细颗粒间相互作用力的研究

对微米、近亚微米尺度的细颗粒间相互作用过程的显微观察发现,细颗粒间具有"吸引-旋绕-排斥"的相互作用行为.受力分析表明,包含范德华力、静电库仑力和电像力的传统颗粒间作用力模型不能解释这种相互作用行为.根据细颗粒的荷电特性,提出细颗粒间还具有诱导偶极子作用力.通过引入偶极子作用力改进了细颗粒间作用力模型,利用新的模型对细颗粒间相互作用进行了模拟,得到了和实验相同的相互作用行为,并且对影响细颗粒相互作用的参数进行了分析.提出投入大颗粒和增加外静电场等都是促进颗粒凝并的有效措施.     

碱卤化合物和MgO的离子间距-压强关系分析

 给出了一种新的方法来决定固体的离子间距与压强的关系,并将这种方法应用到碱卤化合物和MgO晶体。这种新方法的理论基础是利用Hildebrand 近似、并运用Harrison的处理方法来考虑排斥能,即考虑离子间的相互作用直到次临近离子。还利用了更精确的方法来计算偶极子-偶极子和偶极子-四极子之间的相互作用。利用这种新方法得到的结果和实验结果吻合得很好。     

介质中点电荷所受电场力的研究

在两个自由点电荷的电场中，两点电荷之间的相互作用力与点电荷所受的电场力是不同的．在真空中，这两种力是相似的，因为它们都满足这两点电荷之间相互作用的库仑定律．无论在真空中还是介质中，这两个点电荷之间的相互作用力都由它们相互作用的库仑力决定．但在一般情况下，在介质中，作用在点电荷上的电场力是不能由这两个点电荷之间的库仑力决定的．在电场中，如果让各向同性的均匀介质无限分布，作用在点电荷上的电场力仍可由两点电荷间的库仑力决定．本文还研究了介质中点电荷所受的电场力等于两点电荷之间的库仑力的充要条件．     

金属纳米锥表面吸附分子分布的数值模拟

在均匀外电场中,将吸附在由过渡金属基底生长的纳米锥颗粒表面的CO分子等效为偶极子,在考虑偶极子与局域电场,偶极子之间色散力及偶极子与锥表面原子之间三种相互作用的情况下,给出各相互作用能的数学模型,并用Monte Carlo方法进行数值模拟,得到纳米锥颗粒表面吸附CO分子的空间分布构型.结果表明,在这些相互作用下,纳米锥表面吸附CO分子产生局部凝聚,且随着纳米锥角的变小,吸附在锥顶部的分子更加密集,导致吸附分子间相互作用更强,为解释纳米结构表面吸附体系的异常红外效应提供依据.     

煤燃烧亚微米颗粒数浓度特性实验研究和理论分析

煤粉燃烧过程中亚微米颗粒数浓度的准确采样和测量是一个颇具挑战性的问题,本文基于清华大学高温-维炉实验系统产生的亚微米颗粒物,发展了适用于气溶胶扫描电迁移率颗粒粒径谱仪(SMPS)的两级氮气稀释水冷等速取样技术.为得到炉膛内亚微米颗粒的真实数浓度粒径分布,本文探索了不同稀释比对测量结果的影响,最后发展了基于成核、团聚和表...     

La掺杂BaSnO3薄膜的低温电输运性质

利用射频磁控溅射技术在MgO(001)单晶基片上沉积了一系列Ba_0.94La_0.06SnO₃薄膜,并对薄膜的结构和电输运性质进行了系统研究.所有薄膜均表现出简并半导体(金属)导电特性:在T>T_min的高温区(T_min为电阻最小值对应的温度),薄膜的电阻率随温度的升高而升高,并且与温度的平方呈线性关系.在T min的低温区域,薄膜的电阻率随温度降低而上升,并且电阻率随lnT呈线性变化,均匀无序系统中的电子-电子相互作用、弱局域效应以及Kondo效应均不能解释这种现象.经过定量分析,发现电阻率在低温下lnT的依赖关系源于颗粒间电子的库仑相互作用.同时,在Ba_0.94La_0.06SnO₃薄膜中也观察到霍尔系数R_H与lnT呈线性关系,并且该线性关系也定量的符合金属颗粒体系中库仑相互作用的理论.薄膜断面高分辨透射电子显微镜结果表明,虽然薄膜整体呈现外延结构,但其中...     

微米颗粒与固体表面相互作用的AFM测量

基于原子力显微镜(AFM)测量了单个典型电站微米飞灰颗粒(粒径6μm)与石墨表面间的粘附力和静电力相互作用,获得了颗粒的表面能并考查了相对湿度对静电力的影响.在环境气氛下基本检测不到静电作用,而在真空下静电吸引作用显著.静电力主要来自颗粒一表面间的接触荷电,作用特性可以用一个简化的点电荷模型很好地定量描述.     

