JO—9159炸药的初发中密度对爆轰波反应区宽度影响的实验研究

利用电磁法对两种具有不同初始密度的ＪＯ－９１５９炸药的爆轰反应区宽度进行了测量。结果表明，对于ＪＯ－９１５９这种爆轰反应区非常窄的炸药，暨使爆轰达到了定常状态，化学反应仍然与炸药的初始物理状态有关。     

固体炸药的磁驱动准等熵压缩实验研究

较宽压力范围内未反应炸药的本构关系和状态方程对于深入和精确认识压缩波作用下炸药组分间相互作用的力学过程和起爆热点的形成机制具有重要意义。较之冲击压缩,磁驱动准等熵压缩加载(无冲击压缩)是获取较宽压力范围内未反应炸药的动态压缩力学特性更有效的手段。基于大电流产生的电磁力作用原理,在国内率先实现了炸药的磁驱动无冲击压缩实验技术。通过对负载电极、炸药样品参数的优化设计和安装工艺的控制,实现了5 GPa载荷内JO-9159炸药的磁驱动准等熵压缩加载。基于激光位移干涉测量技术和Lagrange数据处理方法,获得了JO-9159炸药的速度响应历史和准等熵压缩线。所得结果与文献数据进行了比较,结果表明,在实验压力范围内,JO-9159炸药的等熵压缩线与PBX9501炸药的等熵压缩线一致。     

平面二级炸药强爆轰驱动装置的优化设计

 在推广的Gurney理论模型基础上,采用遗传算法优化技术,对平面二级强爆轰驱动非线性问题进行了初步的优化设计。飞片及炸药的材料分别为钢及JO-9159,在初级飞片和次级飞片厚度分别为2.5 mm和0.5 mm时,得到了不同初级飞片速度（5.0～6.5 km/s）下次级飞片的最大速度及对应的次级炸药最佳厚度。并对铝、铜、钼及钽等几种典型金属材料飞片进行了计算,得到了初级飞片速度为5 km/s时对应的次级炸药最佳厚度等优化参数。这些计算结果可以为二级强爆轰驱动装置的实验设计提供重要参考。     

PBX-9502炸药爆轰反应速率模型研究

利用高能炸药爆轰反应的拉格朗日分析方法,得到了一个形式简单的PBX-9502炸药的爆轰反应速率方程。运用该速率方程,计算了PBX-9502炸药爆轰波反应区的纵向结构,并与三项式点火增长模型的计算结果及实验结果进行比较。结果表明:该爆轰反应速率方程能很好地模拟PBX-9502炸药爆轰波反应区的纵向结构。     

PBX炸药粘弹性统计微裂纹本构模型的改进

基于描述PBX炸药本构关系的粘弹性统计微裂纹模型(Visco-SCRAM),通过修正其微裂纹方向矢量的取值范围、初始缺陷尺寸和体量本构关系,得到模型的改进形式。将改进的模型嵌入有限元程序中,开展PBX炸药JO-9159的平板撞击实验数值模拟研究,讨论了微裂纹数密度参数对计算结果的影响。结合实测曲线,对模型改进前、后的计算结果进行对比和分析。结果表明,改进的模型能够更合理地描述低速冲击下PBX炸药的损伤和破坏。     

猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射

 采用高速转镜分幅相机和电探针技术研究了猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射图像和不同位置上的爆轰波传播时间。从研究得出，两种炸药都在拐角顶点附近绕射，爆轰波传播时间增长，爆速变小。但是两种炸药绕射爆轰波的状态不一样，钝感炸药IHE-2中爆轰波绕过直角时，在拐角顶点附近约10 mm范围内炸药未完全反应，猛炸药RHT-901中爆轰波绕过直角时未出现类似现象。两者相比，钝感炸药中绕射爆轰波速度变化大，波阵面曲率半径小，而猛炸药的绕射爆轰波速度变化小，波阵面曲率半径大。这说明炸药的爆轰波绕射与炸药的冲击感度、反应区宽度有关。     

