页岩可压裂性声学模型及应用*

页岩气作为一种非常规能源,储量巨大,因此针对页岩储层地质勘探和有效压裂改造的研究具有重大的意义。常规的脆性模型评价可压裂性通常只考虑单一影响因素,具有一定的工区适用性。该文在弹性参数脆性评价模型和断裂韧性指标的基础上,提出一种表征页岩可压裂性的声学评价模型。选取渝东南目的层页岩岩样,通过超声波实验获取相关实验数据,测量岩石参数,得到了目的层储层特征及声学特征变化规律。结合断裂韧性指标,建立了可压裂性评价模型。通过新评价模型对研究区进行可压裂性反演预测,结果表明储层可压裂性反演结果与页岩气实际产量具有较好的符合,分析可知,新方法预测或评价效果要优于前人模型,具有更好的适用性与可靠性。     

高速通道压裂裂缝的高导流能力分析及其影响因素研究

高速通道压裂是近年在非常规致密油气资源开采中出现的新工艺, 已在世界范围内推广实施, 并取得了良好的增产效果. 该技术可使支撑剂在人工压裂缝中形成簇团式分布, 从而形成油气高速流动通道, 提高裂缝的导流能力. 但目前对于高速通道压裂裂缝高导流能力的形成机理及其影响因素尚不清楚. 对此, 本文从流体力学理论出发, 首先将高速通道压裂裂缝内形成的支撑剂簇团视为渗流区域, 簇团间的大通道视为自由流动区域; 然后基于Darcy-Brinkman方程建立了裂缝内的流动数学模型, 采用均匀化理论对该流动数学模型进行了尺度升级, 推导得到了高速通道压裂裂缝的渗透率, 揭示了其高导流能力的形成机理; 并以此为基础, 分析了不同支撑剂簇团形状、大小以及分布方式等因素对其导流能力的影响, 可为高速通道压裂工艺参数设计与优化提供基础.     

水平井体积压裂缝网表征及流动耦合模型

针对岩石脆性系数高且发育天然裂缝的储层,提出表征水平井体积压裂形成裂缝网络的三种基本模式,并将渗流过程划分为油藏流动和缝网内部流动.在此基础上,利用势叠加原理导出油藏流动控制方程,利用有限差分方法建立缝网内部有限导流等式;其次,采用星三角变换法处理人工缝与天然缝的交汇流动;最后,耦合两部分流动矩阵方程得到水平井体积压裂缝网渗流数学模型.该模型表明:当水平井改造段长度一定时,压裂段数与段内分簇数是决定产能的最主要因素,其次是人工裂缝半长和人工缝导流能力,而天然裂缝密度和导流能力对产量影响较小.实例应用表明,实际产油量与模型计算值一致,误差较小.     

Pulse laser induced graphite-to-diamond phase transition: the role of quantum electronic stress

Fracking is one of the kernel technologies in the remarkable shale gas revolution. The extended finite element method is used in this paper to numerically investigate the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures, which is an important issue of the enigmatic fracture network formation in fracking. The criteria which control the opening of natural fracture and crossing of hydraulic fracture are tentatively presented. Influence factors on the interaction process are systematically analyzed, which include the approach angle, anisotropy of in-situ stress and fluid pressure profile.     

XFEM modeling of hydraulic fracture in porous rocks with natural fractures

Hydraulic fracture (HF) in porous rocks is a complex multi-physics coupling process which involves fluid flow, diffusion and solid deformation. In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) coupling with Biot theory is developed to study the HF in permeable rocks with natural fractures (NFs). In the recent XFEM based computational HF models, the fluid flow in fractures and interstitials of the porous media are mostly solved separately, which brings difficulties in dealing with complex fracture morphology. In our new model the fluid flow is solved in a unified framework by considering the fractures as a kind of special porous media and introducing Poiseuille-type flow inside them instead of Darcy-type flow. The most advantage is that it is very convenient to deal with fluid flow inside the complex fracture network, which is important in shale gas extraction. The weak formulation for the new coupled model is derived based on virtual work principle, which includes the XFEM formulation for multiple fractures and fractures intersection in porous media and finite element formulation for the unified fluid flow. Then the plane strain Kristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk (KGD) model and the fluid flow inside the fracture network are simulated to validate the accuracy and applicability of this method. The numerical results show that large injection rate, low rock permeability and isotropic in-situ stresses tend to lead to a more uniform and productive fracture network.     

