积雪性质与积雪表面双向偏振反射之间关系研究

积雪性质的变化会影响积雪的反射,从而遥感技术中可以利用反射信息的变化来确定积雪性质。由于反射过程中会产生偏振信息,在研究可见光近红外波段(350～2 500 nm)不同粒径大小积雪表面多角度反射特性的基础上,同时分析了粒径以及由干雪变成湿雪对积雪表面偏振反射特性的影响。通过野外测量结果表明,粒径大小对积雪表面偏振反射的影响在近红外波段1 500 nm附近比较明显,表现为在前向散射方向,随着粒径的增加对应的偏振度变大;这是由于在该波段附近,积雪对光的吸收很强,随着粒径的增加,吸收会变大,探测器获取的光大部分为单次散射光,而单次散射光是引起偏振信息的主要来源;在研究过程中发现从干雪变成湿雪这一过程会使偏振信息增加,这是由于湿雪表面水膜的存在,将相邻的雪粒粘连在一起,相当于使积雪粒径变大,但是这种影响主要体现在近红外波段。综上所述,将多角度偏振信息与反射信息结合可以为反演积雪性质提供可靠的方法与理论基础。     

北疆地区不同雪粒径光谱特征观测及反演研究

雪粒径反演是冰冻圈遥感的重要研究内容之一。本研究通过设计不同雪粒径观测方案,在我国北疆地区利用SVC HR-1024野外便携式光谱仪观测了不同雪粒径的光谱特征;同时利用可拍照显微镜测量了雪粒径的大小和形状,并通过DSPP方法计算其等效粒径;最后,基于渐进式积雪辐射传输模型(ART)对反演波段和积雪形状因子进行优化,反演并验证雪粒径。研究表明DSPP方法获取积雪等效粒径是可行的,但由于同层积雪中样本选择存在较大差异,在样本选择方面需要进一步改进;近红外波段还是区分雪粒径的有效波段,在研究区积雪是干雪的条件下,基于ART优化反演波段和积雪形状因子优化方法反演雪粒径是可行的,根据试验获取在该地区雪粒径反演最佳波段为1.20 μm,最佳积雪形状因子b值为3.62。     

雪的热辐射偏振特性定量研究

雪作为衡量全球气候变化有效的信息源之一,其热辐射存在偏振特性,且这一偏振特性会受到多因素的影响。为了定量分析单一因素及其交互作用对雪的热辐射偏振特性的影响,在传统分析的基础上,设计了三因素三水平的正交实验。结果表明,探测角、方位角和波段均对雪的热辐射偏振特性产生影响;探测角对雪的热辐射偏振度产生显著的影响;探测角与其他两因素的交互作用以及波段均对雪的热辐射偏振度产生显著影响;方位角对雪的热辐射偏振度有一定的影响,而它与波段的交互作用不会对雪的热辐射偏振度产生影响。因此,在研究中,既要考虑单因素本身对雪的热辐射偏振特性的影响,还要考虑交互作用的影响。     

雪粒径高光谱遥感估算模型研究

雪粒径是影响全球/局地能量收支和表征积雪水热状态的重要参数,大面积监测和估算雪粒径的分布及大小对于全球/局地气候变化和水资源管理具有重要意义。目前遥感技术已成为大面积监测和估算雪粒径的重要手段。针对雪粒径的遥感监测与估算,该研究采用辐射传输模型模拟雪面可见光-近红外波段的光谱曲线,经过分析光谱曲线并结合一阶微分和累计差异值选取对雪粒径敏感的波段和积雪指数,建立单变量雪粒径高光谱遥感估算模型,并用地面实测数据进行验证,结果表明,单波长1 030 nm,1 260 nm和归一化差值积雪指数(460和1 030 nm)构建的估算模型预测精度较高,雪粒径估算值与实测值的相关斜率分别为1.37,0.61和0.62 ,R2分别为0.82,0.86和0.93,RMSE分别为55.65,50.83和35.91 μm,可用于雪粒径的估算研究。研究成果为雪粒径的高光谱遥感反演提供科学依据。     

