第一性原理研究Eu/N共掺杂锐钛矿TiO2光催化剂的电子和光学性质

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法, 运用Vasp方法计算了Eu, N掺杂及Eu/N共掺杂锐钛矿TiO₂的结构, 并分析了其电子及光学性质. 通过计算发现有一些Eu的4f态电子在Eu掺杂锐钛矿TiO₂的体系的费米能级附近出现杂质能级, 并且N掺杂会使得锐钛矿TiO₂的禁带宽度减小. 对于共掺杂体系而言, Eu/N共掺杂的协同效应能导致锐钛矿TiO₂的晶格畸变及禁带宽度减小. 与此同时, 计算得到的光吸收谱表明Eu/N混合掺杂锐钛矿TiO₂展现出了明显的光谱吸收边缘红移. 这些计算结果表明Eu/N共掺杂锐钛矿TiO₂具有优良的光催化活性. 关键词： 2')" href="#">TiO₂ 共掺杂 可见光催化剂 密度泛函理论     

Mn,N共掺杂对锐钛矿相TiO2微观结构和性能的影响

采用第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,系统研究了Mn,N共掺杂对锐钛矿相TiO₂的晶体结构、缺陷形成能、电子结构、光学性质以及氧化还原能力的影响.研究表明:Mn,N共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO₂后,TiO₂晶格发生了畸变,导致晶体八面体偶极矩增加,有利于光生电子-空穴对的有效分离;在TiO₂带隙中出现了杂质能级,使锐钛矿相TiO₂的光学吸收带边红移,可见光区的吸收系数明显增大,有利于光催化效率的提高;在不考虑 关键词： 2')" href="#">锐钛矿相TiO₂ 第一性原理 Mn和N共掺杂 光催化性能     

La-Ce共掺杂锐钛矿TiO2的缺陷形成能和电子结构分析

采用基于密度泛函的第一性原理研究了稀土元素La、Ce共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO₂的缺陷形成能,缺陷电荷转变能级以及电子结构.研究发现,富氧状态下La、Ce掺杂以及La-Ce共掺的缺陷形成能均为负值,而贫氧状态下La、Ce掺杂形成能为正,表明La、Ce的掺杂TiO₂只能在氧气氛制备条件下进行;替代Ti掺杂缺陷电荷转变能级计算结果表明:0/1-的缺陷电荷转变能级分别位于VBM上面0.522 eV及2.440 eV处;与纯锐钛矿相TiO₂相比,La、Ce单掺杂以及La-Ce共掺杂均能减小TiO₂的禁带宽度,但共掺杂体系的禁带宽度更窄,因此共掺杂体系将更有利于提高TiO₂对可见光的响应能力和光催化性能.     

N掺杂和N-V共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的投影缀加平面波方法和广义梯度近似加Hubbard参数的似近,研究了锐钛矿相TiO₂,N掺杂TiO₂和N-V共掺杂TiO₂体系的基态原子构型、电子结构.结果表明,N掺杂后,其晶胞体积比末掺杂时要略微增大,基态构型并未发生明显变化,而N-V共掺杂时,对称性被破坏,V原子向N原子附近靠近.计算得到的锐钛矿相TiO₂带隙E_gap为3.256 eV,与实验值3.23 eV非常接近.N掺杂TiO₂带隙降低了0.4 eV,而N-V共掺杂带隙降低至2.555 eV.此外,N-V共掺杂会在价带顶和导带底之间形成受主和施主能级,这种能级对光生电子-空穴对的分离是非常有利的,降低了再次复合的概率.因此,N-V共掺杂TiO₂可以有效地提升TiO₂作为光催化剂的催化能力.     

N/Fe共掺杂锐钛矿TiO2(101)面协同作用的第一性原理研究

基于周期性密度泛函理论研究了N/Fe共掺杂对锐钛矿TiO₂(101)面的修饰作用. 计算了铁替位单掺杂TiO₂(101)面及晶体内部后, 晶体结构变化及形成能. 通过形成能的比较发现, Fe从晶体表面向体内迁移时受到势垒阻碍作用. 同时, 对不同位置表面N/Fe近邻共掺杂晶体形成能的比较, 得出了表面共掺杂的最稳定结构. 通过对电子结构及态密度的分析发现: 表面共掺杂态中, N/Fe共掺杂可改变TiO₂(101)面的电子结构, 并使TiO₂由半导体性向半金属性转变. 关键词： 2(101)面')" href="#">锐钛矿TiO₂(101)面 N/Fe共掺杂 第一性原理 半金属性     

N/Cu共掺杂锐钛矿型TiO2第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波超软赝势法, 采用局域自旋密度近似加Hubbard U值方法研究了纯锐钛矿型TiO₂, N, Cu单掺杂TiO₂及N/Cu共掺杂TiO₂ 的晶体结构、电子结构和光学性质. 研究结果表明, 掺杂后晶格发生相应畸变, 晶格常数变大. N 和Cu的掺杂在TiO₂禁带中引入杂质能级, 禁带宽度发生相应改变. 对于N掺杂TiO₂禁带宽度减小较弱, 而Cu掺杂和N/Cu共掺TiO₂禁带宽度显著降低, 导致吸收光谱明显红移, 光学催化性增强, 有利于实际应用.     