Peculiarities of the hydraulic fracture propagation caused by pumping of proppant-fluid slurry

A new numerical model for hydraulic fracturing has been developed. This model takes into account several simultaneous processes: pumping of proppant-laden slurry and its flow through the fracture, fracture growth with variable height and length, proppant settling, forming of proppant packing, and fluid filtration through this packing. Simulation experiments demonstrated that proppant particle diameter has significant influence on forming the proppant packing, fluid filtration through the packing, and, finally, on the fracture length and ultimate distribution of fracture width.     

The invariant integral of physical mesomechanics as the foundation of mathematical physics: Some applications to cosmology,electrodynamics, mechanics and geophysics

Phe general invariant integral based on the energy conservation law is introduced into physical mesomechanics, with taking into account the cosmic, gravitational, mass, elastic, thermal and electromagnetic energy of matter. Phe physical mesomechanics thus becomes a mega-mechanics embracing most of the scales of nature. Some basic laws following from the general invariant integral are indicated, including Coulomb’s law of electricity generalized for moving electric charges, Newton’s law of gravitation generalized for coupled gravitational/cosmic field, the Archimedes’ law of buoyancy generalized for bodies partially submerged in water, and others. Using the invariant integral the temperature track behind moving cracks and dislocations is found out, and the coupling of elastic and thermal energies is set up in fracturing and plastic flow, namely for opening mode cracks and edge dislocations. For porous materials saturated with a fluid or gas, the notion of binary continuum is used to introduce the corresponding invariant integrals. As applied to the horizontal drilling and hydrofracturing of boreholes in the Earth’ crust, the field of pressure and flow rate as well as the fluid output from both a horizontal borehole and a diskshape fracture issuing the borehole, are derived in the fluid extraction regime. A theory of fracking in shale gas/oil reservoirs is suggested for three basic regimes of the drill mud permeation into the multiply fractured rock region, with calculating the shape and volume of this region in terms of the geometry parameters and pressures of rock, drill mud and shale gas. Phe method of functional equations in the theory of a complex variable and the boundary layer method are also used to solve these problems.     

带有垂直裂缝定压油气藏模型的数值解

压裂作为低渗油气藏开发和油田增产的措施之一,被油田广泛应用.为使压裂方案经济合理,达到少投入多产出的目的,并提高压裂设计水平,我们对油气藏定压生产条件下压裂井产量预测的数学模型进行了数值求解,指出了各种模型的适用条件和要考虑的因素.本文主要介绍区域有裂缝存在、系数还依赖未知函数的非线性抛物型油气藏方程的数值求解。     

分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井瞬态压力特征

基于分形理论和连续性假设,考虑页岩气吸附解吸、基质-裂缝窜流等机制,建立分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井试井解释模型,并通过拉氏变换、点源函数及压降叠加原理等方法得到模型的解.绘制无因次压力随时间变化的双对数曲线,研究分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井的压力特征,分析分形指数、分形维数等参数对压力动态的影响.结果表明：分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井的压力动态可划分为7个流动阶段;分形指数越大或分形维数越小,晚期径向流直线段的斜率越大;其它参数对水平井的压力动态也有一定的影响.     

彭水地区龙马溪组页岩渗吸规律及渗吸动态分布

渗吸作为压裂液在储层中的主要吸收方式, 是提高页岩气产能的重要驱动力。以重庆市彭水地区龙马溪组页岩为研究对象, 依次进行毛管力测试、不同条件下的渗吸实验及核磁共振实验。结果表明: ①页岩的渗透率与孔隙度极低, 以微孔和小孔为主, 基本无大孔, 孔隙结构较差; ②页岩渗吸过程分为三个阶段, 随着压力和温度的升高, 渗吸效果增强, 破胶压裂液的渗吸效果略强于未破胶压裂液, 表面活性剂和KCl溶液可以降低页岩渗吸能力; ③页岩渗吸的核磁共振T₂谱具有明显的双峰特征, 渗吸过程中, 中大的孔隙和裂缝在初期阶段就被液体瞬间充满, 极微的孔隙和裂缝首先被充填, 随后液体进入稍大的微孔隙和微裂缝, 在渗吸过程中页岩表面产生大量的微裂缝。     