JO-9159与JB-9014复合药柱爆轰驱动平面飞片实验与数值模拟

为了研究串联复合药柱(JO-9159/JB-9014)结构尺寸对能量输出的影响,采用有限元软件AUTODYN对标准平面飞片实验进行数值模拟,并进行了实验验证,结果表明,飞片速度实验值与计算值的相对误差为0.2%~3.0%,比动能相对误差为0.4%~6.0%,因此模型是可信的。利用该模型及材料物性参数,对不同高度比的串联复合装药结构进行数值计算,研究结构尺寸变化和复合装药能量释放的规律,得到高能炸药和钝感炸药尺寸比与飞片速度的指数关系公式。数值模拟研究表明,随着高能炸药组成增加,爆轰驱动飞片的第1峰值速度和第2峰值速度越来越接近,而钝感炸药组成较大时,第1峰值速度较第2峰值速度较小,整个速度历史随着时间的推移有较大的跃升过程。     

RDX炸药爆轰产物物态方程

采用基于统计物理的爆轰产物物态方程模型,研究了不同初始密度下RDX炸药爆轰产物性质,发现炸药初始密度小于1.20g/cm3时,炸药爆轰后只有气相产物生成,随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,爆轰后有固相碳析出。炸药初始密度小于1.60g/cm3时,各气相产物按均匀混合处理,计算的爆速、爆压和实验值符合较好。随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,计算的爆速、爆压与实验值出现较大的偏差,经分析发现此处可能出现了超临界流体相分离现象,在物态方程模型中考虑了这种效应后,得到较好的结果。     

亚微米TATB爆轰波剖面实验

用激光速度干涉技术测试炸药／窗口界面粒子速度，研究炸药的冲击起爆、爆轰反应区结构、爆轰驱动和炸药反应速率等。与普通颗粒TATB相比，亚微米TATB炸药对高压短脉冲敏感，在钝感起爆器中有应用价值。文中用VISAR技术，测试亚微米TATB在短脉冲加载下的炸药／窗口界面粒子速度，对亚微米TATB的反应区结构进行了探讨。亚微米TATB是通过重结晶-气流粉碎的方法制备的，平均颗粒度0．58μm。     

CTVD格式数值计算非均质炸药爆轰问题

将高分辨率激波捕捉格式CTVD格式拓展应用到非均质炸药爆轰的数值模拟问题.增加了化学反应率控制方程,引入Lee-Tarver点火成长模型,未反应的固体炸药和化学反应气体产物都使用JWL形式状态方程.数值模拟了非均质固体炸药PBX-9404和TATB的冲击起爆问题.获得了较高的爆轰波分辨率和光滑解区的数值精度,对具有复杂物态方程形式的固体炸药爆轰问题,CTVD格式具有简单实用、高效和高分辨的特点.     

炸药强爆轰的研究

 对强爆轰波的传播和驱动问题进行了初步的研究,应用有关的理论对这一问题进行了分析,实验上测量了两种炸药中强爆轰的传播或衰减过程,给出了强爆轰驱动飞片的一个算例,与实验测量结果吻合,上述结果在一定程度上揭示了强爆轰的行为。     

爆震波传播速度同阻力和热损失的一般关系

本文采用－维稳态ＺＮＤ模型，从理论分析和数值计算上详细研究了爆震波的结构和非绝热粗糙管中摩擦阻力和热损失对爆震波传播的影响．推导了爆震波的传播方程，揭示了多种爆震机制和爆震极限的存在及其机理。对低速爆震的发生给出了理论解释．     

Detonation front structure and the competition for radicals

We examine the role of competition for radical species in determining detonation front structure for hydrogen and selected hydrocarbon fuels in air and oxygen. Numerical simulations and detailed reaction mechanisms are used to characterize the reaction zone length, shape, and sensitivity to temperature variation. We find that the effect of the competition for radicals on the energy release rate characteristics varies significantly for the chosen mixtures. Hydrogen exhibits a strong effect while in methane and ethane mixtures the effect is absent. Other hydrocarbons including acetylene, ethylene, and propane fall between these extreme cases. This competition is manifested by a peak in effective activation energy associated with a shift in the dominant reaction pathway in the initial portion of the reaction zone. The peak of the effective activation energy is centered on the extended second explosion limit. A five-step, four species reaction model of this competition process has been developed and calibrated against numerical simulations with detailed chemistry for hydrogen. The model includes a notional radical species and reactive intermediate in addition to reactants and products. The radical species undergoes chain-branching and there is a competing pathway through the reactive intermediate that is mediated by a three-body reaction followed by decomposition of the intermediate back to the radical species. We have used this model in two-dimensional unsteady simulations of detonation propagation to examine the qualitative differences in the cellular instability of detonation fronts corresponding to various degrees of competition between the chain-branching and reactive intermediate production. As the post-shock state approaches the region of competition between the radical and reactive intermediate, the detonation front becomes irregular and pockets of the reactive intermediate appear behind the front, but the detonation continues to propagate.     

