CCD在弹丸消融观测的应用

 描述CCD器件在HL-1M多发弹丸加料实验中观测短暂消融云的应用结果,并介绍一种有特色的触发方式 用弹丸自身辐射的氢a 射线启动相机。实验证明：这种安排能取得大量照片,CCD成功地应用于弹丸消融过程观测, 图片处理分析后获得消融云形状、结构和辐射强度分布等。可以相信CCD诊断方法不但加深了弹丸加料的认识,也会促进军事工程相关瞬态高速过程的研究。     

Observation of hydrogen pellet ablation material flow by tomography

An H\al emission measurement array with 25 detection channels has been built on HL-1M tokamak. Reconstruction maps of H\al emission distribution in plasma cross-section have been obtained by using tomography, with a hydrogen pellet injected into the plasma. The dimension, the shape and the rotation characteristic of the cross-section of the pellet ablation material flow tube have been observed. These results have been analysed and explained tentatively by using the `tail' model and the linear expansion model.     

Dust mode of carbon pellet ablation in the W7-AS stellarator

A new type of carbon pellet ablation in the high-density ion-heated plasma of the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator is studied. In contrast to conventional ablation in the form of atoms or clusters, this type of ablation features the emission of small (micrometer) carbon particles from the surface of the pellet. The emission angles and velocities of such microparticles are determined. Their sizes are estimated with two methods. The experimental data are compared with theoretical predictions.     

高温等离子体中固体弹丸消融过程的研究

本文求得了弹丸消融过程的自洽解析解。结果表明:Parks的弹丸消融理论需要修正;弹丸消融速率由消融物云和表面蒸发层共同控制;入射电子通过消融物云时慢化效应并不显著;消融物离开弹丸表面时一般呈部分电离态;聚变堆条件下,弹丸表面可能会出现激波。     

Scaling Law for Ablation of a Hydrogen Pellet in a Plasma

A scaling law is derived which gives the rate of ablation of a frozen hydrogen pellet immersed in a plasma without the presence of a magnetic field or space charge. Plasma particles penetrate the ablating gas-plasma cloud to the evaporating pellet surface and deliver power to the cloud to drive its expansion. The evaporation rate is determined by a "self-regulating" mechanism. The ablation time is shown to be proportional to a5/3?o-2/3?o-1/3 where a is the pellet radius, ?o is the effective penetration depth of the incident particle into solid hydrogen and ?o is the power flux density of the incident particles. It is found that for ablation in a thermonuclear plasma, the alpha particles significantly affect the ablation rate. For thermonuclear plasma electrons and alpha particles, the energy required to ablate one molecule is shown to be of the order of 10 eV or less. The scaling law is applied to presently available experimental results, and reasonable agreement is found.     

Suppression of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability due to self-radiation in a multiablation target

A scheme to suppress the Rayleigh-Taylor instability has been investigated for a direct-drive inertial fusion target. In a high-Z doped-plastic target, two ablation surfaces are formed separately-one driven by thermal radiation and the other driven by electron conduction. The growth of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability is significantly suppressed on the radiation-driven ablation surface inside the target due to the large ablation velocity and long density scale length. A significant reduction of the growth rate was observed in simulations and experiments using a brominated plastic target. A new direct-drive pellet was designed using this scheme.     

微晶硅薄膜沉积过程中的等离子体光学与电学特性研究

采用空间分辨光发射谱和傅里叶变换功率阻抗分析仪研究了衬底偏压和辉光功率对微晶硅薄膜沉积过程中的等离子体光学与电学特性的影响.研究表明：在交流偏压(AC)、悬浮(floating)、负直流加交流(-DC＋AC)偏压下,Hα发射强度空间分布规律相似,平均鞘层长度相等;正直流加交流(＋DC＋AC)偏压和接地(grounded)时Hα发射强度显著增强,并存在双峰(double layers)现象.增大功率,Hα发射强度也随着增大,并在17W与22W之间产生跳变.电学测试发现功率增大,等离子体电阻降低,电抗降低,电 关键词： 等离子体 光发射谱 衬底偏压 辉光功率     

弹丸消融速率的理论模型及数值计算

建立了计算托卡马克加料中弹丸消融的物理模型,结合1维输运模型编制了1.5维弹丸消融计算机模拟代码。使用ITER-FEAT的相关参数,对半径为6mm,初速度为2000m•s^-1,从低磁场侧注入弹丸的消融速率进行了模拟计算。结果显示,弹丸消融速率先随注入深度而逐渐增大,最大消融速率约6×10²⁶s^-1,然后由于弹丸半径的减小,消融速率迅速减小,穿透深度约0.45m。这一结果与中性气体屏蔽模型(NGS)的结果一致,证明计算代码正确有效。同时,从计算结果反映出,对ITER这样的堆级托卡马克,采用常规弹丸注入方式,尽管速度高达2000m•s^-1,穿透深度也远未达到等离子体中心,因此应采取其他有效措施来提高等离子体加料效率。     