天然气水合物藏裂缝注热的数值模拟研究

天然气水合物因其能量密度大、储量丰富、无污染等特点而被认为是一种新型的替代能源,如何提升天然气水合物储层渗透率是实现其商业化开采的关键。本研究提出使用人工压裂技术在水合物储层中形成裂缝网络,然后再将高温水注入储层来提升储层渗透率,并对沿裂缝注水过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:人工压裂后,注入储层的热水能够到达储层深处,形成高温区和高渗透区,且注水量越大,形成的高渗透区范围越大。     

各向异性油藏水平井多角度人工裂缝线性单元计算方法

考虑各向异性油藏渗透率张量的表征,利用Green函数和拉普拉斯变换建立裂缝流动的一维单元,裂缝的流量分布采用节点线性插值,裂缝内的流动处理为线性积分,耦合地层与人工裂缝的流动,建立有限导流裂缝井底压力的求解方法.结果表明:多裂缝压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、地层线性流、系统径向流3种流动形态,压裂裂缝条数越多,相同的生产时间,无因次井底压降越小;裂缝条数对流动影响明显.随着裂缝条数的增加,压降变化减小;裂缝长度和导流能力有相似的变化.人工裂缝与井筒角度越大,产能越大,当裂缝垂直于井筒时,产量最大;地层最大渗透率方向垂直于人工裂缝时产量最大,平行裂缝时产量最小.当人工裂缝垂直于井筒,并同时垂直于地层最大渗透率方向时,达到最大产量值.     

考虑水力压裂缝和天然裂缝动态闭合的三维离散缝网数值模拟

基于嵌入式离散裂缝模型, 提出一种可在三维空间中考虑应力状态影响的裂缝动态闭合表征方法。将任意方向裂缝的开度和渗透率考虑为作用在裂缝平面法向有效应力的函数, 同时用裂缝传导率变化表征支撑剂充填的水力压裂缝与被开启的天然裂缝由于油藏开发过程中地层流体压力下降而发生的动态闭合行为。研究表明: 致密油藏开发以缝控储量为主。对压裂水平井进行产能评价时, 裂缝动态闭合会导致产能的部分损失, 其影响不可忽略; 水力压裂缝的支撑剂材料属性及天然裂缝的刚度是其中的主控因素。因此需要增大支撑剂的浓度、粒径大小并改善支撑剂的性质, 在最大程度上降低裂缝闭合对生产的不利影响。     

Three-dimensional elastic wave scattering by a layer containing vertical periodic fractures

Elastic wave scattering off a layer containing a single set of vertical periodic fractures is examined using a numerical technique based on the work of Hennion et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 1861-1870 (1990)]. This technique combines the finite element method and plane wave method to simulate three-dimensional scattering off a two-dimensional fractured layer structure. Each fracture is modeled explicitly, so that the model can simulate both discrete arrivals of scattered waves from individual fractures and multiply scattered waves between the fractures. Using this technique, we examine changes in scattering characteristics of plane elastic waves as a function of wave frequency, angle of incidence, and fracture properties such as fracture stiffness, height, and regular and irregular spacing.     

利用显微红外光谱技术表征非均质油气储层裂缝特征——以任丘潜山蓟县系雾迷山组碳酸盐岩储层为例

油气储层裂缝既是重要的储油空间,又是油气运移的主要通道,因此,裂缝表征非常重要。然而储层岩石具有强烈的非均质性,如何精确表征非均质储层裂缝是需要亟待解决的问题。利用显微红外光谱技术可以对矿物分子的光谱曲线进行分析,得到不同的峰值特征,精确获得岩石介质成分、裂缝的大小、裂缝充填物特性等。以任丘潜山型碳酸盐岩非均质储层为例,基于显微红外光谱技术,通过分析岩心光片显微红外成像光谱图和不同特征区域的光谱曲线,获得了目标样品岩石介质的物化特性和空间分布特征,预测了裂缝可能发育的区域, 并分析了裂缝的有效性。结果表明,岩心样品主要介质为白云岩;储层裂缝中含有烃类有机物和盐水包裹体,它们主要赋存于白云岩介质中;裂缝充填物中盐水包裹体所占比例为51.7%,烷烃有机物所占比例为26.0%,裂缝发育从岩心样品左上方区域延伸至右下方区域,表明该延伸区域可能是流体运移的通道;盐水包裹体会阻碍油气的运移,导致裂缝的渗透率降低;实验测得岩石裂缝宽度为1~1.5 mm,属于大裂缝,油气可以顺利通过,因此,裂缝的有效性好。研究表明利用显微红外光谱成像技术表征非均质储层裂缝特征是切实可行的,为非均质油气储层精确表征提供了一种新方法。     

