Electron Transitions during the Capture of an Electron by a He<Superscript>2+</Superscript> Ion at the Argon Atom

We have measured the absolute values of the total cross section of the one-electron capture by He²⁺ ions in the kinetic energy range 2–30 keV at the Ar atoms. The absolute values of the differential scattering cross sections of He⁺ ions formed during the one-electron capture and the electron capture with ionization at energies of 2.2, 5.4, and 30 keV have been determined. The electronic states of the formed ions have been determined using collision spectroscopy based on analysis of the change in the kinetic energy of He⁺ after the interaction. We have measured doubly differential (with respect to the kinetic energy and the scattering angle) cross sections of the formation of free electrons. The free electron formation channels (direct ionization and electron capture with ionization) have been analyzed by calculating the electron terms of the (HeAr)²⁺ system. The calculated cross section of capture with ionization is in conformity with the cross section measured using collision spectroscopy.     

Multiple ionization of argon accompanied by electron loss and capture of 0.22-6.35 MeV C^q＋ ions

In this paper a projectile ions recoil ions coincidence technique is employed to investigate the target ionization and projectile charge state changing processes in the collision of 0.22-6.35 MeV Cq^＋ （q = 1 - 4） ions with argon atoms. The partial cross section ratios of the double, triple, quadruplicate ionization to the single ionization （or the single capture） of argon associated with single electron loss （or single electron capture） by the projectile are measured and compared with the previous experimental results. In the present experiment, it is observed that the ratios of ionization cross sections R associated with single loss and single capture depend strongly on the projectile charge state and vary significantly with different reaction channels as impact energy increases. In addition, this paper gets empirical scaling laws for the ionization cross section ratios R corresponding to the projectile single loss and finds that the ratios of the double ionization to the single ionization associated with single electron capture remain constant in the present energy range.     

Inelastic electron collisions with Rydberg atoms

The standard classical method of computer simulation is used for evaluation of the inelastic cross section in electron collisions with a highly excited (Rydberg) atom. In the course of collision, the incident and bound electrons move along classical trajectories in the Coulomb field of the nucleus, and the scattering parameters are averaged over many initial conditions. The reduced ionization cross section of a Rydberg atom by electron impact approximately corresponds to that of atoms in the ground states with valence s-electrons and coincides with the results of the previous Monte Carlo calculations. The cross section of an atom transition between Rydberg atom states as a result of electron impact is used for finding the stepwise ionization rate constant of atoms in collisions with electrons or the rate constant of three-body electron-ion recombination in a dense ionized gas because these processes are determined by kinetics of highly excited atom states. Surprisingly, the low-temperature limit of electron temperatures is realized when the electron thermal energy is lower than the atom ionization potential by about three orders of magnitude, as follows from the kinetics of excited atom states. The article is published in the original.     

Ionization and single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar16+ ions with helium

This paper uses the two-centre atomic orbital close-coupling method to study the ionization and the single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar^16＋ ions with He atoms in the velocity range of 1.2-1.9 a.u.. The relative importance of single ionization （SI） to single capture （SC） is explored. The comparison between the calculation and experimental data shows that the SI/SC cross section ratios from this work are in good agreement with experimental data. The total single electron ionization cross sections and the total single electron capture cross sections are also given for this collision. The investigation of the partial electron capture cross section shows a general tendency of capture to larger n and l with increasing velocity from 1.2 to 1.9 a.u..     

裸核离子与中性原子碰撞电离过程的理论研究

基于处理裸核离子与中性原子碰撞电离过程的OBKN和ECPSSR理论模型,系统计算了不同裸核离子与中性原子碰撞K壳层电子俘获截面和直接电离截面,并与其它文献已有的理论和实验结果进行了比较.研究结果表明:碰撞能量较低时,电子俘获截面大于直接电离截面,随着碰撞能量的增加,电子俘获截面和直接电离截面均是先增大后减小且直接电离截面减小地非常缓慢,高能时,直接电离截面大于电子俘获截面.当入射炮弹离子速度接近0.67倍靶原子K壳层电子速度时,电子俘获截面达到最大值,而当入射炮弹离子速度接近靶原子K壳层电子速度时,直接电离截面达到最大值.     

