几种食用植物油发热量的测定

利用WZR-1A型精密微电脑量热计系统地测量了10种食用植物油的恒容燃烧热.准确称取一定量的基准物质,放入氧弹中充人高压纯氧,将测试样品在氧弹中完全燃烧,并记录燃烧前后时间与量热计温度变化数据,运用仪器所带的数据处理软件计算出仪器热容量,然后再准确称取一定量的食用植物油,装入已准确测定热值的燃烧胶囊中后,将测试数据用自编的计算机处理程序对测试数据处理,从而得到食用植物油的燃烧热值.此法准确、简便、实用,可用于日常检测工作.     

液体燃烧热的测定

文章从燃烧热测定的方法原理,实验操作,数据处理和应用的角度,探讨了液体样品燃烧热测定方法.取一定量的标准试样,置于氧弹中,向氧弹中充入过量的氧气,再将氧弹置于一定量的水中,让试样在氧弹中燃烧,释放的热量被水吸收,准确测定水的升温值,在一定温度下,吸收热量的水以及水中各个器件所构成的量热体系的热容量是一个常数,然后将样品与已知热值且不易挥化的液体混合后一并装入封闭的聚乙烯燃烧杯中,利用得到的仪器热容量,按相同的实验操作方法,利用自编的数据处理系统计算出液体样品的燃烧热.此法准确、简便、实用,用于日常检测工作.     

氧弹燃烧技术应用研究进展

系统总结了氧弹燃烧技术在热值测定、样品前处理及材料合成中应用与研究进展,提出了氧弹燃烧技术在无机材料合成中应用前景.     

氧弹燃烧-ICP-OES用于柴油标准物质中硫含量的定值

本文是柴油系列标准物质研究课题中的子课题,研究了用氧弹燃烧-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对柴油中硫系列标准物质的定值。通过实验条件的最佳化,包括氧弹燃烧消解样品的影响因素、仪器分析的最佳条件等,利用新型的电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪器(SPECTRO CIROS)真空紫外谱线灵敏高,重现性好的优点,测量两个水平的硫标准物质,使用内标元素Y和进行基体匹配达到消除基体影响而提高测量准确度的目的。该方法展伸不确定度优于2％,测定的结果与其它的不同方法测定的结果一致。     

基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱预测农作物秸秆高位热值

越来越多的农作物秸秆用于生产生物质成型燃料(生物质颗粒),作为民用和工业锅炉的生物质燃料。高位热值是衡量生物质燃料燃烧性能的主要参数之一,反映了生物质可用能含量,但利用传统的氧弹分析法测试高位热值费时费力,急需一种快速准确的方法评估农作物秸秆的高位热值,以制备高质量的生物质颗粒燃料。基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱分析,对比分析了五种农作物秸秆(稻秸、麦秸、棉秆、油菜秆和玉米秆)的高位热值预测模型。首先,利用多元线性回归(MLR)、逐步回归(SWR)和反向传播人工神经网络(BPNN)模型,在基于五种农作物秸秆工业分析和元素分析基础上,提出了高位热值预测模型并进行验证。MLR模型具有较好的相关系数(R2),预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测标准差与参比标准差比值(RPD),分别为0.921 1,0.135 1和3.49。此外,利用可见-近红外光谱分析了农作物秸秆,发现对光谱数据作最小二乘法回归(PLR),可建立高位热值预测模型,预测R2和RMSEP分别为0.881 2和0.412 9。研究结果表明MLR模型和PLR模型分别适用于基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱建模,对农作物秸秆的高位热值快速检测设备研发能提供基础模型支持。     

基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱预测农作物秸秆高位热值（英文）

越来越多的农作物秸秆用于生产生物质成型燃料(生物质颗粒),作为民用和工业锅炉的生物质燃料。高位热值是衡量生物质燃料燃烧性能的主要参数之一,反映了生物质可用能含量,但利用传统的氧弹分析法测试高位热值费时费力,急需一种快速准确的方法评估农作物秸秆的高位热值,以制备高质量的生物质颗粒燃料。基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱分析,对比分析了五种农作物秸秆(稻秸、麦秸、棉秆、油菜秆和玉米秆)的高位热值预测模型。首先,利用多元线性回归(MLR)、逐步回归(SWR)和反向传播人工神经网络(BPNN)模型,在基于五种农作物秸秆工业分析和元素分析基础上,提出了高位热值预测模型并进行验证。MLR模型具有较好的相关系数(R2),预测均方根误差(RMSEP)和预测标准差与参比标准差比值(RPD),分别为0.921 1,0.135 1和3.49。此外,利用可见-近红外光谱分析了农作物秸秆,发现对光谱数据作最小二乘法回归(PLR),可建立高位热值预测模型,预测R2和RMSEP分别为0.881 2和0.412 9。研究结果表明MLR模型和PLR模型分别适用于基于工业分析/元素分析和可见-近红外光谱建模,对农作物秸秆的高位热值快速检测设备研发能提供基础模型支持。     

