Acoustic field analysis of detection and location of targets in layered media by time reversal-reverse time migration mixed method

Using the time reversal(TR)-reverse time migration(RTM) mixed method, the numerical analysis towards the acoustic field for detection and location of targets in layered media is performed. First the approaches and steps of the numerical analysis and simulation for acoustic field are proposed, then, the acoustic field distribution of single target and multiple targets are further computed by using the approaches of single emission-multiple receiving and multiple emission-multiple receiving. The numerical simulation results indicate that target detection and location can be well realized. By comparison, good results are obtained from the both two approaches, but large time-consuming is observed in way of multiple emission-multiple receiving, and so would be unacceptable. Additionally, the improved way is also proposed for multiple target detection.     

Energy and phase velocity considerations required for attenuation and velocity measurements of anisotropic composites

Viscoelastic fibre-reinforced composite materials have a number of possible advantages for use in underwater acoustic applications. In order to exploit these materials it is important to be able to measure their complex stiffness matrix in order to determine their acoustic response. Ultrasonic transmission measurements on parallel-sided samples, employing broadband pulsed transducers at 2.25 MHz and an immersion method, have been used to determine the viscoelastic properties of a glass-reinforced composite with uniaxially aligned fibres. The composite measured was constructed from Cytecfiberite's CYCOM 919 E-glass. The theory of acoustic propagation in anisotropic materials shows that the direction of energy propagation is, in general, different from that given by Snell's Law. At 15 degrees incidence, Snell's Law implies a refracted angle of 40 +/- 2 degrees, whereas the energy direction is observed to be 70 +/- 2 degrees. Despite this, the experimental data indicates that the position of the receiving transducer has relatively little effect on the apparent phase velocity measured. The phase velocities measured at positions determined from the refracted angle and energy direction are 3647 and 3652 +/- 50 m s(-1), respectively. However, the amplitude of the received signal, and hence estimate of attenuation, is highly sensitive to the receiver position. This indicates that the acoustic Poynting vector must be considered in order to precisely determine the correct position of the receiving transducer for attenuation measurements. The beam displacement for a 17.6 mm sample at 15 degrees incidence is 9.5 and 40 mm by Snell's Law and Poynting's Theorem, respectively. Measured beam displacements have been compared with predictions derived from material stiffness coefficients. These considerations are important in recovering the complex stiffness matrix.     

时间反转和逆时偏移混合法用于层状介质中目标检测和定位的声场分析

基于时间反转和逆时偏移混合方法用于分层介质中目标的声学检测和定位的原理,本文对分层介质中目标检测和定位的声场进行了数值分析。首先给出了声场分布数值仿真的方法和步骤,进一步采用单发多收和多发多收两种方式对单个目标和多个目标计算出其声场分布。数值仿真结果表明可以较好地实现对目标的检测和定位。比较发现,单发单收方式和多发多收方式都得到较好的结果,但多发多收方式计算耗时过多,因此不宜采用。另外,对多个目标的探测提出了改进方法。      

时间反转和逆时偏移混合法用于层状介质中目标的声学检测和定位

一般超声回波检测、时间反转和逆时偏移技术,都不能将界面附近的目标(缺陷)检测出来。这是因为目标反射波和界面(或底面)反射波相重叠的缘故。虽然改进的时间反转法(即换元的时间反转法)能够区别目标和界面(或底面),但还是不能定位。本文提出一种时间反转和逆时偏移混合方法。分析和仿真结果表明该方法不但能够鉴别出层状介质中的目标,而且可以定位。对于多个目标,也能给出其位置分布图。特别地,本文方法对于分层介质中的缺陷和浅海海底下的目标检测和定位具有重要的潜在价值。      

快照的时间反转和逆时偏移法对含有固体分层介质中目标的超声检测

快照的时间反转和逆时偏移方法已实现了液-液分层介质中目标的超声检测和定位,现进一步推广到含有固体分层介质情形.由于在含有固体分层介质中,都存在多种的反射波和散射波,因此提出一种筛选方法,首先从中筛选出散射波以及所属波型,再利用快照的时间反转和逆时偏移方法进行处理.实验分别研究了固-液、液-固和固-固分层介质3种情况.利...     