Co,N共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理研究

二氧化钛（TiO₂）作为一种性能优良的光催化剂已经被广泛地研究和使用.本研究中利用了第一性原理和GGA+U方法,对锐钛矿结构TiO₂晶体三种可能的（Co,N）共掺杂体系的几何结构、形成能、电子结构和光吸收系数进行了研究,并与单掺杂（Co/N）体系进行了对比.结果表明,在三种共掺杂TiO₂中,Co与N相邻时晶格畸变最小,但掺杂原子周围晶格畸变较大;同时,较低的形成能表明此种共掺杂结构最容易形成;此外,因为C0与N成键,其杂质能级的数目与能量较其他共掺杂结构有较大差异.（Co,N）共掺杂体系与未掺杂TiO₂的相比,其禁带宽度较小,禁带中存在杂质能级,因此其吸收边红移,在可见光波段有较好的光吸收能力.故（Co,N）共掺杂可以很好地提升锐钛矿型TiO₂在可见光波段的光催化性能.     

C掺杂金红石相TiO2的电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理研究

运用第一性原理的局域密度近似+U(0 ≤U≤9 eV)方法研究了本征金红石相TiO₂在不同U值(对Ti-3d电子)下的禁带宽度、晶体结构以及不同比例C元素掺杂的金红石相TiO₂的电子结构和光学性质, 研究表明, TiO₂的禁带宽度和晶格常数随着U值的增加而增大. 综合考虑取U=3 eV并对其计算结果进行修正. 对于掺杂体系, 发现C 元素的掺杂在金红石相TiO₂中引入杂质能级, 杂质能级主要由O-2p轨道和C-2p轨道耦合形成, 杂质能级的引入可以增加TiO₂对可见光的响应, 从而使TiO₂的吸收范围增大. C原子掺杂最佳比例为8.3%, 此时光学吸收边的红移程度最明显, 可增大光吸收效率, 从而提高了TiO₂光催化效率.     

C掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2吸收光谱的第一性原理研究

运用第一性原理,对C掺杂锐钛矿相TiO₂的电子结构进行了研究,从能带结构理论解释了C掺杂TiO₂吸收光谱的一些实验现象.发现在C掺杂后的锐钛矿相TiO₂的禁带宽度增大,并且在带隙中出现了杂质能级,这些杂质能级主要是由C 2p轨道上的电子构成的,它们之间是独立的,正是这些独立的杂质能级使TiO₂掺杂后可以发生可见光响应.价带上的电子可以吸收一定能量的光子跃迁到杂质能级,而杂质能级上的电子也可以吸收一定能量的光子跃迁到导带,所以从理论上可以计算出掺杂后的TiO₂在可见光范围内存在两个吸收边,与实验中所得到的现象相一致. 关键词： C掺杂 2')" href="#">锐钛矿TiO₂ 能带结构 吸收光谱     

Fe-N共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2电子性质与光学性质的第一性原理研究

近年来,Fe和N掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2半导体在实验中发现许多优异性能,本文采用基于密度泛函理论的平面波超软赝势方法研究了纯锐钛矿相TiO2、Fe和N单掺杂及Fe和N共掺杂TiO2的能带结构、电荷布居、态密度和光学性质.分析发现:Fe掺杂引起杂质能带位于禁带中央,杂质能带最高点与导带相距大约0.6 eV而最低点与价带相距大约0.2 eV;N掺杂引起的杂质能带位于价带顶部附近. Fe和N共掺杂后杂质能带由两部分组成,位于价带顶上方0.62 eV和导带底下方0.22 eV处,其中一层杂质能带主要由N原子的2p轨道和Fe原子的3d轨道杂化形成,而另一条杂质能带主要由Fe原子的3d轨道形成,由于杂质能级的出现,使锐钛矿TiO2的禁带宽度变小.对光学性质分析发现:Fe和N共掺杂会使锐钛矿TiO2光学吸收带边红移,可见光区的光吸收系数明显增大,在低能区出现了新的吸收峰,对应能量为1.82 eV,与实验结果相符.     