高温平均比热测试装置

一、方法原理 本装置采用混合法金属块量热计测定固体材料的比热.将质量为m克的试样加热到测试温度T_1,随后将其落入到温度为T_0的量热计内,量热计吸收试样放出的热量从而使温度升高到T_2,和试样平衡于相同的温度.于是可以建立如下的热平衡方程式:     

ICP-AES间接测定聚氯乙烯中的氯

研究了采用氧弹分解、电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定聚氯乙烯(PVC)中氯含量的方法.采用氧弹分解PVC,然后在待测液中加入过量Ag 标准溶液,通过测定与Cl-反应后剩余的Ag 量,换算出PVC中氯含量.通过标准加入法,测定了该方法的回收率为98.1%-101.0%.该方法能准确、简单地测定PVC中的氯含量.     

高压中温准稳态绝热量热计

本量热计利用准稳态原理设计而成,主要用于测定含油地层岩样的真比热,测试范围0.1—9.0MPa、室温≈550K,绝热控制精度<±0.5％,标准样品纯铜和石英玻璃的测定值与TPRC的常压值偏差约±1％。仪器具有测试快速、换样方便、自动控温,结果直接打印和精度较高等优点。     

美制DYNASTAT粘弹谱仪功能的进一步开发与应用

粘弹谱仪作为一种动态力学测试分析仪,已广泛应用于高分子物理领域的研究中.通过对美国DYNASTAT粘弹谱仪的淌化和掌握,我们利用其独特的分立测试性质,经过加工和改进,使之成为可以广泛用于金属材料、记忆合金以及许多特殊高分子材料动态力学谱测试的高效率、多功能的测试仪器.我们利用这些功能解决了以前所不能开展的实验,并在一些工作中取得了突破性的研究进展. 美国 Imass公司生产的 DYNASTAT粘弹谱仪(a　complete transient and dynamicviscoelastic analyzer)已由中国科学院固体物理研究所内耗与固体缺陷开放研究实验室安装和调…     

Calorimetric and computational study of 2H-1, 4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one and of related species

The standard molar enthalpy of formation in the gas phase of 2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one was derived from the standard energy of combustion determined by static bomb combustion calorimetry in oxygen atmosphere and from the standard sublimation enthalpy determined by Calvet microcalorimetry. In addition, we report the results of a systematic theoretical study of the keto and enol tautomers in benzoxazinones and diones using density functional theory. The keto tautomers are computed to be more stable than the enols. Tautomerization energies are reported.     

高压工况下底排推进剂燃速的反向传播神经网络模型

 为了研究底排推进剂在火炮膛内随弹丸运动时的燃烧特性,采用密闭爆发器仿真实验技术,针对底排推进剂在膛内高压工况下的燃烧特性进行实验研究,获得了两种不同装填密度下平均压力随时间变化的关系,并对压力进行了全程热散失修正。采用多次平滑、滤波数据处理技术和发射药燃速处理方法,得到了燃速与压力（8~150 MPa）之间的关系。基于实验数据特征样本,建立并训练得到了底排推进剂高压工况下的反向传播（Back Propagation）神经网络燃速模型,该模型与传统的指数模型相比,具有拟合精度高和稳定性强的特点。     

Experimental and computational thermochemistry of three nitrogen-containing heterocycles: 2-benzimidazolinone, 2-benzoxazolinone and 3-indazolinone

The standard molar enthalpies of combustion, sublimation, and formation of three nitrogen-containing heterocycles, namely, 2-benzimidazolinone, 2-benzoxazolinone and 3-indazolinone were determined calorimetrically. The standard (p°?=?0.1?MPa) molar enthalpies of formation in the gas phase were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of combustion, in oxygen, at T?=?298.15?K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry and from the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation at T?=?298.15?K, measured by Calvet microcalorimetry. Møller–Plesset calculations at the MP2 level and density functional calculations with the B3LYP functional and extended basis sets were also performed to determine the energetically preferred tautomeric form of the molecules. The results were qualitatively independent of the calculational level, where in general the DFT calculations were in better agreement with experiment than those from MP2. The gas and solid phase enthalpic differences between imines and amides, wherein –CH=N- is contrasted with –CONH-, have been studied and roughly constant values have been found.     

