有限导流压裂定向井耦合流动模型

考虑人工裂缝、斜井筒和地层中的耦合流动,将压裂定向井的流动分为地层向裂缝渗流、裂缝内流动和斜井筒变质量管流.采用镜像反映和势叠加原理,建立地层中势分布和渗流数学模型.应用边值理论,将人工裂缝面离散为裂缝网格,并与斜井筒变质量管流模型进行耦合,建立有限导流压裂定向井耦合流动数学模型,并形成相应的迭代算法.应用分析表明:该模型与Prats图版法相比,对于垂直缝吻合度较高;裂缝导流能力和井斜角对产量及裂缝面压力分布影响较大.     

水平井体积压裂缝网表征及流动耦合模型

针对岩石脆性系数高且发育天然裂缝的储层,提出表征水平井体积压裂形成裂缝网络的三种基本模式,并将渗流过程划分为油藏流动和缝网内部流动.在此基础上,利用势叠加原理导出油藏流动控制方程,利用有限差分方法建立缝网内部有限导流等式;其次,采用星三角变换法处理人工缝与天然缝的交汇流动;最后,耦合两部分流动矩阵方程得到水平井体积压裂缝网渗流数学模型.该模型表明:当水平井改造段长度一定时,压裂段数与段内分簇数是决定产能的最主要因素,其次是人工裂缝半长和人工缝导流能力,而天然裂缝密度和导流能力对产量影响较小.实例应用表明,实际产油量与模型计算值一致,误差较小.     

各向异性油藏水平井多角度人工裂缝线性单元计算方法

考虑各向异性油藏渗透率张量的表征,利用Green函数和拉普拉斯变换建立裂缝流动的一维单元,裂缝的流量分布采用节点线性插值,裂缝内的流动处理为线性积分,耦合地层与人工裂缝的流动,建立有限导流裂缝井底压力的求解方法.结果表明:多裂缝压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、地层线性流、系统径向流3种流动形态,压裂裂缝条数越多,相同的生产时间,无因次井底压降越小;裂缝条数对流动影响明显.随着裂缝条数的增加,压降变化减小;裂缝长度和导流能力有相似的变化.人工裂缝与井筒角度越大,产能越大,当裂缝垂直于井筒时,产量最大;地层最大渗透率方向垂直于人工裂缝时产量最大,平行裂缝时产量最小.当人工裂缝垂直于井筒,并同时垂直于地层最大渗透率方向时,达到最大产量值.     

不对称垂直裂缝压力动态特征

针对压裂过程中出现的不对称垂直裂缝问题,基于渗流力学原理,根据点源函数和Green函数基本理论建立三种不同外边界条件下不对称有限导流垂直裂缝试井解释数学模型.采用Laplace积分变换和Stehfest数值反演获得典型特征曲线.研究表明：典型特征曲线分为四个流动阶段,井储阶段、压力导数曲线斜率为1/4的双线性流阶段、压力导数曲线斜率为1/2的线性流阶段及0.5水平线的径向流阶段;不对称因子主要影响双线性流阶段结束的时间,不对称因子越大,双线性流阶段结束的越早;裂缝的导流能力越大,不对称因子对特征曲线的影响越不明显;不对称因子越大,裂缝流量分布越不对称.为不对称有限导流垂直裂缝的试井分析提供理论依据.     

非对称蛇形旋转通道换热及流场数值研究

为了深入了解空冷涡轮动叶的冷却机理和冷气流动特性,采用商业软件CFX5对旋转状态下某涡轮动叶的非对称蛇形内冷通道模型中的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟.得到了各主要换热面的换热系数分布,分析了通道内的流动规律.发现肋片结构与旋转因素引起了通道内的横向二次流,使整体的换热能力得到了增强,其中非对称因素及旋转因素导致了各个壁面的换热性能的差异.     

随机分布烟尘簇团粒子缪勒矩阵的数值计算

利用蒙特卡罗方法根据团簇-团簇凝聚（CCA）模型对由球形原始粒子凝聚而成的烟尘簇团粒子进行了模拟,用离散偶极子近似（DDA）方法对随机分布的烟尘簇团粒子的缪勒矩阵元素进行了数值计算,给出了不同入射波长情况下随机分布烟尘簇团粒子的缪勒矩阵元素与组成簇团粒子的基本粒子的粒径和数目的数值关系,为进一步研究随机分布簇团粒子的形成机理、形态特性、散射特性提供了一种理论方法. 关键词： 烟尘簇团粒子 缪勒矩阵 离散偶极子近似方法     