Effect of Nb doping on morphology,crystal structure,optical band gap energy of TiO2 thin films

Nb–TiO₂ nanofibers and thin films were prepared using a sol–gel derived electrospinning and spin coating, respectively, by varying the Nb/Ti molar ratios from 0 to 0.59 to investigate the effect of Nb doping on morphology, crystal structure, and optical band gap energy of Nb–TiO₂. XRD results indicated that Nb–TiO₂ is composed of anatase and rutile phases as a function of Nb/Ti molar ratio. As the Nb/Ti molar ratio rose, the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the reduction in crystallite size occurred. The band gap energy of Nb–TiO₂ was changed from 3.25 eV to 2.87 eV when the anatase phase was transformed to rutile phase with increasing the Nb doping. Experimental results indicated that the Nb doping was mainly attributed to the morphology, the crystal structure, the optical band gap energy of Nb–TiO₂, and the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue.     

铁和镧共掺杂纳米二氧化钛光催化剂的制备、表征及其光催化活性

以葡聚糖为模板,钛酸四正丁酯、硝酸铁和硝酸镧为前驱体采用模板法制备了一系列铁、镧单掺杂及共掺杂纳米TiO₂光催化剂. 利用SEM、XRD、BET比表面积测定和UV-Vis等技术对其形貌、晶体结构及表面结构、光吸收特性等进行了表征. 以甲基橙溶液的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同掺杂的样品在紫外和可见光下的光催化性能. TiO₂材料具有较大的比表面积(约150 m²/g),铁和镧共掺杂纳米TiO₂在可见光区域有较强的吸收,在紫外和可见光条件下较纯TiO₂和单掺杂TiO₂对甲基橙溶液具有更好的光催化降解效果,且铁和镧的掺杂量显著影响该材料的催化性能. 当铁掺杂量为0.5mol%、镧掺杂量为0.3mol%,在500 ℃焙烧2 h所得光催化材料的催化性能最佳,焙烧4 h即可使甲基橙的降解率达98.8%,且该复合材料有较高的循环回收利用率,重复使用4次仍可使甲基橙的降解率保持在88%以上.     

Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of nano-scaled TiO2 co-doped with N and Fe

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles co-doped with N and Fe were prepared via modified sol-gel process. The products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is shown that the prepared TiO₂ particles were less than 10 nm with narrow particle size distribution. The addition of MCM-41 caused the formation of Ti-O-Si bond which fixed the TiO₂ on MCM-41 surface, thus restricted the agglomeration and growth of TiO₂ particles. The photocatalytic performance in the degradation of methylene blue showed that N, Fe co-doped TiO₂ exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than doped sample with nitrogen or Fe³⁺ alone under both UV and visible light. N, Fe co-doping decreased the loss of doping N during the degradation reaction, thus increased the photocatalytic stability. It was also found that the nitridation time had significant influence on the photocatalytic activity of prepared TiO₂ catalysts.     

S掺杂对锐钛矿相TiO2电子结构与光催化性能的影响

采用基于第一性原理的平面波超软赝势方法研究了掺杂不同价态S的锐钛矿相TiO₂的晶体结构、杂质形成能、电子结构及光学性质.计算结果表明硫在掺杂体系中的存在形态与实验中的制备条件有关;掺杂后晶格发生畸变、原子间的键长及原子的电荷量也发生了变化,导致晶体中的八面体偶极矩增大; S 3p态与O 2p态、Ti 3d态杂化而使导带位置下移、价带位置上移及价带宽化,从而导致TiO₂的禁带宽度变窄、光吸收曲线红移到可见光区.这些结果很好地解释了S掺杂锐钛矿相TiO₂在可见光下具有优良的光催化性能的内在原因.根据计算结果分析比较了硫以不同离子价态掺杂对锐钛矿相TiO₂电子结构和光催化性能影响的差别. 关键词： 2')" href="#">锐钛矿相TiO₂ S掺杂 第一性原理 光催化性能     

Improved visible light photocatalytic activity of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nano powders with metal ions doping for glazed ceramic tiles

Self-cleaning and anti-bacterial activities of the photo-catalyst titanium dioxide make it a superior compound for use in the ceramics and glass industry. In order to achieve high self-cleaning efficiency for building products, it is important that Titania is present as anatase phase. Moreover, it is desirable that the particle sizes are in Nano-range, so that a large enough surface area is available for enhanced catalytic performance. In the present paper, Cobalt and Nickel co-doped (4%mol Ni and 4%mol Co doped TiO₂) and un-doped TiO₂ Nano powders have been prepared by sol–gel technique. They were calcined at the temperatures in the range of 475–1075 °C. Ni/Co co-doped TiO₂ postponed the anatase to rutile transformation of TiO₂ by about 200–300°C, such that before calcination at 775°C, no rutile was detected for 4 mol% Ni/Co co-doped TiO₂. A systematic decreasing on crystallite size and increasing on specific surface area of Ni/Co co-doped TiO₂ were observed. Photo-catalytic activity of anatase polymorph was measured by the decomposition rate of methylene blue under visible light. The results showed enhanced catalysis under visible light for Ni/Co co-doped TiO₂ as compared to pure TiO₂. The enhanced performance was attributed to surface chemistry change associated with a slight shift in the band gap. Depending on the temperatures ranging from 475 to 1075 °C, band gap energy of Ni and Co doped TiO₂ crystals decreased. For all samples there is a general reduction of the band gap energy from 3.00 to 2.96 eV.     

