大学生物理竞赛试题赏析（Ⅰ）--力学部分

首先对全国部分地区大学生物理竞赛中力学试题所占的比例进行统计,然后分析力学试题中各知识点的分布情况,最后就两个典型的力学试题进行剖析。     

物理力学的学科地位与新发展

##正## 1 学科地位物理力学是著名力学家钱学森于50年代初提出和建立起来的一门新兴高技术科学.它研究宏观力学现象的微观理论,是近代力学的一个分支.其目的是从构成物质的微观粒子(原子、分子等)的结构和相互作用出发,找出介质及材料力学性质等的计算方法,并对力学过程的微观机理进行研究,使     

使用《新概念物理教程:力学》的教学探索

简要介绍《新概念物理教程：力学》的知识体系、特色及改革新意．结合南阳师院2000级、2001级两届本科班对新教材的使用情况，制定适合我院学生实际的力学教学大纲，探索一种以知识为载体、以学生为主体、以培养学生科学素质为宗旨的新型教学模式．对教学中遇到的问题提出具体的解决办法，对使用新教材的效果进行调查分析，为力学教材的使用和力学教学改革提供一些参考。     

讲授力学原理统一性——以弹簧振子为例

对一个系统进行力学分析可以运用不同的力学原理而得到相同结果。本文以弹簧振子为例,详细阐述了牛顿第二定律、机械能守恒定理、拉格朗日方程、哈密顿正则方程、哈密顿变分原理这五种力学原理之间的相互关系。其中牛顿第二定律是从受力角度进行分析,而机械能守恒定理、拉格朗日方程、哈密顿正则方程则是从能量角度出发。哈密顿变分原理则为更为普遍的力学原理,通过对其变分可以推导出拉格朗日方程、哈密顿正则方程以及运动微分方程。弄清楚这五种力学原理的统一性,有助于我们更加合理地选择运用它们去解决工程问题。     

混合式学习在力学教学中的探索和实践

本文对在线学习与课堂教学相结合的混合式学习在力学教学中的应用进行了探索和实践,介绍了力学在线课程的主要特色,分析其优缺点,并指出改革创新之处。     

再谈“ 光滑斜面上滑块下滑问题”的求解方法

给出光滑斜面上滑块下滑问题中相对运动关系, 利用守恒定律和拉格朗日方程对问题进行求解. 建议 一些优秀的高中生学习初步的分析力学知识, 以提高他们处理复杂力学问题的能力     

力学教学改革探索

普通物理中的力学部分一直是较难处理的内容，自然也就成为大家所关注的问题，近几年我在这方面做了一些改革；例如以三大力学守恒定律作为内容的主线，对力学的课时进行了大幅度的削减，目前仅用10-11小时，基本上做到了使教学内容与中学不重复，     

面向渗流力学应用特征的预条件方法

渗流力学模型由多个偏微分方程非线性耦合而成。在不同的应用问题中,渗流力学问题的特性并不完全相同,相应的求解方法也不相同。本文以油气藏开发中的典型数学模型为例,介绍多孔介质中的多相多组分渗流力学方程的数学形式、应用特征以及其离散线性方程组的高效求解方法,特别是一些常用的预条件方法。此外,对标准算例进行适当的修改,对部分预条件方法的共享内存并行效率进行了测试。     

力学概念在电磁学中的应用

物理学中电磁学部分的知识与力学基础知识有着密切联系,因此同学们在电磁学的学习中,要注意复习前面所学的力学知识,尤其要对矢量的运算,共点力的平衡,动能定理和曲线运动等进行全面复习.另外要结合典型题加以应用.一方面巩固和应用了力学知识,另一方面,也解决了电磁学习题的困     

关于初中物理力学中几个易混点的辨析

力学是学生初中物理学习的难点, 学生对力学的一些概念感到似是而非, 觉得力学难学. 通过对学生 刚接触力学时最感到困惑不解的几个易混点的辨析能够让学生豁然开朗, 有助于学生克服对物理学习的畏难情 绪     

