A novel Y-branch waveguide for power dividing and mode splitting

A novel Y-branch waveguide for variable-ratio power dividing and transverse electrical-transverse magnetic (TE-TM) mode splitting depending on the applied voltage is presented. The Y-branch waveguide is formed by two closely coupled waveguides tabricated by nickel indiffusion (NI) and by magnesium-oxide induced lithium outdiffusion (MILO) in a y-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) substrate. The TE component of the randomly polarized light is tuned between these two waveguides, such that the device can be either a power divider or a mode splitter depending on the applied voltage. The measured TE mode extinction ratio is about 20 dB.     

Optical propagation of the HE11 mode and Gaussian beams in hollow circular waveguides

The propagation of the HE₁₁ mode and Gaussian beams in hollow oversized circular waveguides is analyzed using optical theories. Different types of waveguides are considered : hollow dielectric or conducting waveguides, dielectric-lined waveguides, corrugated waveguides. General formulas are derived which give the power transmission through these different guides. The best wall materials and structures are determined from a comparison of the waveguide transmissions, at the infrared and millimeter wavelengths. The question of the coupling between the HE₁₁ mode and Gaussian beams is discussed and from a review of coupling coefficients derived before, an optimum value is pointed out. The problem of matching a Gaussian beam into circular waveguides in order to achieve the maximum power transmission is analyzed. These results are of interest for infrared lasers or waveguide applications and for Electron Cyclotron Wave (ECW) systems at the millimeter wavelength.     

Mechanism and process of fabricating fluorinated polyimide optical waveguide by CO2 laser direct-writing

Fluorinated polyimide waveguides were fabricated by CO₂ laser direct-writing. The poly(amic acid) micro-region irradiated by CO₂ laser beam was studied with FT-IR micro-spectroscopy. The FT-IR spectra implied that the laser induced thermal-imidized polyimide was of optical anisotropy, and the imidization degree of exposed micro-region increased with the rising of output laser power. The increased aspect ratio of waveguide and smoothness of surface can be achieved by increasing the pre-cured temperature (below 120°C) and writing speed, and optimizing laser power and the distance between the lens and the annular aperture. The guided light was clearly confined to the core of the fabricated waveguide, which means this technique can be used for fluorinated polyimide waveguide fabrication.     

A simple variational analysis of diffused channel waveguides

The variational analysis of Ti:LiNbO₃ strip waveguides is resolved into two related one-dimension problems, which provides a new iterative approach for the calculation of the mode parameters and the propagation constant. The analytical expressions of the local effective index profiles can be obtained from the variational analysis. The parameters of four trial solutions for the fundamental mode in a diffused-channel waveguide have been determined by using the present method. Comparison with results using the effective method shows that these four approximate expressions are accurate enough. It is also shown that this method converges very quickly and is suitable for both diffused channel waveguides and optical waveguides with rectangular cross-section.     

低功耗聚合物波导可调耦合器的优化设计

提出并研究了一种带隔热槽的马赫-曾德尔干涉结构聚合物波导可调耦合器。仿真分析了热光电极作用下有、无隔热槽的耦合器波导温度分布,表明设置隔热槽可以降低热光调谐所需的功耗。研究了铝电极作用下不同上包层厚度对光传输损耗的影响,确定了上包层厚度。根据隔热槽与电极之间距离对热光调谐功耗的影响,结合隔热槽对导波光模式的影响及波导制备工艺,确定了隔热槽的位置。最终设计的带隔热槽聚合物波导可调耦合器实现1～0的分束比所需功耗为2.20mW,是无隔热槽的47.4%。     

Coupled mode analysis of light modulation in dielectric waveguides

A detailed analysis of electrooptic light modulation in optical waveguides is presented. Several important problems of a waveguide modulator, such as the difference of waveguide axes from crystalline electrooptic ones, the distribution of transverse and longitudinal field components of light modes, and the traveling-wave property of the modulating field, are discussed. The analysis is based on the coupled mode theory, regarding the modulation as the coupling among sidebands of unperturbed waveguide modes. The coupled mode equation is derived for the modulation in optical waveguides. It can be solved if the normal modes of the waveguide are given. Actually the equation is solved for the modulation in dielectric slab waveguides and the mechanism of modulation is discussed. The results of the analysis are applied to designing two types of waveguide modulators. In an example (10.6 μm modulator with a GaAs slab waveguide) a new efficient crystal orientation is found. The calculated phase retardation with this orientation is 0.13 rad/(V·cm) with a 1 μm thick slab. Another example of a 0.633 μm modulator using a LiTaO₃ crystal as a substrate is also described.     