一种基于光谱库的雪粒径及形状参数反演新方法

雪粒径的形状因素对积雪的反射光谱曲线影响较大,如何有效地刻画雪粒径的形状参数成为研究的热点。渐进辐射传输模型被广泛地应用于雪粒径反演,其对雪粒径形状的描述只采用了2个值(3.62对应于片状雪粒径,4.53为球形雪粒径),较难描述积雪的形状参数,同时为了反演积雪的雪粒径,这两个形状参数必须被提前固定,这大大降低了雪粒径的反演精度,为此提出了一种基于光谱库的雪粒径及形状参数反演算法(LUTMA)。首先利用渐进辐射传输模型建立不同粒径,不同形状参数的光谱库,然后采用光谱角指标进行匹配,最终获取积雪的粒径与形状参数。实验表明,基于光谱库的雪粒径及形状参数反演新方法与实测数据较为吻合。     

DDA simulations of light scattering by small irregular particles with various structure

We present DDA investigations of light scattering by irregular particles whose size is comparable with wavelength. We consider four types of randomly irregular particles: strongly damaged spheres, rough-surface spheres, pocked spheres, and agglomerated debris particles. Each type of particle is generated with a well defined algorithm producing an ensemble of stochastically different particles that have a common origin. The different types of irregular particles produce different angular dependencies of intensity and linear polarization degree. Transformation of phase curves of intensity and polarization with changing size parameter for irregular particles tends to be more monotonic, unlike spheres. We find that the magnitude of the negative polarization branch (NPB) tends to shrink as particle absorption increases; whereas, the maximal value and position of the positive polarization branch tends to increase. The most frequently observed shape of the negative polarization at small phase angles is asymmetric with a shift of the minimum position towards the angle of polarization sign inversion. All types of considered irregular particles reveal such asymmetry at x<10. Symmetric negative polarization branches occur seldom. The necessary conditions for their appearance are a relatively large size parameter x?10 to 12 and low absorption.     

The T-matrix technique for calculations of scattering properties of ensembles of randomly oriented particles with different size

We develop a modification of the T-matrix method that allows efficient studies of scattering properties of ensembles of independent irregular particles of different size. The advantage of the modification is quick calculations using the so-called shape-matrices (Sh-matrices), which allow more rapid calculations of scattering by particles of different size and can be used for averaging scattering properties over particle size. To illustrate the advantage we calculate the scattering-angle dependence of the intensity and degree of linear polarization of ensembles of cubes and Chebyshev particles of different size using both the new and traditional methods. Our time savings in calculating scattering properties for the particles with the new methodology is approximately a factor of ten when calculating scattering properties of one hundred of the same type of particles with different size parameter. As can be anticipated, increasing the size interval results in a smoothing of the structure of the photometric curves and a decrease in the linear polarization.     

The size effect of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films on the ferroelectric properties

Barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering. The dielectric constant-voltage curves and the hysteresis loops of BST thin films with different grain sizes and film thicknesses were investigated. When the grain size increases from 12 nm to 35 nm, remarkable increases in dielectric constant and tunability were observed. Above 12 nm, the BST films exhibited size effects, i.e. a decrease in maximal polarization (P_m) and an increase in coercive electric field (E_c) with reduction in grain size. In our investigation, the dielectric constant, tunability and maximal polarization increased as the film thickness increased. Furthermore, the size dependence of the dielectric constant and tunability of Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ thin films is determined by that of the maximal polarization and the coercive electric field.     

Electrode reaction and microstructure of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ thin films

Dense La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO_3−δ film electrodes were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.95 electrolytes. The grain size of one film was 300–500 nm, and the other was 30–50 nm. DC polarization and AC impedance measurements were performed at 873 K–1073 K in O₂–Ar gas mixtures. From investigations of the electrochemical capacitances, the rate determining process for both electrodes were confirmed to be the surface reaction. The analyses in the electrochemical resistance revealed that the oxygen adsorption/desorption rate was faster on the electrode with smaller grain size. DC responses agreed with AC results, so the current density on the nano-grain electrode was larger by half an order than those of the sub-micron-grain electrode. Under a dilute oxygen atmosphere, the rate determining step transferred from a surface reaction to a gas phase diffusion.     