微光成型法微细光束紫外光源的研制

简要介绍了光成型法的原理以及在微细加工领域应用所需解决的关键问题。着重就选取经济性好的球形高压汞灯作为光源发光体 ,通过对聚光系统结构和聚光能力 ,导光光路的传导方式和光能传递效率以及缩微光路的成像性质的综合分析 ,并结合各级传输的光束特性进行优化设计 ,选取两平凸透镜聚光系统和光纤导光方式 ,并利用显微物镜的微缩特性 ,研制成紫外光光源。该光源可产生直径为数微米的微细光斑 ,现已应用于微细光成型法进行微型结构的成型制造研究     

Detecting magnetic field direction by a micro beam operating in different vibration modes

A new method to detect the magnetic field direction by using a silicon structure is presented in this paper. The structure includes a micro beam and an in-plane coil electrode. When the electrode under a magnetic field is applied with an alternating current, the micro beam is actuated under the effect of the Lorentz forces. Magnetic fields of different directions cause different vibration profiles. The direction of the magnetic field is obtained by measuring the vibration amplitudes of the micro beam, which is driven to work at first- and second-order resonant modes. A micro structure has been fabricated using the bulk micromachined silicon process. A laser Doppler vibrometer system is implemented to measure the vibration amplitudes. The experimental results show that the amplitude of the structure, which depends on the different modes, is a sine or cosine function of the angle of the magnetic field. It agrees well with the simulation result. Currently a resolution of 10° for the magnetic field direction measurement can be obtained using the detecting principle.     

基于敏感Fabry-Perot腔光纤角位移传感器的原理与设计

提出了一种全角度并且可以连续测量微小角位移(秒级）的新型光纤角位移传感器.利用微小光学谐振腔的基本理论,主要是基于光学法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot）腔的基本原理研究特定光波下光强度的变化与角位移的线性变化关系,利用光纤技术、敏感技术融合微机械技术研发而成.适合于一些特定领域中对角位移的精确测量.     

激光脉冲时域整形及其对发射度的改善效果

 利用脉冲堆积法对驱动激光脉冲进行了时域整形,并利用条纹相机测量到了理想的整形结果。在脉冲堆积法的基础上,给出了近似椭球体整形的方案。模拟结果表明：利用脉冲堆积法整形后得到激光脉冲驱动光阴极可以获得更小的发射度;对于测量到的半高全宽（FWHM）为3.82 ps的脉冲,8个子脉冲堆积比4个子脉冲堆积更为有利;此外,对激光脉冲作近似椭球体整形可以进一步降低束流发射度。     

共晶键合与减薄技术的压电能量采集器（英）

采用微硅 锆钛酸铅（Si-PZT）悬臂梁结构并在悬臂梁末端附加镍质量块,构成可以工作于低频环境（小于1 000 Hz）的微压电能量采集器,一种利用压电效应将环境振动能转换为电能的器件。利用金薄膜作为中间层的共晶键合技术和PZT研磨减薄技术制备了微压电悬臂梁结构,PZT减薄实验最好结果为减薄至8 m。镍质量块（2 mm2 mm0.6 mm）采用微电铸工艺制备。通过对硅片与块材PZT的共晶键合工艺与PZT减薄技术的研究,制备出总厚度约为71 m的Si-PZT悬臂梁结构,其中硅梁厚约为47 m,PZT梁厚约为24 m。制备的微压电振动能量采集器样品的测试结果表明:在谐振频率为950 Hz,1.0g加速度激励条件下,其交流输出峰值电压可达958 mV。     

Laser and ion beams graphene oxide reduction for microelectronic devices

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a two-dimensional material, which is attracting increasing attention due to its special properties. It can be obtained by laser or ion beam irradiations of pristine graphene oxide (GO). It shows high mechanical resistance, considerable electric and thermal conductivity. All these rGO characteristics together with the high number of molecular species that can be embedded between its layers, make graphene oxide a potential material for electronic sensors or efficient support on which conductive strips, condensers, and micrometric electronic devices can be designed. In particular, as it is described in this paper, it is possible to carry out high spatial resolution lithography in GO by using a focused laser or micro ion beam in order to design macro, micro, and submicron geometrical structures. The use of the reduced graphene oxide for the laser and ion beam fabrication of electrical resistances and capacitances is presented.     