A coaxial 2D-periodic perforated directional coupler

We propose to couple two coaxial waveguides by 2D periodic perforation in the common wall in order to ensure selective coupling between two waves propagating in these waveguides. In the experiment at a frequency of 10 GHz, the H ₀₁ mode of the internal waveguide was converted to the rotating H ₅₁ mode of the external waveguide with a power loss of several percent.     

Stabilization of Fe2+ centers in LiNbO3: Ti waveguides

Holographic measurements in LiNbO₃: Ti waveguides are reported indicating a mode dependent enhancement of photoconductivity. This enhancement can be explained by a stabilization of Fe²⁺ centers in the waveguide which are responsible for optical damage effects.     

会聚激光扫描铌酸锂晶体写入光波导时的最佳曝光间距

对利用激光精细加工技术在铌酸锂(LiNbO₃)晶体中写入光波导时的最佳曝光间距进行了详细地理论分析和实验研究.通过数值求解简化后的光折变动力学方程组，对会聚激光束沿不同方向扫描晶体时的最佳曝光间距进行了详细的数值模拟.结果表明：最佳曝光间距的选取与写入光束的扫描方向无关；当聚焦激光束平行于光轴扫描晶体时，得不到波导结构，但可以采用“三明治”辐照方式得到对称的折射率分布.采用会聚的绿激光束扫描掺铁铌酸锂(LiNbO₃：Fe)晶体进行了实验研究，晶体中的光致折射率变 关键词： 激光精细加工 最佳曝光间距 光波导 3晶体')" href="#">LiNbO₃晶体     

High-index and low loss polyethylene terephatate optical waveguides

In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of a high-index low loss polyethylene terephatate (PET) optical waveguide is presented. Dip-coating technique has been used to fabricate the optical waveguide using PET. Various waveguide properties, such as mode effective refractive index, optical loss, dispersion and waveguide thickness as a function of temperature of waveguides and substrates have been reported. Optical losses of as low as 0.7 dB cm^–1 waveguides can be obtained if the formation temperature can be controlled between 30 and 35°C. In addition, we suggested that it is a suitable material for optoelectronic waveguide devices.     

Enhancing Bremsstrahlung production from ultraintense laser-solid interactions with front surface structures

A new type of a coaxial multi-layer plasmonic waveguide is proposed. The mode propagation properties are analyzed at the communication working wavelength. Theoretical investigations reveal that the enhanced optical confinement can be achieved in the two low-index dielectric media layers. The mode size can be sub- or deep sub-wavelength scale. The mode propagation loss can be well compensated by replacing the high-index dielectric media with gain material to achieve longer propagation length with better mode confinement. The comparisons of the mode properties between the proposed waveguide and waveguides studied in the published literatures are also considered. These investigations potentially lay the groundwork for the further applications of nanowire type multilayer hybrid structures. This structure could also enable various applications such asnanophotonic waveguides, high-quality nanolasers, and optical trapping and biosensors.     

Low-loss large-area GaAs/GaAsP heterostructure as optical waveguide at 10.6 μm

GaAs/GaAsP heterostructures are fabricated as optical waveguides at 10.6 μm. The wafers are being grown with maximum dimensions of the order of 5 cm by vapor phase epitaxy. An attenuation rate of 2 dB/cm for a single mode waveguide and 1.5 dB/cm for a two-mode waveguide has been measured for the TE₀ mode.     

Semi-Analytical Simulation of Titanium-Indiffused Lithium Niobate–Integrated Optic Directional Couplers Consisting of Curved Waveguides

Integrated optic directional couplers consisting of curved waveguides are simulated analytically by solving the Riccati equation. The coupling coefficient between the curved waveguides with a parabolically varying gap and the condition of total power transfer between the waveguides are derived. In order to compute the overall coupling coefficient and hence the power distribution along the waveguides for Ti:LiNbO ₃ curved waveguide directional couplers, the coupling coefficient for straight waveguide couplers is computed for different gaps using the effective-index-based matrix method (EIMM). Finally, the power distribution in the curved waveguides along the length is computed. The method is mostly analytical except the effective-index method and is computationally simple.     

All-optical set-reset flip-flop based on frequency bistability in semiconductor microring lasers

The electric field of the modes of semiconductor microring lasers (SMRLs) in the presence of bus waveguide reflections are linear combinations of the clock wise (CW) and the counter clock wise (CCW) electric fields. The mode structures can be controlled by the waveguide reflection coefficients. The power ratio and phase difference of the CW and CCW fields of one mode is proportional to the ratio of the reflection coefficients of the left and right waveguides. It is shown that the degenerate CW and CCW modes in the presence of bus waveguide reflections are split into two modes with different frequencies. Employing these new modes, SMRL can be used as an element to design flip-flops used in photonic integrated circuits. For a symmetric structure, the inter-frequencies of CW and CCW waves relating to each mode can be considered as the output of the optical flip-flop. Output of asymmetric mode is zero while the symmetric mode has a nonzero output.     