Field history dependence of nonlinear dielectric properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ceramics under bias electric field: Polarization behavior of polar nano-regions

Nonlinear dielectric properties of Ba_0.6Sr_0.4TiO₃ ceramics prepared by citrate method were investigated under bias electric field with respect to field history. X-ray diffraction analysis and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant (ε_r) confirmed a macroscopically paraelectric state for the specimen at room temperature. A slim polarization versus electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop of the specimen at room temperature indicated the existence of polar nano-regions (PNRs) superimposed on the paraelectric background. The nonlinear dielectric properties in continuous cycles of bias field sweep displayed a strong sensitivity to the field history. This phenomenon was qualitatively explained in terms of an irreversible polarization evolution of the PNRs under the bias fields. A considerable decline of the tunability with the cycle number suggests an appreciable contribution of the PNRs to the dielectric nonlinearity. The polarization and size of the PNRs were determined by fitting the dielectric constants to a multipolarization mechanism model.     

Polarization dependence of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of graphite

We have used variable polarization synchrotron radiation to map the valence band electronic structure of graphite by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The experimental results with two orthogonal linear polarization of light signifies the contribution of either even or odd symmetry with respect to the crystal mirror plane towards the photoemission intensity. The σ₁ and σ₂ valence bands show odd reflection symmetry while the π valence band shows even symmetry with respect to the mirror plane. The measured ARPES spectrum using left and right circular polarized lights shows asymmetry in intensity around M point of the Brillouin zone, which ultimately mimicking different partial wave character of σ₁ and σ₃ bands.     

Impedance behavior of excess CaO type non-stoichiometric Ca1−xZrO3−δ perovskite ceramic

Excess CaO type non-stoichiometric Ca_1?xZrO_3?δ (x = ?0.2, ?0.23) was prepared to investigate their impedance behavior in 500 °C–1100 °C temperature range. It was confirmed that grain plays predominantly role in total resistance and relaxation process. The grain boundary resistance decreases more rapidly than that of grain with the rising of temperature. The relaxation time was found reduces with temperature increases. The activation energies are calculated to be 1.19 eV of C1.2Z and 1.53 eV of C1.23Z. The excess CaO is suggested can enhance the resistance and relaxation process of grain boundary and gives rise to a higher activation energy of C1.23Z. By analyzing dielectric permittivity, polarization effect was verified works more seriously at higher temperatures especially in C1.2Z. The excess CaO was proved can relieve the polarization effect in C1.23Z.     

The influence of shear bands on final structure and magnetic properties of 3% Si non-oriented silicon steel

The presence of shear bands in the deformed material before final annealing is very important for Goss and Cube textures formation in silicon steel [S.C. Paolinelli, M.A. Cunha, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 255 (2003) pp. 379. [1]; J.T. Park, J.A. Szpunar, Acta Mater., 51 (2003) 3037. [2]]. The increase of the hot-band grain size can increase the number of shear bands, which favor the nucleation of these orientations. In this work, the effect of the hot band grain size variation, promoted by varying the hot rolling finishing temperature, on final structure and magnetic properties was investigated for 3% Si alloy. It was found that the increase of the hot-band grain size increases the occurrence of shear bands and promotes an increase of η fiber fraction and a reduction of γ fiber fraction, improving the magnetic induction. On the other hand, the final grain size is reduced when the hot-band grain size is larger than 190 μm, deteriorating the core loss values in spite of the texture benefits. The reduction of final grain size was explained by the increase of the number of nuclei at the beginning of the recrystallization caused by the increase of shear bands in the deformed material.     