裸核离子与中性原子碰撞电离过程的理论研究

基于处理裸核离子与中性原子碰撞电离过程的OBKN和ECPSSR理论模型,系统计算了不同裸核离子与中性原子碰撞K壳层电子俘获截面和直接电离截面,并与其它文献已有的理论和实验结果进行了比较.研究结果表明：碰撞能量较低时,电子俘获截面大于直接电离截面,随着碰撞能量的增加,电子俘获截面和直接电离截面均是先增大后减小且直接电离截面减小地非常缓慢,高能时,直接电离截面大于电子俘获截面.当入射炮弹离子速度接近0.67倍靶原子K壳层电子速度时,电子俘获截面达到最大值,而当入射炮弹离子速度接近靶原子K壳层电子速度时,直接电离截面达到最大值.     

Single electron capture in collisions of N^q＋ （q = 5, 6, 7） ions with helium

Close-coupling calculations are carried out for cross sections of the single electron capture in collisions of N^q+ (q = 5, 6, 7) ions with helium atoms in the collision velocity range from 0.3 a.u. to 1.8 a.u. The relative importances of the single ionization (SI) to the single capture (SC) are investigated for the N^q+ (q = 5, 6, 7) projectiles, respectively. The SI/SC cross section ratio for the N⁷⁺ projectile obtained from our calculations is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The ratio curves also show us distinct behaviours when the charge of the projectile is different. The partial electron capture cross sections for different projectiles indicate that the electron on the target He atom tends to be captured by the projectile into its lower orbital of the outer shell with the decreasing projectile charge.     

Differential cross sections for elastic scattering and positronium formation for positron collisions with Ne,Ar, Kr and Xe

Differential cross sections for elastic scattering and Ps(1s) formation are calculated in the truncated coupled-static (TCS) approximation. Comparison is made with the elastic scattering measurements of Dou et al. on Ar and Kr. There is no support from the TCS approximation for the view that structure seen in the experimental results for Ar in the energy range 55–60 eV may be due to a resonance associated with coupling to the positronium formation channel. Rather, we believe that Dou et al. are right in correlating this feature with the maximum in the ionization cross section. In the experiment on Kr structures are observed at 25 and 200 eV. It is tentatively suggested that the structure at 200 eV may be the resonance seen in the TCS calculation at 100 eV, but modified by polarization and absorption effects. It is also suggested that the feature at 25 eV could be associated with coupling to excited states of positronium. The TCS results for the Xe target predict some very pronounced behaviour which would be worth experimental investigation. TCS differential cross sections for Ps(1s) formation by capture of an electron from the outer p-shell of the atom are presented for impact energies up to 75 eV. A noticeable property of these cross sections is that they do not usually peak at the forward direction; this is consistent with an experimental observation by Laricchia et al. on He and Ar targets. The importance of also looking at electron capture from inner shells is emphasized and illustrated by the cross section for electron capture from the 3s shell of Ar.     

Differential, elastic integral and moment transfer cross sections for electron scattering from N2 at intermediate- and high-energies

A complex optical model potential modified by incorporating the concept of bonded atom, with the overlapping effect of electron clouds between two atoms in a molecule taken into consideration, is firstly employed to calculate the differential cross sections, elastic integral cross sections, and moment transfer cross sections for electron scattering from molecular nitrogen over the energy range 300—1000eV by using additivity rule model at Hartree—Fock level. The bonded-atom concept is used in the study of the complex optical model potential composed of static, exchange, correlation polarization and absorption contributions. The calculated quantitative molecular differential cross sections, elastic integral cross sections, and moment transfer cross sections are compared with the experimental and theoretical ones wherever available, and they are found to be in good agreement with each other. It is shown that the additivity rule model together with the complex optical model potential modified by incorporating the concept of bonded atom is completely suitable for the calculations of differential cross section, elastic integral cross section and moment transfer cross section over the intermediate- and high-energy ranges.     