Numerical Method of Determining the Cutoff Frequency and Mode Speckle Pattern of Optical Waveguides

Based on a numerical solution of the nonstationary wave equation, an algorithm for determining the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the LP_im modes of axially symmetric optical waveguides is suggested. The cutoff frequency of the LP₁₁ mode of different waveguides is determined using the algorithm constructed. The results obtained are compared with the well-known analytical formulas and results of numerical calculations for the equivalent step-index waveguide model. Based on the analytical results obtained, an eigenfunction and eigenvalue search algorithm is suggested for a waveguide with a two-dimensional refractive index profile (in particular, for an axially nonsymmetric waveguide).__________Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 11–16, January, 2005.     

Optical waveguides in LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and stoichiometric LiNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> crystals by proton exchange

The formation of optical planar waveguides in LiNbO₃ and stoichiometric LiNbO₃ crystals by proton exchange was reported. The prism-coupling method was used to characterize the dark-line spectroscopy at the wavelength of 633 and 1539 nm, respectively. The mode optical near-field outputs from proton-exchanged LiNbO₃ and SLN waveguides at 633 nm were presented. The mode field from stoichiometric LiNbO₃ (SLN) waveguide is lighter and more uniform than that from LiNbO₃ waveguide, which means the quality of the waveguide in SLN crystal is better than that of the LiNbO₃ waveguide. For proton-exchanged LiNbO₃ waveguides, the evolution of the refractive index profile with annealing was presented. The disorder profiles of Nb atoms in proton-exchanged LiNbO₃ waveguides were obtained by Rutherford backscattering/channeling technique. It is shown that the longer the exchange time, the larger the displacement of Nb atoms. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10475052) and the Scientific Research Start-up Financing of Qufu Normal University     

星形光波导耦合器的耦合特性分析

根据TE0模光波导的本征场分布、瑞利索末菲标量衍射积分公式和激励源与光波导耦合的匹配效率公式,给出光波导端面衍射和耦合的归一化发射系数和接收系数计算公式,推导出光波导端面非接触耦合的耦合效率计算公式。光波导模场分布采用高斯函数近似表达,给出简洁的计算光波导端面非接触耦合的耦合效率函数表达式。最后,基于星形光波导耦合器结构参量的特点,将累加运算采用积分运算近似表达,给出星形光波导耦合器接收光波导总的接收效率与耦合器基本参量的关系,阐明了星形光波导耦合器的耦合特性。     

Adiabatic coupling between conventional dielectric waveguides and waveguides with discrete translational symmetry

We study adiabatic transformation in optical waveguides with discrete translational symmetry. We calculate the reflection and transmission coefficient for a structure consisting of a slab waveguide that is adiabatically transformed into a photonic crystal waveguide and then back into a slab waveguide. The calculation yields high transmission over a wide frequency range of the photonic crystal waveguide band and indicates efficient coupling between the slab waveguide and the photonic crystal waveguide. Other applications of adiabatic mode transformation in photonic crystal waveguides and the coupled-resonator optical waveguides are also discussed.     

Compact Branched Optical Waveguides Using High-Index-Contrast Stacked Structure

We have developed a novel branched optical waveguide using a stacked directional coupler, which consists of two Si₃N₄ core layers (each 0.3 μm thick) stacked with a thin (0.2 μm) SiO₂ film in between. Using this stacked high-index-contrast system, the size of the multiple branched waveguides can be dramatically reduced compared with the conventional Y-shaped branches. A four-branch optical waveguide is designed and fabricated, and good performance of distribution power of 25 ± 4% to each branch has been achieved.     

多波导阵列耦合研究

提出了一种求解波导阵列耦合特性的方法.采用拉普拉斯变换,将同时考虑相邻和次相邻波导耦合作用的波导阵列耦合模方程组变为一个线性方程组,利用矩阵的LU分解法(将系数矩阵分解为单位下三角阵L与上三角阵U的乘积)求出该线性方程组的解.然后根据给定的初始条件进行拉普拉斯变换反演,求出耦合模方程组的解.采用该方法研究了五波导阵列,光从中间一个波导入射和从五个波导入射时的耦合特性,给出了每个波导中光功率变化规律曲线,并将所得结果与同样条件下仅考虑相邻波导耦合的结果做了比较.采用该方法可以求出任意数目波导组成的阵列,考虑任意波导之间耦合的耦合模方程组的解.