自驱动颗粒体系中的熵力

在许多纳米复合材料体系中熵力(entropy force)是普遍存在的,但由于熵力的存在会导致纳米颗粒的凝聚从而降低其许多性能,因此在大多数情况下熵力的存在对体系并无益处,所以研究如何减小熵力对体系的影响是非常重要的.不带角速度的自驱动粒子在熵力作用下会集聚在纳米颗粒(或者纳米棒)周围,这会对纳米颗粒(或者纳米棒)产生很大的相互作用力.对于纳米颗粒,在不带角速度的自驱动粒子体系中存在着非常大的排斥力.而对于纳米棒,由于纳米棒内外的不对称性,使得两个纳米棒之间会产生吸引-排斥转变,同时这个吸引-排斥转变与纳米棒之间的距离有关.当自驱动粒子加上一个自转角速度ω之后,熵力的作用就大大减弱,纳米颗粒不再集聚.研究结果有助于对非平衡态下纳米颗粒(或纳米棒)之间熵相互作用力的认识.     

像偶极子法计算导体颗粒簇团的偶极矩

计算均匀电场中颗粒簇团的偶极矩通常是困难的,这是因为颗粒间的相互耦合较难处理.这种相互耦合使颗粒的极化依赖于簇团的结构和大小.利用像偶极子法对这种耦合加以分析.首先,分别考虑了置于纵向和横向电场中的任意间距的等径导体球对,确定了各球上的像偶极子和像电荷及其分布.之后,计算了由4个置于正方形顶点和8个置于立方体顶点的导体球构成的簇团的偶极矩,并给出紧凑表达式.与先前的结果进行了比较,获得了很好的一致性. 关键词： 偶极矩 颗粒簇团 像偶极子法 分形     

测量电子间的自旋-自旋相互作用强度

电子带负电,电子—电子间相互排斥是大家所熟知的。但电子具有自旋磁矩却较少为人所知。显然,两个自旋磁矩之间将会相互施加磁力。但是,上述双电子自旋之间的相互作用至今还没有被测量过。这主要是因为它们的磁矩太小,以致于常常被其他效应所淹没。如果双电子之间的距离是原子尺度,泡利不相容原理及库仑排斥将占支配地位。具体地说,当两个电子相互靠近时,如果它们的自旋反平行,则将共享同一个电子轨道,静电库仑能增加;反之,如果它们的自旋平行,则将分别具有各自的电子轨道,静电库仑能减少。如果双电子之间的距离增大到微米量级,它们之间的磁相互作用将大大减小,通常会被环境磁场施加于电子磁矩的力所淹没。     

Submicron particles removal by charged sprays. Fundamentals

New regulations regarding the PM1 emission by power plants and transport vehicles require novel technical solutions for the abatement of particulate matter emission in submicron size range. Particles of this size are difficult to remove by conventional methods, and therefore various variants of wet electrostatic scrubbers have been developed. In such devices, the electrostatic forces between charged particles and collectors (water droplets) are used to permanently remove them from the gas. The paper focuses on the state-of-the-art of wet electrostatic scrubbing technique used for the removal of submicron particulate matter from exhaust gases with particular emphasis upon marine Diesel engines.     

Treatment of submicron particles using an electrostatic agglomerator in DC-negative voltage: Re-entrainment experimental study and modeling

The aim of this study is to highlight the re-entrainment phenomenon encountered with an electrostatic agglomerator having a fibrous collecting electrode and treating submicron particles. The idea is to propose a process to control the particle number emitted by automotive diesel engines. Rather than trying to directly measure agglomerates of diesel particles exiting the agglomerator, we propose working with a synthetic submicron aerosol dispersed in ambient filtered air as a representative exhaust gas. The study will contribute to build a numerical modeling of the behavior of particles in such a process. The particular point that will be treated here is the collected particle re-entrainment as micron-sized agglomerates. We propose a joint experimentation/modeling approach to approximate the re-entrained aerosol size distribution in controlled conditions. From the modeling point of view, a local approach which uses the method of the balance of moments on agglomerates provides the re-entrained particle size in the agglomerator, according to the filtration conditions. The experimental approach confirms the clearly micron-sized character of the re-entrained agglomerates. This is unambiguously shown by measuring a greater micron particle numerical concentration downstream from the agglomerator than upstream. We show that the fluorescein submicron particles use can greatly simplify the characterization of an electrostatic agglomerator by allowing the use of a commercial laser granulometer to measure the size and the number of the generated agglomerates.     