Optical colours and polarization of a model reflection nebula

Simple models of a reflection nebula in the form of a plane-parallel slab containing smooth spherical solid particles in submicron size range have been considered. Single scattering has been assumed. The effect of varying the composition and size distribution function of the grains have been brought out in the calculations using Mie theory of scattering. The analytical part of the geometry of the problem has been treated quite rigorously and the resulting expression for nebular intensity has been presented in a somewhat new form. In this paper, the case of the star behind the nebula has been examined. A comparison of the theoretical results with the observations of the Merope nebula shows that the dirty ice grains with index of refraction about 1·3–0·1i and size parametera ₀ = 0·5μ give reasonable agreement with the colours. Simultaneously, the polarization in the visual and blue wavelength bands agree approximately up to offset angle of 6 minutes of arc. The larger offset angles pose an intriguing problem. The general trends of nebular colours and polarization with variation of real and imaginary parts of index of refraction and the size distribution parameter have been tabulated to serve as a guide for further study of reflection nebulae with the star in the rear. A part of this work was presented at the first scientific meeting of the Astronomical Society of India, held on 27 and 28 February 1974 at Hyderabad. An erratum to this article is available at .     

The effect of nuclear polarizability on the isomer shift in electronic atoms

We study the influence of the nuclear polarizability on isomer shifts. For the quadrupole contribution, we can compare our numerical results to previous investigations of Reiner and Wilets. The agreement is quite good. The polarization contribution to the isomer shift is directly proportional to the non-energy weighted sum ofB (E λ)-@#@ values from the ground and isomer states respectively. Although the absolute effects are quite large, there tends to be a cancellation effect for the differences between the two states. This is illustrated, albeit rather crudely, by two different model calculations. Since the polarization effect is, like the volume effect, directly proportional to the electron density at the nucleus, the extraction ofΔ ψ(0)²-values from isomer shift measurements remains unaffected. The nuclear parameter, however, contains in general a polarization contribution.     

Simulation on dielectric susceptibility and domain evolution of relaxor ferroelectrics

Dielectric susceptibility and domain evolution of the relaxor ferroelectrics have been simulated using the Monte Carlo method upon the Potts-Ising model. The grain size effect and the applied ac field frequency effect on the dielectric susceptibility were theoretically investigated. We found that the dielectric susceptibility increases and the T_m (the temperature at which the dielectric susceptibility reaches the maximum) shifts to lower temperature with increasing average grain size or decreasing frequency. In addition, we obtained the value of the relaxation parameter γ estimated from the linear fit of the modified Curie-Weiss law; its changing trend with increasing average grain size or increasing frequency was well consistent with the experimental observation. From the results of the domain pattern evolution process, we observed the differences between relaxor ferroelectrics and normal ferroelectrics subjected to an applied ac field.     

雪的热辐射多角度偏振特性研究

针对现今遥感对地面目标自身热辐射偏振特性研究的需要,对雪的热辐射多角度偏振特性进行测量,分析探测天顶角、探测方位角、波段、偏振角四个因子对雪的热辐射特性的影响。结果表明：雪的辐射亮度和亮度温度均随探测天顶角的增大而增大,当探测天顶角＞30°时,增长速度加快,且探测天顶角对雪的亮度温度的影响较辐射亮度更为显著;探测方位角的变化对雪的辐射亮度和亮度温度有一定的影响,且对雪的亮度温度的影响较辐射亮度更为显著;波段的变化对雪的辐射亮度和亮度温度均有显著影响,相比而言,其对辐射亮度的影响更为显著;偏振角的变化对雪的辐射亮度和亮度温度有一定的影响,且对亮度温度的影响较辐射亮度较为显著。该研究成果为应用遥感技术开展雪的热红外定量研究提供了新的思路与方法,具有重要的理论意义和广阔的应用前景。     

Characterization of CBD-CdSe1-ySy deposited at low-temperature for photovoltaic applications

