谐振腔内壁上的洛仑兹力, 这主要由谐振腔内壁上的面电流 和面电荷导致. 联合使用有限差分软件Superfish和有限元软件ANSYS，本文对571.2MHz次谐波聚束腔中的高频电磁场 效应进行了研究. 此外, 本文还对BEPCⅡ未来预注入器第1个次谐波聚束腔中的高频热效应进行了讨论.     

基于微波加热对纯水氢键结构的拉曼光谱研究

微波非热效应是指除了热效应以外的其他效应,如电效应和磁效应。微波化学在有机合成中起着重要的作用,其是否存在微波非热效应一直存在争议。通过对纯水在两种不同加热方法(油浴和微波)下的拉曼光谱分析,来验证微波非热效应的存在。发现,微波电场对纯水中氢键的破坏要比传统加热更加的强烈。通过分析纯水中各种氢键结构的变化,总结出微波电场对纯水的作用机理,以及微波非热效应对纯水结构的影响。     

应用荧光探针研究菠菜叶绿体膜对低强度电磁场的辐射敏感性

应用ANS渗入菠菜叶绿体膜后的ANS荧光光谱和光合细胞Chla荧光参数的变化研究了菠菜叶绿体膜对辐射功率密度为5 mW·cm-2以下的300 MHz低强度电磁场的辐射敏感性。研究发现,在1～5 mW·cm-2的低强度电磁场作用下,菠菜叶绿体ANS荧光光谱的位置没有明显变化,但ANS荧光强度明显增大,表明低强度电磁场使菠菜叶绿体膜流动性变小。1～5 mW·cm-2低强度电磁场的作用还使菠菜叶绿体发出的Chla荧光参数F₀减小,f_V／F₀,F_V／F_m和ΔF_V／T增大,F_VI／F_V减小,表明低强度电磁场使菠菜叶绿体膜发生了光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)无活性中心向有活性中心的转变,PSⅡ潜在活性提高、光合电子传递过程加快,原初光能转换效率增强。菠菜叶绿体膜ANS荧光和Chla荧光对低强度电磁场的这种辐射敏感性说明了低强度电磁场能对菠菜光合作用系统产生非热效应,并且,菠菜光合细胞有可能通过PSⅡ活性中心异质性的转变来适应电磁辐射增强的环境。     

电磁场递推算法及微纳光学元件中的应用

提出一种电磁场递推算法来分析微纳光学元件体内电磁场的传输.该方法基于Maxwell方程组和电磁场横向的边界条件给出了严格解.以高斯光束在亚波长矩形浮雕光栅体内的传输为例,分析了非匀幅光束在微纳光学元件体内的传输. 关键词： 递推算法 非匀幅光束 微纳光学元件     

Cell deformation and increase of cytotoxicity of anticancer drugsdue to low-intensity transient electromagnetic pulses

In this paper, cell deformation induced by low-intensity electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) is presented. A broad-band transverse electromagnetic wave cell (BTEM cell) was used in the experimental system to simulate the free space transmission condition. The biological samples were exposed to the EMP field in the BTEM cell. After the chick's erythrocytes were exposed to EMP field, pores on their membranes were observed by a scanning electron microscope. Cell fusion was also found between the chick's erythrocytes as well as between the rabbit's. In other experiments, it is found that the EMP field can increase the cytotoxicity of some anticancer drugs. The results suggest that the membrane deformation is a secondary effect of electromagnetic fields     

Light–matter coupling in nanostructures without an inversion center

A theoretical analysis of the electronic interaction with an intense electromagnetic field in a two-level asymmetrical quantum dot is presented. As a consequence of a strong light–matter coupling in such a system, dipole radiation at the Rabi frequency turns out to be possible. Since the Rabi frequency is controlled by the strength of the coupling electromagnetic field, the effect can serve to provide frequency-tuned parametric amplification and generation of electromagnetic waves. The manifestation of the effect is discussed for group III nitride quantum dots. Terahertz emission from arrays of such quantum dots is shown to be experimentally observable.     