One-electron capture from the inner shells in atom-multicharged ion collisions

The electron capture from the inner atomic shells by multiply charged ions at intermediate and high collision energies is considered. The cross section scaling laws, as well as the reduced energy parameter, are discussed. Universal curves for the reduced cross section versus the reduced collision energy are presented for electron capture from the K, L and M shells of Ar atoms colliding with multiply charged ions. A comparison of theoretical results with the existing experimental data is given.     

Theoretical determination of K X-ray transition energy and probability values for highly charged ions of lanthanum and cerium

The interaction between positronium and a helium atom is studied using the 5-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. We present the total cross sections for the dominant channels, namely for single ionization of the target, and ionization of the projectile, resulting from pure ionization and also from electron transfer (capture or loss) processes for 1–5.7 a.u. incident velocities of the positronium atom. Our results were compared with the calculated data using hydrogen projectiles having the same velocities as well as with the experimental data in collisions between H and He [R.D. DuBois, Á. Kövér, Phys. Rev. A 40, 3605 (1989)]. We analyze the similarities and deviations for ionization of helium atoms by positronium and hydrogen projectile impact.     

AL L CORE EDGE FINE STRUCTURE IN Al,AlN AND α-Al2O3：A COMPARISON OF MICROELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA WITH THEORY

The Al L near-edge fine structures of aluminum and its compounds with nitrogen and oxygen are studied using electron energy loss microspectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. These edges are normalized to the same scattering cross section per Al atom per electronvolt. The cross section is calculated by using the Born approximation. The contributions to the cross section are from the valence shell crystal states obtained by using the extended Hückel band calculation and the ionization states obtained by using the electron gas model. The chemical effects in the ionization region are taken into account by in cluding the contributions from the elastic backscattering of outgoing plane waves by the atoms that neighbor the excited atoms. The results by theoretical calculation agree semiquantitatively with experimental results.     

AL L CORE EDGE FINE STRUCTURE IN Al, AlN AND α-Al2O3：A COMPARISON OF MICROELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA WITH THEORY

The Al L near-edge fine structures of aluminum and its compounds with nitrogen and oxygen are studied using electron energy loss microspectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. These edges are normalized to the same scattering cross section per Al atom per electronvolt. The cross section is calculated by using the Born approximation. The contributions to the cross section are from the valence shell crystal states obtained by using the extended Hückel band calculation and the ionization states obtained by using the electron gas model. The chemical effects in the ionization region are taken into account by in cluding the contributions from the elastic backscattering of outgoing plane waves by the atoms that neighbor the excited atoms. The results by theoretical calculation agree semiquantitatively with experimental results.     

Inner-shell electron capture by impact of positron on the multi-electron atomic targets

The first-order Coulomb-Born approximation has been applied to the study of positronium formation through K-shell electron capture in the collision of positron with multi-electron atomic targets. The single-zeta Roothaan-Hartree-Fock wave functions are used to describe the electron initial bound states. The differential and total cross sections are computed for the impact of positron on helium, carbon, neon, sodium and argon atoms, with the formation of positronium in its ground state. For helium atoms, the calculated total cross sections are compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical calculations. The comparison shows a good agreement between the present calculations and the measurements.     

Semiclassical S-matrix theory for atomic fragmentation

A semiclassical scattering approach is developed which can handle long-range (Coulomb) forces without the knowledge of the asymptotic wave function for multiple charged fragments in the continuum. The classical cross section for potential and inelastic scattering including fragmentation (ionization) is derived from first principles in a form which allows for a simple extension to semiclassical scattering amplitudes as a sum over classical orbits and their associated actions. The object of primary importance is the classical deflection function which can show regular and chaotic behavior. Applications to electron impact ionization of hydrogen and electron–atom scattering in general are discussed in a reduced phase space, motivated by partial fixed points of the respective scattering systems. Special emphasis, also in connection with chaotic scattering, is put on threshold ionization. Finally, motivated by the reflection principle for molecules, a semiclassical hybrid approach is introduced for photoabsorption cross sections of atoms where the time-dependent propagator is approximated semiclassically in a short-time limit with the Baker–Hausdorff formula. Applications to one- and two-electron atoms are followed by a presentation of double photoionization of helium, treated in combination with the semiclassical S-matrix for scattering.     