A first-principles calculation on the electronic properties of Si/N-codoped TiO2

To deeply understand the effects of Si/N-codoping on the electronic structures of TiO₂ and confirm their photocatalytic performance, a comparison theoretical study of their energetic and electronic properties was carried out involving single N-doping, single Si-doping and three models of Si/N-codoping based on first-principles. As for N-doped TiO₂, an isolated N 2p state locates above the top of valence band and mixes with O 2p states, resulting in band gap narrowing. However, the unoccupied N 2p state acts as electrons traps to promote the electron-hole recombination. Using Si-doping, the band gap has a decrease of 0.24 eV and the valence band broadens about 0.30 eV. These two factors cause a better performance of photocatalyst. The special Si/N-codoped TiO₂ model with one O atom replaced by a N atom and its adjacent Ti atom replaced by a Si atom, has the smallest defect formation energy in three codoping models, suggesting the model is the most energetic favorable. The calculated energy results also indicate that the Si incorporation increases the N concentration in Si/N-codoped TiO₂. This model obtains the most narrowed band gap of 1.63 eV in comparison with the other two models. The dopant states hybridize with O 2p states, leading to the valence band broadening and then improving the mobility of photo-generated hole; the N 2p states are occupied simultaneously. The significantly narrowed band gap and the absence of recombination center can give a reasonable explanation for the high photocatalytic activity under visible light.     

Synthesis, characterization and degradation of Bisphenol A using Pr, N co-doped TiO2 with highly visible light activity

Praseodymium and nitrogen co-doped titania (Pr/N-TiO₂) photocatalysts, which could degrade Bisphenol A (BPA) under visible light irradiation, were prepared by the modified sol-gel process. Tetrabutyl titanate, urea and praseodymium nitrate were used as the sources of titanium, nitrogen and praseodymium, respectively. The resulting materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). It was found that Pr doping inhibited the growth of crystalline size and the transformation from anatase to rutile. The degradation of BPA under visible light illumination was taken as probe reaction to evaluate the photo-activity of the co-doped photocatalyst. In our experiments, the optimal dopant amount of Pr was 1.2 mol% and the calcination temperature was 500 °C for the best photocatalytic activity. Pr/N-TiO₂ samples exhibited enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity compared to N-TiO₂, undoped TiO₂ and commercial P25. The nitrogen atoms were incorporated into the crystal of titania and could narrow the band gap energy. Pr doping could slow the radiative recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in TiO₂. The improvement of photocatalytic activity was ascribed to the synergistic effects of nitrogen and Pr co-doping.     

First-principles study on anatase TiO2 codoped with nitrogen and praseodymium

The crystal structures, electronic structures and optical properties of nitrogen or/and praseodymium doped anatase TiO₂ were calculated by first principles with the plane-wave ultrasoft pseudopotential method based on density functional theory. Highly efficient visible-light-induced nitrogen or/and praseodymium doped anatase TiO₂ nanocrystal photocatalyst were synthesized by a microwave chemical method. The calculated results show that the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ can be enhanced by N doping or Pr doping, and can be further enhanced by N+Pr codoping. The band gap change of the codoping TiO₂ is more obvious than that of the single ion doping, which results in the red shift of the optical absorption edges. The results are of great significance for the understanding and further development of visible-light response high activity modified TiO₂ photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity of the samples for methyl blue degradation was investigated under the irradiation of fluorescent light. The experimental results show that the codoping TiO₂ photocatalytic activity is obviously higher than that of the single ion doping. The experimental results accord with the calculated results.     

Visible-light-activated Ce-Si co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst

To enhance the visible photocatalytic activity and thermal stability of TiO₂, Ce-Si co-doped TiO₂ materials were synthesized through a nonaqueous method of which the purpose was to reduce the aggregation between TiO₂ particles. The obtained materials maintained anatase phase and large surface area of 103.3 m² g⁻¹ even after calcined at 800 °C. The XPS results also indicated that Si was weaved into the lattice of TiO₂, and Ce mainly existed as oxides on the surface of TiO₂ particles. The doped Si might enhance surface area and suppress transformation from anatase to rutile, while the doped Ce might cause visible absorption and inhibit crystallite growth during heat treatment. Evaluated by decomposing dye Rhodamine B, visible photocatalytic activity of Ce-Si co-doped TiO₂ was obviously higher than that of pure TiO₂ and reached the maximum at Ce and Si contents of 0.5 mol% and 10 mol%.