贯通导体及其电路对金属腔体内部电磁场的影响

为研究贯通导体及其负载电路对金属腔体内部电磁场的影响,建立了不同贯通导体端接负载模型,使用电磁仿真软件CST进行仿真,利用GTEM室、矢量网络分析仪、功率放大器、ETS电场探头组建实验测试系统,验证了仿真结果的正确性,揭示了贯通导体及其电路对金属腔体内部电磁场的影响规律。研究结果表明:腔体内部电磁场同时受到贯通导体与腔体谐振的影响,在谐振频点干扰场强取得极大值,屏蔽效能取得极小值甚至为负值。贯通导体端接负载不接地与贯通导体两端开路情形相似,贯通导体端接负载直接接地时内部场显著降低,谐振频点降低,贯通导体端接负载浮点接地时内部场变化规律低频时与开路模型相似,高频时与直接接地模型相似。贯通导体端接负载的电阻值、电容值也会影响腔体的内部场。     

Heat bath coupling effects on interaction between Fröhlich vibration systems

The energy supplied to the Fröhlich vibration system in a living cell may condense in certain normal modes provided the coupling of the vibration system with a heat bath is nonlinear. The strong coupling of a coherent vibration system with a heat bath causes reduced energy condensation; high frequency modes are not excited and the energy condensed in the lowest frequency mode is smaller than the energy condensed in a system with weak coupling. The vibrations are polar and generate an electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field mediates a long range interaction between the Fröhlich vibration systems; the interaction depends on the intensity of the generated electromagnetic field, and, therefore, on the energy condensed in the vibration system. The systems with strong coupling with a heat bath have weak interaction forces, which may be attractive as well as repulsive. The effect of coupling with a heat bath on interaction between the Fröhlich systems is a new contribution of this paper. The coherent vibration systems are assumed to be excited in protein molecules in cellular membranes. Protein phosphorylation may cause the strong Coulomb coupling of vibration systems with a heat bath and may have a fundamental effect on energy condensation.The work was supported, in part, by grant COST 244.     

Non-inertial electromagnetic effects in matter. Gyromagnetic effect

Non-inertial electromagnetic effects in matter, i.e. electromagnetic fields created by a non-inertial motion of material bodies, are discussed within the Drude–Lorentz (plasma) model of matter polarization. It is shown that an oscillatory motion of a point-like body, or wavelike motion in an extended body gives rise to electromagnetic fields with the same frequency as the frequency of the original motion, while shock-like movements of a point-like body generate electromagnetic fields with the characteristic (atomic scale) frequency of the bodies. The polarization of a rigid body induced by rotations is discussed in various circumstances. A uniform rotation produces a static electric field in a dielectric and a stationary current (and a static magnetic field) in a conductor. The latter corresponds to the gyromagnetic effect (while the former may be called the gyroelectric effect). Both fields are computed for a sphere and the gyromagnetic coefficient is derived. A non-uniform rotation induces emission of electromagnetic fields. The equations of motion for the polarization are linearized for slight non-uniformities of the angular velocity and solved both for a dielectric and a conducting sphere. The electromagnetic field emitted by a dielectric spherically shaped body in (a slightly) non-uniform rotation has the characteristic (atomic scale) frequency of the body (slightly shifted by the uniform part of the angular frequency). In the same conditions, a conducting sphere emits an electromagnetic field whose frequency is double the uniform part of the angular frequency.     

Quasinormal Modes of the Schwarzschild Black Hole Surrounded by the Quintessence Field in Rastall Gravity