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建立了计算托卡马克加料中弹丸消融的物理模型,结合1维输运模型编制了1.5维弹丸消融计算机模拟代码。使用ITER-FEAT的相关参数,对半径为6mm,初速度为2000m·s?1,从低磁场侧注入弹丸的消融速率进行了模拟计算。结果显示,弹丸消融速率先随注入深度而逐渐增大,最大消融速率约6×1026s?1,然后由于弹丸半径的减小,消融速率迅速减小,穿透深度约0.45m。这一结果与中性气体屏蔽模型(NGS)的结果一致,证明计算代码正确有效。同时,从计算结果反映出,对ITER这样的堆级托卡马克,采用常规弹丸注入方式,尽管速度高达2000m·s?1,穿透深度也远未达到等离子体中心,因此应采取其他有效措施来提高等离子体加料效率。     

Establishment of Configuration with Optimized Current Profile in Pellet Fuelled Discharge on HL-2A

A sawtooth-free period is produced following the pellet injection in the pellet fuelled discharge of qa = 3.4 （where qa is the safety factor at the plasma boundary） in the HL-2A tokamak. Establishment of the current profile such as in the hybrid scenario is studied under the condition of pellet injection in HL-2A. It is shown that a q-profile of weak negative shear is produced immediately after the pellet injection, and it then evolves to a broad flat profile with q0 〉 1 （where qo is the safety factor at the centre）. The measured MHD mode structures evidence consistencies of the evaluated q-profile with locations of the q = 1 surface in the sawtoothing period and of the q = 2 surface in the sawtooth-free period. TRANSP analysis indicates that the energy confinement is enhanced substantially during and after pellet injection, which is resulted from the q-profile optimization and the plasma density peaking.     

Investigation of current-density modification during magnetic reconnection by analysis of hydrogen-pellet deflection

A pellet penetrating the inner region of a tokamak discharge, where the safety factor drops below unity, triggers an instability analogous to a sawtooth crash. Because of the simultaneity of the crash and pellet crossing, the latter is an appropriate probe for investigating the current distribution during reconnection. In this Letter, pellet deflection is used to characterize the associated electron distribution function. The perturbation compatible with the observed trajectory requires a negative current layer on the q=1 magnetic surface between 3 and 12 times the equilibrium current density and an expulsion of high energy electrons from the plasma core.     

等离子体中弹丸消融的探讨

本文采用弹丸消融的双区域模型,对弹丸消融过程进行了数值求解。分析Parks的模型,发现其定标律不适合于高温度、低密度的等离子体中弹丸的消融。估计了热电子能量分布函数对消融率的影响。     

低速Ar q+(q=7—14)离子入射Au表面激发的X射线谱

研究了高电荷态离子40Arq+(q=7—14)轰击金属Au表面产生的特征X射线谱。 实验结果表明, 在弱束流（nA量级）的情况下, 对于动能相同的入射离子, 当电荷态比较高（q=11）时, 便能有效地激发靶原子的特征X射线, 单离子的X射线产额高达10-8量级。 分析结果显示, 入射离子的势能、 动能和这种相互作用特有的镜像相互作用势能沉积在靶表面, 使靶原子内壳层电子激发和电离, 形成空穴和产生外壳层电子填充空穴辐射特征X射线,特征X射线的产额随入射离子的势能（电荷态）的增加而增加。 The Au atomic Mα characteristic X ray spectrum has been measured for the slow highly charged ions Arq+ (q= 7—14) impacting on Au surface. The result shows that as long as the charge state of projectile is higher（q=11）, the characteristic X rays of heavy atomic can be effectively excited even though the ionic beam is very weak(nA magnitude), and the single ionic X ray yield is in the order of 10-8 and increases with potential energies of projectiles.     