Electrostatic force of dust deposition originating from contact between particles and photovoltaic glass

Charged photovoltaic glass produces an electrostatic field. The electrostatic field exerts an electrostatic force on dust particles, thus making more dust particles deposited on the glass. In this paper, the contact electrification between the deposited dust particles and the photovoltaic glass is studied. Meanwhile, the surface charge density model of the photovoltaic glass and the electrostatic force of charged particles are analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of the particle impact speed and the inclination angle of the photovoltaic panel, the charges on particles increase to different degrees.Under a given condition, the electrostatic forces acting on the charged particles at different positions above the glass plate form a bell-shaped distribution at a macro level, and present a maximum value in the center of the plate. As the distance between the particle and the charged glass decreases, the electrostatic force exerted on the particle increases significantly and fluctuates greatly. However, its mean value is still higher than the force caused by gravity and the adhesion force,reported by some studies. Therefore, we suggest that photovoltaic glass panels used in the severe wind-sand environment should be made of an anti-static transparent material, which can lessen the dust particles accumulated on the panels.     

Failure and success of hydrodynamic interaction models

In suspensions with charged particles, electrostatic forces and hydrodynamic interactions are both important to describe the system. We study different models of hydrodynamic interaction for monopolarly charged particles in a non-polar liquid. In this case, there is no screening of the Coulomb repulsion, so the repulsion between all pairs must be taken into account. The particles are expected to drift away from each other, however at a lower rate when hydrodynamic interaction between the particles is taken into account. Existing, frequently used models of hydrodynamic interactions tend to overestimate the slowing down of the charged particles, even to the extent that the particles effectively attract each other. This is demonstrated for some selected particle setups. We find that these anomalies even occur in dilute systems, if they contain sufficiently many particles. We explain why these anomalies can be avoided by an approach, in which the superposition of interactions is done in the friction tensor instead of the mobility tensor.     

Charged spray generation for gas cleaning applications

The paper presents results of experimental investigation of properties of charged sprays generated by two types of pressure atomizers with charging by induction. Among other possible methods of charged spray generation, the induction charging has been considered due to its most practical importance. The goal of this research is to optimise the charging process with respect to obtain droplets of required size and charge for their application for exhaust gas cleaning from submicron particles in electrostatic scrubber used for the removal of PM from Diesel engine exhausts. Electrostatic scrubbers use electrostatic forces in order to deposit fine charged particles onto oppositely charged droplets.     

Assembling 100 nm Scale Particles by an Electrostatic Potential Field

The assembly of particles is one of the many methods for the fabrication of organized structures in the range of micro- to nanometer sizes. These structures have potential applications in the electronic, optical and biochemical fields. Recently, many papers have reported the patterning of particles using patterned SAM (self-assembly monolayer) films and micro molding methods. We have been developing a new technique to assemble particles using an electrostatic field. This paper describes a new technique to fabricate two-dimensional microstructures assembled from 100 nm particles. Spherical silica of 900 nm diameter and aluminum of 100 nm diameter were used as the model particles. An electrostatic image was formed on an insulating substrate by drawing a focused electron beam at 10 keV. Both types of particles were deposited on the electrostatic images. In this process, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force plays an important role in depositing particles on the electrostatic images. The DEP forces for particles in a suspension were calculated using numerical analysis. The result showed that the DEP force above the electrified region on the substrate is larger than disturbing forces, such as Brownian motion.     

On coagulation mechanisms of charged nanoparticles produced by combustion of hydrocarbon and metallized fuels

The contributions of van der Waals, Coulomb, and polarization interactions between nanometersized particles to the particle coagulation rate in both free-molecular and continuum regimes are analyzed for particle charges of various magnitudes and signs. Analytical expressions are obtained for the coagulation rate constant between particles whose interaction in the free-molecular regime is described by a singular potential. It is shown that van der Waals and polarization forces significantly increase the coagulation rate between a neutral and a charged particle (by a factor of up to 10) and can even suppress the Coulomb repulsion between like-charged particles of widely different sizes.     

Detection of single-electron charging in an individual InAs quantum dot by noncontact atomic-force microscopy

Single-electron charging in an individual InAs quantum dot was observed by electrostatic force measurements with an atomic-force microscope (AFM). The resonant frequency shift and the dissipated energy of an oscillating AFM cantilever were measured as a function of the tip-back electrode voltage, and the resulting spectra show distinct jumps when the tip was positioned above the dot. The observed jumps in the frequency shift, with corresponding peaks in dissipation, are attributed to a single-electron tunneling between the dot and the back electrode governed by the Coulomb blockade effect, and are consistent with a model based on the free energy of the system. The observed phenomenon may be regarded as the "force version" of the Coulomb blockade effect.     

Force spectroscopy in noncontact mode

We have analyzed the possibility of using noncontact scanning force microscopy (NCAFM) to detect variations in surface composition, i.e., to detect a ‘spectroscopic image' of the sample. This ability stems from the fact that the long-range forces, acting between the AFM tip and sample, depend on the composition of the AFM tip and sample. The long-range force can be magnetic, electrostatic, or van der Waals forces. Detection of the first two forces is presently used in scanning force microscopy technique, but van der Waals forces have not been used. We demonstrate that the recovery of spectroscopic image has a unique solution. Furthermore, the spectroscopic resolution can be as good as lateral one.