微通道内电解质溶液离子分布动电学效应模拟

动电学效应对微通道内流体流动特性影响很大,其对通道内粒子分布特性的影响使得通道近壁面流体流动特性极不稳定。本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了二维矩形微通道内NaCl稀电解质溶液的流动特性,考虑存在于不同粒子间的Lennard-Jones势能、静电力、以及带电离子与水分子间的相互作用,得到了粒子在通道内的分布特征。结果显示在动电学效应主要作用于通道壁面附近,而主流区域影响极小。Na~+离子在无量纲通道高度达到0.08和0.91时其浓度达到最大值,沿远离壁面其浓度逐渐降低,与壁面电性相反的Cl~-离子则在无量纲通道高度达到0.15和0.84附近浓度最高。其结果与基于连续介质解理论的Boltzamnn统计分布一致。水分子的浓度在壁面附近也较通道中心处高。     

考虑水力压裂缝和天然裂缝动态闭合的三维离散缝网数值模拟

基于嵌入式离散裂缝模型, 提出一种可在三维空间中考虑应力状态影响的裂缝动态闭合表征方法。将任意方向裂缝的开度和渗透率考虑为作用在裂缝平面法向有效应力的函数, 同时用裂缝传导率变化表征支撑剂充填的水力压裂缝与被开启的天然裂缝由于油藏开发过程中地层流体压力下降而发生的动态闭合行为。研究表明: 致密油藏开发以缝控储量为主。对压裂水平井进行产能评价时, 裂缝动态闭合会导致产能的部分损失, 其影响不可忽略; 水力压裂缝的支撑剂材料属性及天然裂缝的刚度是其中的主控因素。因此需要增大支撑剂的浓度、粒径大小并改善支撑剂的性质, 在最大程度上降低裂缝闭合对生产的不利影响。     

带有垂直裂缝定压油气藏模型的数值解

压裂作为低渗油气藏开发和油田增产的措施之一,被油田广泛应用.为使压裂方案经济合理,达到少投入多产出的目的,并提高压裂设计水平,我们对油气藏定压生产条件下压裂井产量预测的数学模型进行了数值求解,指出了各种模型的适用条件和要考虑的因素.本文主要介绍区域有裂缝存在、系数还依赖未知函数的非线性抛物型油气藏方程的数值求解。     

液态锂在铜的微通道中的流动行为

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了液态锂在铜的微通道内的流动行为. 通过构建铜(111), (100)和(110)晶面的微通道内壁, 研究了液态锂在流固界面上的微观结构以及在铜微通道中的流动速度分布情况, 并探讨了微通道尺寸对液态锂流动行为的影响. 研究结果表明铜微通道内的液态锂在靠近铜固体壁附近区域呈有序的层状结构分布, 并受铜内壁晶面微观结构的影响. 铜(111)和(100)面内壁附近的液态锂有序层分布结构更明显. 外驱力作用下的液态锂在微通道内的流动速度呈抛物线分布, 流固界面和流动方向对液态锂的流动速度都会产生影响. 液态锂在铜(111)面内壁上流动的速度最大, 且出现了速度滑移; 在铜(110)面内壁上流动速度最小. 通过对不同尺寸的微通道内液态锂流动行为的研究, 发现流动速度的大小随着微通道尺寸的增加而增大, 且最大速度与微通道尺寸呈二次函数关系, 与有关理论计算结果符合得很好.     

Production analysis in shale gas reservoirs based on fracturing-enhanced permeability areas

Hydraulic fracturing has been widely applied in shale gas exploitation because it improves the permeability of the rock matrix.Fracturing stimulation parameters such as the pumping rate, the fracturing sequence, and the fracture spacing significantly influence the distribution of the stimulated reservoir volume(SRV). In this research, we built a numerical model that incorporates the hydraulic fracturing process and predicts gas production. The simulation of fracture propagation is based on the extended finite element method(XFEM), which helps to calculate aspects of the fractures and the SRV; we imported the results into a production analysis model as the initial conditions for production prediction. Using the model, we investigated the effects of some key parameters such as rock cohesion, fracture spacing, pumping rate, and fracturing sequence on the shale gas production.Our results proved that the SRV was distributed in the vicinity of the main fractures, and the SRVs were connected between the fractures in a small fracture spacing. We obtained optimal spacing by analyzing the production increment. High pumping-rate treatment greatly changes the in-situ stress around the hydraulic fractures and enlarges the field of SRV. Simultaneous fracturing treatment improves the flow conductivity of formation more than sequential fracturing. This study provides insights into the hydraulic fracturing design for economical production.     