Micro‐beam Laue alignment of multi‐reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging measurements

Multi‐reflection Bragg coherent diffraction imaging has the potential to allow three‐dimensional (3D) resolved measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro‐crystals. Until now such measurements were hampered by the need for laborious, time‐intensive alignment procedures. Here a different approach is demonstrated, using micro‐beam Laue X‐ray diffraction to first determine the lattice orientation of the micro‐crystal. This information is then used to rapidly align coherent diffraction measurements of three or more reflections from the crystal. Based on these, 3D strain and stress fields in the crystal are successfully determined. This approach is demonstrated on a focused ion beam milled micro‐crystal from which six reflections could be measured. Since information from more than three independent reflections is available, the reliability of the phases retrieved from the coherent diffraction data can be assessed. Our results show that rapid, reliable 3D coherent diffraction measurements of the full lattice strain tensor in specific micro‐crystals are now feasible and can be successfully carried out even in heavily distorted samples.     

Micro‐beam x‐ray fluorescence analysis of individual particles with correction for absorption effects

A method of correction for absorption effects in micro‐beam x‐ray fluorescence analysis is described. A fast, energy‐dispersive, silicon drift detector (SDD) was used to measure the primary x‐ray beam transmitted through the sample. The absorption factors were calculated using the data acquired with the SDD. The possibility of using the coherently, incoherently and multiple scattered primary radiation for determining the mass of individual particles was examined. The proposed methods were validated with the use of NIST K3089 glass micro‐spheres of known composition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of the volume speckle on fiber specklegram sensors based on four-wave mixing in photorefractive materials

In this work, the dependence on the speckle size in the performance of a micro displacement sensor based on fiber specklegrams stored in a photorefractive BSO (Bi₁₂SiO₂₀) crystal is experimentally demonstrated. In our experimental setup, a plastic optical fiber (POF) was used to generate a subjective speckle pattern which was recorded in the crystal by using a four-wave mixing arrangement in transmission geometry. The speckle size was controlled by modifying the diameter of a pupil aperture adjacent to a lens producing the image of the speckle. The signal speckle beam was mixed into the crystal with two counter propagating pump beams to generate a fourth beam which is proportional to the conjugate of the original speckle beam. Real time fringe patterns were obtained at the output of the system by producing micro displacements of the fiber output end. Increases of the phase conjugation reflectivity and the visibility of the fringe patterns were appreciated when the speckle length was increased by decreasing the pupil aperture diameter. This behavior allowed recovering the autocorrelation functions of fringe patterns associated to micro displacements that initially led to decorrelation, and therefore, to improve the dynamic range of the metrological system. Until the best of our knowledge this is the first report about the influence of the speckle size on fiber specklegrams sensors recorded on photorefractive materials by four-wave mixing.     

On the nonlinear primary resonances of a piezoelectric laminated micro system under electrostatic control voltage

In this article, a comprehensive nonlinear analysis for a piezoelectric laminated micro system around its static deflection is presented. This static deflection is created by an electrostatic DC control voltage through an electrode plate. The micro system beam is assumed as an elastic Euler-Bernoulli beam with clamped-free end conditions. The dynamic equations of this model have been derived by using the Hamilton method and considering the nonlinear inertia, curvature, piezoelectric and electrostatic terms. The static and dynamic solutions have been achieved by using the Galerkin method and the multiple-scales perturbation approach, respectively. The results are compared with numerical and other existing experimental results. By studying the primary resonance excitation, the effects of different parameters such as geometry, material and excitations voltage on the system?s softening and hardening behaviors are evaluated. In a piezoelectrically actuated micro system it was showed that because of existence of curvature and inertia nonlinear terms a small change in excitation amplitude can lead to the formation and expansion of nonlinear response. In this paper, it is demonstrated that by applying an electrostatic DC control voltage, these nonlinearities can be controlled and altered to a linear domain. This model can be used to design a nano or micro-scale smart device.