We present the structural and optical characterization of cadmium selenide sulphur (CdSe_1-yS_y) deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique at low-temperature (20 ± 2 °C). The sulphur molar fraction is varied from 0 to 42.13%. The chemical stoichiometry is estimated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The CdSe_1-yS_y shows hexagonal wurtzite crystalline phase, which was found by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and it was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The average grain size of the CdSe_1-yS_y films was ranged from 1.20 to 1.68 nm that was determined by Debye-Scherrer equation from W(002) direction and it was confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). This average grain size indicates a high quantum confinement because of it is smaller than the Bohr radii of CdS (2.8 nm) and CdSe (4.9 nm). Raman spectra show two dominant vibrational bands about 208 and 415 cm⁻¹ associated at CdSe-1LO-like and CdSe-2LO-like. By transmittance measurements at room temperature are found that the optical band gap energies vary from 1.86 to 2.16 eV in the range of investigated sulphur molar fraction. Room temperature photoluminescence shows radiative bands in the visible range and a dominant band in the UV range, approximately 3.0 eV, which can be associated with a radiative transition, bound exciton to donor impurity.     

Polarization of light backscattered by small particles

We study scattering of light by wavelength-scale spherical, cubic, and spheroidal particles as well as clusters of spherical particles for equal-volume-sphere size parameters 4≤x≤10 and refractive indices 1.1≤m≤2.0. Such particles exhibit three specific features in the regime of backscattering: first, the intensity shows a backscattering peak; second, the degree of linear polarization for unpolarized incident light is negative; and, third, the depolarization ratio is double-lobed. We find that the overall characteristics of the scattering-matrix elements can be explained by an internal field composed of waves propagating in opposite directions near the particle perimeter and forming standing waves, as well as a wave propagating forward with the wavelength of the internal medium. When moving from the central axis of the particle toward its perimeter, the internal field changes from a forward-propagating wave with a wavelength dictated by the particle refractive index toward a standing wave with an apparent wavelength of the surrounding medium. The mapping of the internal field to the scattered far field is like an interference dial where rotation of the dial by a quarter of a wavelength on the particle perimeter results in a change from a destructive to constructive interference feature in the angular patterns (or vice versa). The dial is a manifestation of a well-known rule of thumb: the number of maxima or minima in the scattering-matrix elements is given by the size parameter. We explain the backscattering peak as deriving from the backward-propagating internal wave near the particle perimeter. Negative polarization follows from the spatial asymmetry of the internal fields: inside the particle, the fields are amplified near the central plane perpendicular to the polarization state of incident light, resulting in more pronounced interference effects for the perpendicular polarization than for the parallel polarization. The double-lobe feature in the depolarization results from the same internal-field structure with leading cross-polarized fields located slightly different from the copolarized fields. We discuss practical implications of these findings for the retrieval of particle sizes, shapes, and refractive indices from observations and laboratory experiments.     

新雪的热红外偏振特性研究

积雪直接影响地表能量平衡和气候变化,与人类生产、生活息息相关,运用热红外偏振技术对新雪的发射光谱特性进行研究,可为热红外遥感监测雪的热辐射偏振特性定量研究提供基础,对加深对全球变暖理解及制定相应对策等具有重要意义。研究结果表明：波段对新雪热红外偏振特性影响很大,其偏振辐亮度(L)表现为：L_CH1>L_CH3>L_CH4>L_CH2,偏振亮温(T)表现为：T_CH4>T_CH1>T_CH2>T_CH3,在探测角50°偏振角90°处出现最大值而在探测角30°偏振角75°处存在最小值,利用CH₃偏振亮温数据分析新雪热辐射偏振特性效果更优。探测角对新雪的偏振亮温影响极其显著,表现为：T₁₀203005040,偏振度(P)表现为：P₀>P₃₀>P₄₀>P₂₀>P₁₀>P₅₀。偏振角对新雪亮温影响呈线性关系,在0~135°范围,每单位偏振角偏振亮温增加约0.003 ℃,这为新雪偏振亮温预测提供可能,在研究探测角对新雪偏振亮温影响时可忽略波段造成的差异。相对方位角对新雪的热辐射偏振特性影响不显著,这主要是由物质表面粗糙程度与组织结构差异导致,利用热红外偏振度对新雪的理化特性监测具有重要作用。