Peculiarities of the hydraulic fracture propagation caused by pumping of proppant-fluid slurry

A new numerical model for hydraulic fracturing has been developed. This model takes into account several simultaneous processes: pumping of proppant-laden slurry and its flow through the fracture, fracture growth with variable height and length, proppant settling, forming of proppant packing, and fluid filtration through this packing. Simulation experiments demonstrated that proppant particle diameter has significant influence on forming the proppant packing, fluid filtration through the packing, and, finally, on the fracture length and ultimate distribution of fracture width.     

天然气水合物藏裂缝注热的数值模拟研究

天然气水合物因其能量密度大、储量丰富、无污染等特点而被认为是一种新型的替代能源,如何提升天然气水合物储层渗透率是实现其商业化开采的关键。本研究提出使用人工压裂技术在水合物储层中形成裂缝网络,然后再将高温水注入储层来提升储层渗透率,并对沿裂缝注水过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:人工压裂后,注入储层的热水能够到达储层深处,形成高温区和高渗透区,且注水量越大,形成的高渗透区范围越大。     

On hydraulic permeability of random packs of monodisperse spheres: Direct flow simulations versus correlations

Hydraulic permeability is studied in porous media consisting of randomly distributed monodisperse spheres by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The packing of spheres is generated by inserting a certain number of nonoverlapping spherical particles inside a cubic box at both low and high packing fractions using proper algorithms. Fluid flow simulations are performed within the interparticulate porous space by solving Navier-Stokes equations in a low-Reynolds laminar flow regime. The hydraulic permeability is calculated from the Darcy equation once the mean values of velocity and pressure gradient are calculated across the particle packing. The simulation results for the pressure drop across the packing are verified by the Ergun equation for the lower range of porosities (<0.75), and the Stokes equation for higher porosities (∼1). Using the results of simulations, the effects of porosity and particle diameters on the hydraulic permeability are investigated. Simulations precisely specified the range of applicability of empirical or semi-empirical correlations for hydraulic permeability, namely the Carman-Kozeny, Rumpf-Gupte, and Howells-Hinch formulas. The number of spheres in the model is gradually decreased from 2000 to 20 to discover the finite-size effect of pores on the hydraulic permeability of spherical packing, which has not been clearly addressed in the literature. In addition, the scale dependence of hydraulic permeability is studied via simulations of the packing of spheres shrunk to lower scales. The results of this work not only reveal the validity range of the aforementioned correlations, but also show the finite-size effect of pores and the scale-independence of direct CFD simulations for hydraulic permeability.     

多孔薄层强化竖管外壁凝结换热的理论研究

1前言在壁上涂以极薄多孔层以强化凝结换热的问题很少研究过。目前，只有几位学者对恒壁温的短平壁进行了初步的研究［‘－‘l，而对坚圆管尚未见有人研究。为密切与实际应用相结合，我们对具有涂层的变壁温的长竖管进行了理论和实验研究，本文就理论问题进行了探讨。2理论模型及数值计算多孔薄层很薄，故凝液膜边界层被分成两层：内层（多孔薄层液膜层）和外层（纯液膜层）。系统简图如图1。坚管外壁上喷涂上一层导热率较高的多孔介质薄层。厚度为h，热导率为k。，孔隙率为。，渗透率为Kp，管长为L，壁温为几，蒸汽饱和温度为Ts，凝液膜…     

XFEM modeling of hydraulic fracture in porous rocks with natural fractures

Hydraulic fracture (HF) in porous rocks is a complex multi-physics coupling process which involves fluid flow, diffusion and solid deformation. In this paper, the extended finite element method (XFEM) coupling with Biot theory is developed to study the HF in permeable rocks with natural fractures (NFs). In the recent XFEM based computational HF models, the fluid flow in fractures and interstitials of the porous media are mostly solved separately, which brings difficulties in dealing with complex fracture morphology. In our new model the fluid flow is solved in a unified framework by considering the fractures as a kind of special porous media and introducing Poiseuille-type flow inside them instead of Darcy-type flow. The most advantage is that it is very convenient to deal with fluid flow inside the complex fracture network, which is important in shale gas extraction. The weak formulation for the new coupled model is derived based on virtual work principle, which includes the XFEM formulation for multiple fractures and fractures intersection in porous media and finite element formulation for the unified fluid flow. Then the plane strain Kristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk (KGD) model and the fluid flow inside the fracture network are simulated to validate the accuracy and applicability of this method. The numerical results show that large injection rate, low rock permeability and isotropic in-situ stresses tend to lead to a more uniform and productive fracture network.