川南龙马溪组页岩储层水相渗吸规律

基于川南龙马溪组页岩多重孔隙特征,建立渗吸解析模型,定量计算不同孔隙类型渗吸深度。在此基础之上,开展考虑页岩储层温度、围压、流体压力共同作用下的水相渗吸实验,分析页岩水相渗吸规律。结果表明：基于渗吸饱和度渗吸过程可分为3个阶段：渗吸扩散段、渗吸过渡段、渗吸平衡段,其中渗吸扩散段为渗吸能力主要贡献段。在焖井初期由于流体压力作用页岩渗吸能力大幅度提高,为后续自发渗吸作用提供了渗吸液体。储层围压对页岩渗吸能力有抑制作用,但仍能提高储层改造效果,孔隙度增加倍数范围为0.42倍~1.63倍,渗透率增加倍数范围为17.6倍~67.3倍。黏土孔渗吸深度远大于脆性矿物孔和有机质孔,粘土矿物为页岩水化作用诱导微裂缝主控因素。焖井有利于提高川南龙马溪组页岩储层改造效果。研究成果可为页岩气井返排制度优化提供依据。     

Poroelastic modeling of seismic boundary conditions across a fracture

Permeability of a fracture can affect how the fracture interacts with seismic waves. To examine this effect, a simple mathematical model that describes the poroelastic nature of wave-fracture interaction is useful. In this paper, a set of boundary conditions is presented which relate wave-induced particle velocity (or displacement) and stress including fluid pressure across a compliant, fluid-bearing fracture. These conditions are derived by modeling a fracture as a thin porous layer with increased compliance and finite permeability. Assuming a small layer thickness, the boundary conditions can be derived by integrating the governing equations of poroelastic wave propagation. A finite jump in the stress and velocity across a fracture is expressed as a function of the stress and velocity at the boundaries. Further simplification for a thin fracture yields a set of characteristic parameters that control the seismic response of single fractures with a wide range of mechanical and hydraulic properties. These boundary conditions have potential applications in simplifying numerical models such as finite-difference and finite-element methods to compute seismic wave scattering off nonplanar (e.g., curved and intersecting) fractures.     

井下光纤微地震监测系统设计及应用

为满足油气开发中微地震监测的需求,基于时分复用方案设计了一种新型井下3分量光纤微地震监测系统.结合室内测试,该系统本底噪声小于?101 dB,动态范围大于120 dB,级间串扰小于?67 dB,满足微地震信号探测的需求.该系统已成功应用于新疆油田水力压裂微地震现场探测.监测结果表明:该系统可清晰捕捉微地震的P波、S波信...     

页岩油气层核磁共振评价技术综述

对于常规储层,核磁共振是一项十分有效的解释-评价技术,它既能评价岩石物性与孔隙结构,又能评价孔隙流体分布与饱和度,且具有快速、无损、经济等特点;而对于页岩储层,其核磁共振受纳米级孔隙、复杂矿物成分、特殊孔隙结构、较高有机质含量、超低渗透性及内部梯度和受限扩散等因素的影响,面临探测分辨率低、解释模型不适用等瓶颈．为了发挥该项技术在页岩油气勘探开发中的作用,将国内外的页岩油气层核磁共振分析、评价技术与相关的页岩油气层实验室微观分析成果相结合,进行了系统梳理,从探测分辨率的提高、孔隙结构与岩石物性评价模型的建立、孔隙流体分布与识别模型的建立等方面进行了综述,提出需加强纳米孔的核磁共振弛豫机理和提高 D-T₂二维谱分辨率两个基础研究,在此基础上,进一步完善岩石物理及孔隙流体两个评价模型．
     

高压电脉冲在页岩气开采中的压裂实验研究

基于液电效应原理,采用高压电脉冲放电对模拟岩样及实际砂岩岩样进行了压裂实验研究。脉冲电源最大储能40 kJ/20 kV,放电电流最高可达70 kA。实验结果表明,高压电脉冲能够在岩样中造成非常明显的裂缝,可以在多个方向上造出多条具有一定高度（最大0.32 m）的裂缝,近井筒裂缝无明显的扭曲,裂缝的形态与放电电压、能量及放电次数有关。对模拟岩样压裂后产生的裂缝进行了三维形貌分析,得到裂缝的表面平均粗糙度在0.430~1.075 mm之间,具有一定的导流能力。