时间反转和逆时偏移混合法中参数改变对目标检测和定位的影响*

时间反转和逆时偏移混合法能有效地抑制分层介质中界面或底面反射波的干扰,从而实现分层介质中目标的检测和定位。该文计算得到阵列阵元的疏密,目标在空间中不同位置,以及不同载波频率相应的声场图和声场等高线图,从而详细研究不同参数对目标检测和定位的影响。研究结果表明,接收阵元需要达到一定数目才能获得较好的聚焦效果;目标无论距阵列远近都可以被很好地定位,特别是离界面很近的目标也可以清晰地分辨出来;用调制载波信号可以得到在目标处更尖锐的声场分布,但周围的各处声场分布高低起伏,可能带来定位的不稳定。     

多层介质中超声相控阵声场仿真*

由于良好的声束偏转与聚焦特性,超声相控阵已经广泛应用于多层固体介质的缺陷检测。当超声束经过多层介质时,由于反射、透射以及模式转换的存在,多种声束存在于这种结构中,使得声场分析变得复杂。为了提高多层介质检测的准确性,有必要对超声声场的分布规律进行深入地了解。该文结合高斯声束等效点源模型以及射线追踪法,给出了相控阵声源在多层固体介质中激发声场的仿真方法,并且模拟计算了一维线型相控阵在楔块-铝-黄铜-钢四层固体介质中的辐射声场。通过对不同延时法则的计算,实现了声波在这种复杂介质中的偏转与聚焦,进而研究了不同焦点处聚焦声场的分布。结果表明:相控阵方法能使聚焦点处的声场幅值增大,能量集中,提高了检测分辨率;不同聚焦点处声场聚焦效果不同,实际检测时应根据检测区域结构及位置特点,合理放置相控阵换能器。与瑞利积分法的比较表明,该文的仿真方法适用于多层介质相控阵声场的计算。     

Detection and Location of a Target in Layered Media without Prior Knowledge of Medium Parameters

Without prior knowledge of medium parameters, a method is proposed to detect and locate a target in layered media. Experiments were carried out for liquid/liquid and solid/liquid layered media, and the location of a target in them was obtained using three methods combined, i.e., the least-square method, the method of finding minimum dispersal degree of target distribution, and the snapshot time reversal and reverse time migration mixed method. The medium parameters, i.e., the acoustic velocities of upper and lower media as well as the thickness of the upper medium, were inversed simultaneously. The results show that the position of target is consistent with its actual position. Thus, the detection and location of a target in layered media are achieved without prior knowledge of medium parameters, and it overcomes the difficulty that the common time reversal method only detects the target, but cannot locate it.     

Detection and Location of a Target in Layered Media by Snapshot Time Reversal and Reverse Time Migration Mixed Method

A target in layered medium can be located by the ridge-like distribution time reversal and reverse time migration(TR-RTM) mixed method. However, this method cannot distinguish between acoustic field distributions of the interface and target for the wider acoustic pulse signals, which may result in inaccurate location of the target. A snapshot TR-RTM mixed method is proposed to solve this problem. The principle of snapshot TR-RTM mixed method is first given. Experiments are then carried out, and a mountain-like acoustic field distribution is obtained by processing experimental data. The results show that the location of the peak is that of the target, and the ratio of the scattered signal and interface reflection signal(signal-to-interference ratio) is improved by about four times after processing. Furthermore, this method can effectively suppress the interface reflection signal and enhance the target scattering signal. Therefore, it can achieve effective detection and location of a target in a layered medium.     

Generalized space-time paraxial acoustic ray tracing

Paraxial ray tracing has gained popularity in seismology and underwater acoustics for modelling the propagation of sound when the medium is stationary and time independent. In this article differential geometry is used to derive a generalized paraxial ray-tracing procedure valid for any fluid media described by a local sound speed and velocity depending arbitrarily on position and time. Geodesic deviation is used to model acoustic beam deformation, and the sectional curvature along a ray to determine convergence and divergence zones in space. The resulting paraxial equations presented here are the most general that can be derived for the acoustic field and apply to any environment including those with time dependence and fluid motion. Applied to layered media the geodesic deviation equation is solved exactly. Some illustrative examples are included.     