Study of the plasma plume generated during near IR femtosecond laser irradiation of silicon targets

Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser ablation of silicon has been investigated by Langmuir probe and time-gated optical emission spectroscopy. The measured spectra show the presence of a fast ion population preceding the main plume core of slow ions and neutrals produced by a thermal ablation mechanism. By analyzing the fluence thresholds for the emission of the two ion populations, we provide clear experimental evidence that fast ions are ejected non-thermally from the sample surface as a result of the Si surface supercritical state induced by the intense ultrashort laser pulse irradiation. PACS 52.50.Jm; 52.38.Mf; 79.20.Ds; 61.82.Fh     

Threshold effects in the interaction of a plasma with injected pellets in the T-10 tokamak

Sharp changes (peaks and dips) of the radiation signal from carbon pellets injected into the plasma in the tokamak are related to the level of introduced disturbances. The threshold size (near 0.3 mm) is determined beginning with which a pellet in the ohmic plasma of the T-10 tokamak initiates tearing processes in a region with q < 2 and Kadomtsev reconnection in the central region with q = 1. A model describing ablation under the conditions of pellet-induced reconnections is proposed. This model satisfactorily describes the observed shape of the ablation rate curve.     

Functional MRI and NMR spectroscopy of an operating gas-liquid-solid catalytic reactor

A dynamic in situ study of alpha-methylstyrene catalytic hydrogenation on a single catalyst pellet or in a granular bed is performed using 1H MRI and spatially resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy. Owing to reaction exothermicity, a reciprocating motion of the liquid front within the pellet accompanied by pellet temperature oscillations has been observed. Spatially resolved information on the reactant to product conversion within the catalyst bed has been obtained for a steady-state regime. Two-dimensional 27Al NMR images of alumina catalyst supports and other alumina-containing materials have been detected using moderate magnetic field gradients (80 G/cm) and a two-pulse spin-echo sequence. Temperature dependence of signal intensity and 27Al T1 time of alumina are considered as possible temperature sensors for NMR thermometry applications.     

An investigation on the patina of ancient bronze coins

The patina of ancient bronze coins of different historical periods (from VI cent. A.D. to X cent. A.D.) coming from different Mediterranean countries was investigated with different surface physical analyses. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed by using electron emission induced by 1.4 keV X-rays. Laser ablation coupled to mass quadrupole spectrometry analyses were developed by using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm, 3 ns pulse width, 30 mJ pulse energy and 10 Hz repetition rate, coupled to a mass quadrupole spectrometer with a mass range of 1–300 amu. Laser ablation induces controllable surface layers removal in high vacuum. At present, the mass spectrometer detects chemical elements and compounds. This work, more than to solve a numismatic question, has been carried out in order to test the validity of the above experimental techniques in view to further analyse the same coins, based on better quality statistics. Preliminary results presented in this paper indicate significant differences in the chemistry of the coins patina.     

Ultrashort pulse laser osteotomy

Laser treatment of bone tissue has already been the subject of many studies to find substitutes for mechanical instruments that are nowadays used in implantology and orthopaedics. Mainly lasers with pulse durations in the μs region have been tested leaving surface features that are not always satisfactory. Therefore, in the present study laser osteotomy has been performed with a 330 fs Yb:glass laser, λ = 1040 nm, at a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz. For bovine spongiosa, compacta, and cartilage, the ablation thresholds as well as the ablation rates for various pulse energies have been determined. Additionally, quadratic areas have been ablated in bone tissue. The remaining morphology has been analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. Laser ablation has also been performed with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser, λ = 2780 nm, PRR = 20 Hz, τ ～ 50 μs. The results of USPL and Erbium laser ablation are compared.     

Hα线型分析

利用高斯分布拟合HT-6M托卡马克Hα线型，得出了由反射进入等离子体中的氢原子、氢分子离解后产生的氢原子，以及电荷交换产生的氢原子辐射Ｈα谱线的份额，由Doppler频移和展宽分别得出它们的入射速度和离子温度．在简化模型下讨论了氢原子的输运行为，得出了氢原子的密度分布和体发射系数，以及入射速度大小对粒子约束时间的影响，并与实验数据进行比较．由中性氢原子能量分布得出发生在边界的分子过程是氢分子的离解激发和电离离解 关键词：     

HL-1M装置高气压超声分子束加料效果

超声分子束注入作为一种新的托卡马克加料方法,已成功地开发和应用于环流器新一号(HL1M)和超导托卡马克HT7.近期开展的高气压超声分子束注入实验,在束流中发现了团簇流,其注入等离子体深度超过17cm.电子密度上升率接近于小型冰弹丸加料.多脉冲超声分子束注入形成电子密度阶梯形上升,类似于多弹丸加料效果,电子温度剖面呈中空分布.描述了在HL1M装置同一次欧姆放电等离子体中超声分子束与冰弹丸加料效果的实验比较. 关键词： 超声分子束 托卡马克 团簇 加料