The quasinormal modes of the Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by the quintessence in Rastall gravity are studied using the sixth-order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximative approach. The effect of the Rastall parameter on the quasinormal modes of gravitational, electromagnetic and massless scalar perturbations is explored. Compared to the case of Einstein gravity, it is found that, when η < 0, the gravitational field, electromagnetic field as well as massless scalar field damp more rapidly and have larger real frequency of oscillation in Rastall gravity, while when η > 0, the gravitational field, electromagnetic field as well as massless scalar field damp more slowly and have smaller real frequency of oscillation in Rastall gravity. It is also found that the gravitational field, electromagnetic field as well as massless scalar field damp more and more slowly and the real frequency of oscillation for the gravitational perturbation, electromagnetic perturbation as well as massless scalar perturbation becomes smaller and smaller as the Rastall parameter η increases. Compared among the quasinormal frequencies of gravitational, electromagnetic and massless scalar perturbations, I find that, for fixed η, (l, n), ∈ and N_q, the oscillation damps most slowly for the gravitational perturbation, mediate for the electromagnetic perturbation and most rapidly for the massless scalar perturbation, and the real frequency of oscillation is the smallest for the gravitational perturbation, mediate for the electromagnetic perturbation and the largest for the massless scalar perturbation in Rastall gravity.     

电磁辐射作用于计算机主板的模拟及效应评估

 提出了一种电磁辐射（EMR）效应评估的方法：通过区域分解并且引入子域敏感因子，采用电场强度的加权平均作为EMR效应评估的参考指标。以一款普通计算机主板作为研究对象，使用时域有限差分法（FDTD）进行模拟计算，得到了EMR作用下计算机主板耦合的电磁场分布。基于该效应评估方法，比较了3~12 GHz 的平面电磁波在0°~90°入射时对计算机主板的效应。数值模拟结果表明：随着平面电磁波入射角度的增加，EMR对计算机主板的影响趋于减弱；EMR频率的变化对效应没有显著影响。当EMR入射角度为40°时，最高主板表面耦合的电场强度达到最大值；0°入射时，主板上平均电场强度达到最大值；随着入射EMR频率的升高，主板表面的最大电场强度趋于减弱。     

超导磁约束系统中超导磁体涡流损耗的研究

在超导磁约束系统中,超导磁体与射频场、磁场、声场、电场等复合场的兼容耦合是系统稳定运行的关键。探讨了在13.56 MHz频率下的Shoji型天线产生的高频电磁波对超导磁体的影响,高频电磁波会在超导磁体表面产生涡流损耗,进而产生功率损耗并生成热量,导致超导磁体失超。为避免失超现象的发生,在超导磁体室温孔内采用金属屏蔽层进行防护。利用COMSOL软件对整个电磁-射频非线性耦合场进行建模仿真分析,完成了屏蔽层结构的优化选择。基于计算结果,分析讨论了屏蔽层厚度和高度变化对超导磁体上涡流损耗功率的变化影响。通过对超导磁体涡流损耗功率随屏蔽层参数变化进行拟合,最终得到了优化后的屏蔽层参数。     

孔缝对金属腔体强电磁脉冲耦合特性影响研究

核电磁脉冲和高功率微波等强电磁脉冲易造成电子设备功能失效甚至损毁,在实际工程实施中用金属腔体对电子设备进行屏蔽是常用的强电磁脉冲抑制手段。基于电磁仿真计算,对含矩形孔缝金属腔体的强电磁脉冲耦合特性进行了系统研究,阐述了孔缝宽长比、腔体尺寸等因素对多种不同类型强电磁脉冲（核电磁脉冲、宽带高功率微波、窄带高功率微波）作用下腔体内耦合场的影响;并以此为基础,重点分析了强电磁脉冲与含孔缝金属腔体之间的作用机制。研究结果表明:不同类型强电磁脉冲耦合信号差异明显,金属腔体对强电磁脉冲的响应是腔体谐振模式、孔缝谐振频率与强电磁脉冲共同作用的结果;当腔体谐振模式、孔缝谐振频率在强电磁脉冲的带内时,腔体内部的耦合场会出现增强效应;特别地,腔体与孔缝间的相互作用还可造成腔体与缝隙的谐振频率发生偏移。因此,在为电子设备设计金属屏蔽外壳时,应基于不同强电磁脉冲的频带范围,对腔体与孔缝的尺寸进行综合设计,抑制腔体、孔缝谐振及谐振频率偏移,提升其强电磁脉冲防护性能。