多孔活性自燃金属的光谱辐射特性研究

多孔活性金属材料因为内部存在大量的孔隙，大大地增加了与空气的接触面积，使得其在空气中的燃烧较为猛烈，燃烧温度迅速上升。其燃烧过程属于固体燃烧的范畴，较为复杂。以镁为例，通过建立燃烧模型，来研究多孔活性金属的光谱辐射特性。首先，建立氧气总消耗量与活性金属剩余质量的关系，研究氧气在活性金属孔隙内的扩散浓度关系，通过求解活性金属热平衡方程得到活性金属燃烧过程中温度与时间的关系式，进而得到活性金属的峰值光谱辐射强度表达式；然后，将模型计算的仿真结果与红外热像仪测得的实验结果对比，结果表明，模型的计算结果与实验结果相一致，误差在了10%以内；最后，通过建立的燃烧模型来研究活性金属燃烧规律以及其光谱辐射特性，解决了高空、高速下的活性金属光谱辐射强度难以实验获得的问题，大大减小了实验成本与时间。分别对比不同时间活性金属箔片在1～3，3～5以及8～12 μm波段下的辐射强度，得出活性金属燃烧时的辐射强度主要集中在3～5 μm波段的结论。研究结果表明：自燃金属最大燃烧温度随高度的增加逐渐下降，随气流速度的增加先增加后减小，在速度为30 m·s-1时，温度达到最大；自燃金属的光谱辐射强度在2～6 μm波段达到最大。该模型也可以用来研究其他活性金属的燃烧特性。     

Thermochemistry of diphenic anhydride. A combined experimental and theoretical study

The standard (p°?=?0.1?MPa) molar enthalpy of formation for solid and gaseous diphenic anhydride (2,2′-biphenyldicarboxylic anhydride, dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione) was derived from the standard molar enthalpy of combustion, in oxygen, at T?=?298.15?K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry, and the standard molar enthalpy of sublimation, at T?=?298.15?K, measured by Calvet microcalorimetry: ?(258.4?±?4.9) kJ?mol^?1. In addition, ab initio and density functional theory calculations have been performed at a variety of levels. The degree of aromaticity of diphenic anhydride is discussed in the context of other oxygen-containing (ring and keto) heterocycles and related carbocycles: this species is surprisingly destabilized.     

氧弹燃烧灰化分光光度法测定有机物中的硅

采用氧弹燃烧灰化进行样品预处理 ,亚铁还原硅钼蓝分光光度法测定有机物中微量硅。通过试样分析和回收率实验 ,结果表明 ,方法的回收率为 95 %— 10 2 % ,可用于有机样品中硅的定量测定。     

The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics

Apparent char kinetic rates are commonly used to predict pulverized coal char burning rates. These kinetic rates quantify the char burning rate based on the temperature of the particle and the oxygen concentration at the external particle surface, inherently neglecting the impact of variations in the internal diffusion rate and penetration of oxygen. To investigate the impact of bulk gas diffusivity on these phenomena during Zone II burning conditions, experimental measurements were performed of char particle combustion temperature and burnout for a subbituminous coal burning in an optical entrained flow reactor with helium and nitrogen diluents. The combination of much higher thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity in the helium environments resulted in cooler char combustion temperatures than in equivalent N₂ environments. Measured char burnout was similar in the two environments for a given bulk oxygen concentration but was approximately 60% higher in helium environments for a given char combustion temperature. To augment the experimental measurements, detailed particle simulations of the experimental conditions were conducted with the SKIPPY code. These simulations also showed a 60% higher burning rate in the helium environments for a given char particle combustion temperature. To differentiate the effect of enhanced diffusion through the external boundary layer from the effect of enhanced diffusion through the particle, additional SKIPPY simulations were conducted under selected conditions in N₂ and He environments for which the temperature and concentrations of reactants (oxygen and steam) were identical on the external char surface. Under these conditions, which yield matching apparent char burning rates, the computed char burning rate for He was 50% larger, demonstrating the potential for significant errors with the apparent kinetics approach. However, for specific application to oxy-fuel combustion in CO₂ environments, these results suggest the error to be as low as 3% when applying apparent char burning rates from nitrogen environments.     

The influence of thermal annealing on oxygen uptake and combustion rates of a bituminous coal char

The effect of thermal annealing on the combustion reactivity of a bituminous coal char has been investigated with a focus on the role of the formation of surface oxides by oxygen chemisorption. The combined use of thermogravimetric analysis and of analysis of the off-gas during isothermal combustion of char samples enabled the determination of the rate and extent of oxygen uptake along burn-off. Combustion was carried out at temperatures between 350 and 510 °C. Char samples were prepared by controlled isothermal heat treatment of coal for different times (in the range between 1 s and 30 min) at different temperatures (in the range 900–2000 °C). Results indicate that oxygen uptake is extensive along burn off of chars prepared under mild heat treatment conditions. The maximum oxygen uptake is barely affected by the combustion temperature within the range of combustion conditions investigated. The severity of heat treatment has a pronounced effect on char combustion rate as well as on the extent and rate at which surface oxides are built up by oxygen chemisorption. Chars prepared under severe heat treatment conditions show negligible oxygen uptake and strongly reduced combustion rates. Altogether it appears that a close correlation can be established between the extent and the accessibility of active sites on the carbon surface and the combustion rate. Despite the investigation has been carried out at temperatures well below those of practical interest, results provide useful insight into the relationship existing between thermal annealing, formation of surface oxide and combustion reactivity which is relevant to the proper formulation of detailed kinetic models of char combustion.