水中分层弹性球壳高频时域回波的声学编码研究

针对水下集群目标及敌我目标识别的难题,该文提出了一种基于水中分层弹性球壳高频时域回波的声学编码原理及方法。推导了水中4层弹性球壳目标散射声压的简正级数解,并与有限元结果进行了对比验证。通过构造高频主动声呐的探测脉冲信号,与4层弹性球壳声传递函数的简正级数解做卷积运算,获得了目标的时域回波脉冲序列。研究了分层弹性球壳的厚度、各层材料属性、排布顺序等对时域回波特征的影响规律,提出了基于时域回波特征的声学编码方法。研究表明：利用水中分层弹性球壳目标高频时域回波特征能够实现声学编码,回波结构稳定,且不受限于探测方向。通过携带或安装这种分层弹性球壳结构,有望识别水下航行体/悬浮体等目标。该文的研究对水下目标的主动探测身份识别及导航等具有一定的参考价值。     

倾斜地层下的井孔声场分析及声速校正图版制作

理解声波在倾斜井孔下的传播规律,对于准确获得目的层真速度有着至关重要的作用。通过有限差分和几何声学分析方法对比了倾斜地层下纵横波首波速度的变化规律,旨在建立倾斜地层下的声速校正图版。研究结果表明,当倾斜地层速度"上低下高"时,从全波中得到的声波速度不再是地层的真实速度,均大于目的层真速度。尤其是当地层界面倾角大于45°时,即便是源距超过了4 m,仍对首波速度有影响,必须对其校正。相反,当倾斜地层速度"上高下低"时,任何源距和地层倾角下的视速度值都接近目的层真速度,可以不予校正。根据以上分析,建立了倾斜地层下的声速校正图版,并指出下层速度的变化对于校正图版有着较大影响,源距的变化对于图版影响很小,在不同源距下可以使用同一个图版。      

An ultrasonic transducer array for velocity measurement in underwater vehicles

A correlation velocity log (CVL) is an ultrasonic navigation aid for marine applications, in which velocity is estimated using an acoustic transmitter and a receiver array. CVLs offer advantages over Doppler velocity logs (DVLs) in many autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) applications, since they can achieve high accuracy at low velocities even during hover manoeuvres. DVLs require narrow beam widths, whilst ideal CVL transmitters have wide beam widths. This gives CVLs the potential to use lower frequencies thus permitting operation in deeper water, reducing power requirements for the same depth, or allowing the use of smaller transducers. Moving patterns in the wavefronts across a 2D receiver array are detected by calculating correlation coefficients between bottom reflections from consecutive transmitted pulses, across all combinations of receiver pairings. The position of the peak correlation value, on a surface representing receiver-pairing separations, is proportional to the vessel's displacement between pulses. A CVL aimed primarily for AUVs has been developed. Its acoustical and signal processing design has been optimised through sea trials and computer modelling of the sound field. This computer model is also used to predict how the distribution of the correlation coefficients varies with distance from the peak position. Current work seeks to increase the resolution of the peak estimate using surface fitting methods. Numerical simulations suggest that peak estimation methods significantly improve system precision when compared with simply identifying the position of the maximum correlation coefficient in the dataset. The peak position may be estimated by fitting a quadratic model to the measured data using least squares or maximum likelihood estimation. Alternatively, radial basis functions and Gaussian processes successfully predict the peak position despite variation between individual correlation datasets. This paper summarises the CVL's main acoustical features and signal processing techniques and includes results of sea trials using the device.     

Localization of marine mammals near Hawaii using an acoustic propagation model

Humpback whale songs were recorded on six widely spaced receivers of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) hydrophone network near Hawaii during March of 2001. These recordings were used to test a new approach to localizing the whales that exploits the time-difference of arrival (time lag) of their calls as measured between receiver pairs in the PMRF network. The usual technique for estimating source position uses the intersection of hyperbolic curves of constant time lag, but a drawback of this approach is its assumption of a constant wave speed and straight-line propagation to associate acoustic travel time with range. In contrast to hyperbolic fixing, the algorithm described here uses an acoustic propagation model to account for waveguide and multipath effects when estimating travel time from hypothesized source positions. A comparison between predicted and measured time lags forms an ambiguity surface, or visual representation of the most probable whale position in a horizontal plane around the array. This is an important benefit because it allows for automated peak extraction to provide a location estimate. Examples of whale localizations using real and simulated data in algorithms of increasing complexity are provided.     

On the delay time of the net signal from a set of quasi-monochromatic transmitters

The waveform of the net signal from a set of closely spaced acoustic or electromagnetic transmitters generating identical (up to phase and amplitude factor) quasi-monochromatic signals is considered. If the partial signals are sufficiently long, the waveform of the envelope of the net signal from the set of transmitters turns out to be close to that of the partial signal envelope up to delay. The delay does not necessarily coincide with the time it takes for an optical (or acoustic) signal to travel the distance from the transmitter to the point of observation. At different sites of the space, the delay time may be real or complex. Its real part may be positive or negative and exceed, or be shorter than, the optical (acoustic) delay time. The delay strongly depends on the position of the point of observation (i.e., on whether it is located near a dark or bright interference fringe) and, in the case of short-wave signals, may vary considerably even at a slight displacement of the point of observation.     