Autoionization cross section of potassium atom excited by electron impact

The autoionization cross section of potassium atoms excited by electron impact is measured in the energy range from the first autoionization threshold at 18.72 eV to 202 eV. The data are obtained by deter-mining the total intensity of electron spectra resulting from the decay of the 3p ⁵ n ₁ l ₁ n ₂ l ₂ autoionizing states. The cross section has two maxima, 1.8 × 10^?16 and 2.2 × 10^?16 cm², at 21 and 32 eV, respectively. The excitation dynamics of autoionization states suggests that the first maximum is associated with the resonance character of the near-threshold excitation. The second maximum, as well as the behavior of the cross section at energies above 50 eV, reflects the dynamics of electron excitation of quartet and doublet autoionizing states. The measured autoionization cross section is compared with known data for the total single ionization cross section of potassium atom by electron impact. The relative contribution of the autoionization cross section to the total single ionization cross section is found to reach 30% at 32 eV.     

Absolute differential bremsstrahlung cross section for the scattering of 0.6-keV electrons by xenon atoms

The spectral distribution of the absolute differential cross section for total bremsstrahlung, including ordinary and polarization, for the scattering of 0.6-keV electrons from free xenon atoms has been measured. The bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at an angle of 97° with respect to the electron motion direction. The investigations have been carried out in the ultrasoft x-ray spectral region 60–240 eV. The results are compared with the total cross sections for bremsstrahlung calculated in several approximations for the scattering of 5-and 25-keV electrons by Xe atoms. Both the value and the spectral distribution of the experimental absolute cross sections are most satisfactorily reproduced by the calculations in the distorted partial wave approximation.     

Symmetric scattering in electron and positron impact ionization of metastable 2s-state hydrogen atoms

Triple differential cross sections for ionization of hydrogen atoms in the metastable 2s-state by the impact of electrons and positrons have been calculated for coplanar symmetric geometry. In this calculation a multiple scattering theory due to Das [10] and Das and Seal [11] has been used. An analysis of the results reveals that unlike scattering from the ground state, scattering from 2s-state is essentially a higher order process except for the binary collision direction. Moreover, here, the cross section results for 2s-state are much larger compared to those for scattering from the ground state. It is also found that the ionization mechanism at large scattering angles for ionization from the 2s-state is different from that for ionization from the ground state.     

Absolute triple differential cross sections for electron impact ionization of helium: Comparison between experimental and theoretical results at 256 eV collision energy

Triple differential cross sections have been measured for electron impact ionization of helium at 256 eV collision energy, 3 eV energy of the slow outgoing electrons and scattering angles of the fast outgoing electrons of 4°, 6°, 8°, and 10°. The data have been put on absolute scale by extrapolating the generalized oscillator strength to zero momentum transfer. In this optical limit the triple differential cross sections can be normalized by using the well-known cross sections for photoionization. The experimental data are compared with results of different theoretical approaches. For nearly all calculated curves rather good agreement with the measurements is obtained for the relative shape of the binary peak, while often its absolute cross section is overestimated. Concerning the recoil peak, larger discrepancies are found with respect to both, relative shapes and cross sections. A perceptible improvement can be stated for calculations which have been performed in a distorted wave approximation and in second Born approximation.     

电子碰撞Ne和类Ne离子电离的三重微分截面理论研究

采用扭曲波玻恩近似理论计算了共面对称几何条件下类Ne离子2p轨道电子在不同出射电子能量下的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,出射电子能量分别为3,5,7.5,10,15,20,30和50 eV.计算结果表明,随着出射电子能量的增大和核电荷数Z的增大,三重微分截面的幅度逐渐减小.除Ne以外,对其他离子,在出射电子角度为150?附近出现了一个新的结构,对比不同出射电子能量时的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,发现这个结构的幅度随着出射电子的能量先增大后减小,文中用一种两次两体碰撞过程对这些现象进行了解释.