深海脉冲信号簇到达结构特征及其在水下声源定位中的应用

为了实现对深海水下声源的定位,对典型深海环境中的脉冲信号到达结构特征进行了理论分析,给出了声源和接收位置位于近海面时到达信号的簇信号形式近似表达式。当声源和接收位置处于近海面深度时,接收到的信号呈簇状结构形式。在提取到达信号中各簇信号到达时间、幅值等特征参数的基础上,提出了一种通过对到达信号中簇信号特征参数匹配搜索进行水下脉冲信号定位的方法,仿真分析了不同距离和不同深度处的簇信号特征,并利用一次南海海域爆炸声源的声传播实验数据进行了实验验证。结果表明:各簇信号对应的到达时间、幅值等特征参数可用于对声源位置的匹配定位;海上实验中利用单水听器得到的水下声源的距离估计结果与实测距离结果较为一致,对实验中2.0 km至90.4 km内声源的距离估计误差不大于8%。      

基于声压-质点速度声强探头的材料吸声系数的测量

通过由一个声压换能器和一个质点速度换能器所构成的传感器(p-u声强探头)同时测量材料表面附近的声压和质点振动速度,可直接得到其声学阻抗,进而得到材料的反射因子、吸声系数。本文利用一个p-u探头声强测量系统,在半消声室内测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了声源高度和入射角度、材料样本尺寸和厚度对吸声系数测量的影响,并和阻抗管中测量得到的法向吸声系数进行了对比。最后分析了声阻抗率的幅值和相位误差对吸声系数的影响,推导了它们的误差传递公式。     

Correction to: Generation of amplitude- and phase-modulated signal beam with a phase-only spatial light modulator and its detection by the transport of intensity equation method for holographic data storage

This study evaluates a novel holographic data storage (HDS) that uses a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for the multilevel complex amplitude modulation of a signal beam and the transport of intensity equation (TIE) method to detect the signal beam without interferometry, to increase the capacity of the HDS, simplifying its optical system, and improving the stability of the signal beam modulation and detection. Both the amplitude and phase of the signal beam were modulated by a computer-generated hologram displayed in a phase-only SLM, a 4-f optical system, and a pinhole placed in the Fourier plane. The complex amplitude-modulated signal beam generated by this scheme does not always perfectly match the target complex amplitude, and deviations from the amplitude and phase of the target complex amplitude may exist. It is unclear whether the TIE method, which is sensitive to the state of the beam intensity and the phase distributions to be detected (such as zero-intensity points and phase discontinuities), can accurately detect a signal beam whose complex amplitude is modulated by the modulation scheme with a phase-only SLM. Here, we demonstrate via numerical simulations and experiments that several methods of complex amplitude generation using a phase-only SLM can achieve multilevel modulation of the amplitude and phase of a signal beam and are suitable for detection by the TIE method in HDS.

     

Measurements of the thermodiffusion ratio in a binary solution using an acoustic resonator

The nonlinear acoustic resonator filled with a layered solution is studied. The possibility of its application to measure liquid parameters is shown. The proposed acoustic method is based on the dependence of the speed of sound in a solution on its concentration which varies due to thermal diffusion in the beam propagation region. An analysis of the relations describing the resonator transmittance showed that, having measured the steady-state and minimum resonator transmittances, the thermodiffusion ratio in a binary solution filling the resonator can be determined.     

多层奥氏体钢中超声相控阵辐射声场分析

针对一维线性超声相控阵透过楔块,在多层不同晶轴取向的奥氏体钢中的声场辐射问题,结合高斯声束等效点源模型以及基于时间最小原理的射线追踪法,给出了各层介质中透射声场的计算方法。将奥氏体钢近似为横向各向同性介质,计算了相控阵透过楔块,在晶轴取向为0°的奥氏体钢中的无延时纵波声场,计算结果与COMSOL仿真结果相吻合,从而验证了所用方法的正确性。通过加入不同的延迟法则,仿真计算了三层含有不同晶轴取向(0°,30°,100°)的奥氏体钢中的纵波声场,实现了相控阵声场的偏转与聚焦,分析了偏转声场与聚焦声场的传播特性。仿真结果表明,不同的晶轴取向将导致不同的声束偏转以及聚焦效果。通过延迟激励各阵元,虽然可以控制声束偏转或聚焦到预定位置,但是晶轴取向仍会对声束宽度以及幅值产生一定的影响。