拉氏程序使用减敏模型模拟炸药绕爆问题

利用二维拉氏非结构网格爆轰流体程序对高能炸药的爆轰波绕爆问题进行数值模拟.拉氏程序对绕爆问题进行模拟时,会引起网格严重扭曲,导致网格大变形.使用JWL状态方程和三项式反应率,拉氏程序得到的绕爆数值结果与实验定性相同,较好地模拟了爆轰波绕爆过程中的漩涡现象.为了模拟一些钝感炸药在绕爆过程中的死区现象,在炸药反应率中加入减敏因子,模拟结果捕捉到死区,并与国外文章中的数值模拟结果定性相同.     

爆轰波在弯管内传播过程数值分析

应用基元反应模型和频散可控耗散格式(DCD)对氢氧爆轰波在弯管内的传播过程进行了数值模拟.计算中氢氧混合物化学反应采用了8种组分20个反应方程式.在处理化学反应引起的刚性问题时采用了时间算子分裂的方法.计算结果表明,在弯管小曲率半径壁面附近,由于膨胀稀疏作用,爆轰波强度减弱,在局部出现前导激波与放热反应区的解藕以及二次起爆现象;在弯管大曲率半径壁面上爆轰波在马赫反射和正规反射之间相互转变,使爆轰波加强.弯管内的爆轰现象与弯管曲率半径有关.     

An experimental investigation of the propagation mechanism of critical deflagration waves that lead to the onset of detonation

The reflection of a CJ detonation from a perforated plate is used to generate high speed deflagrations downstream in order to investigate the critical conditions that lead to the onset of detonation. Different perforated plates were used to control the turbulence in the downstream deflagration waves. Streak Schlieren photography, ionization probes and pressure transducers are used to monitor the flow field and the transition to detonation. Stoichiometric mixtures of acetylene–oxygen and propane–oxygen were tested at low initial pressures. In some cases, acetylene–oxygen was diluted with 80% argon in order to render the mixture more “stable” (i.e., more regular detonation cell structure). The results show that prior to successful detonation initiation, a deflagration is formed that propagates at about half the CJ detonation velocity of the mixture. This “critical” deflagration (which propagates at a relatively constant velocity for a certain duration prior to the onset of detonation) is comprised of a leading shock wave followed by an extended turbulent reaction zone. The critical deflagration speed is not dependent on the turbulence characteristics of the perforated plate but rather on the energetics of the mixture like a CJ detonation (i.e., the deflagration front is driven by the expansion of the combustion products). Hence, the critical deflagration is identified as a CJ deflagration. The high intensity turbulence that is required to sustain its propagation is maintained via chemical instabilities in the reaction zone due to the coupling of pressure fluctuations with the energy release. Therefore, in “unstable” mixtures, critical deflagrations can be supported for long durations, whereas in “stable” mixtures, deflagrations decay as the initial plate generated turbulence decays. The eventual onset of detonation is postulated to be a result of the amplification of pressure waves (i.e., turbulence) that leads to the formation of local explosion centers via the SWACER mechanism during the pre-detonation period.     

A parabolic linear evolution equation for cellular detonation instability

Using the combined limits of a large activation energy and a ratio of specific heats close to unity, a dispersion relation has recently been derived which governs the stability of a steady Chapman - Jouguet detonation wave to two-dimensional linear disturbances. The analysis considers instability evolution time scales that are long on the time scale of fluid particle passage through the main reaction layer. In the following, a simplified polynomial form of the dispersion relation is derived under an appropriate choice of a distinguished limit between an instability evolution time scale that is long on the time scale of particle passage through the induction zone and a transverse disturbance wavelength that is long compared to the hydrodynamic thickness of the induction zone. A third order in time, sixth order in space, parabolic linear evolution equation is derived which governs the initial dynamics of cellular detonation formation. The linear dispersion relation is shown to have the properties of a most unstable wavenumber, leading to a theoretical prediction of the initial detonation cell spacing and a wavenumber above which all disturbances decay, eliminating the growth of small-wavelength perturbations. The role played by the curvature of the detonation front in the dynamics of the cellular instability is also highlighted.     

Numerical studies on autoignition and detonation development from a hot spot in hydrogen/air mixtures

Detonation development inside spark ignition engines can result in the so called super-knock with extremely high pressure oscillation above 200?atm. In this study, numerical simulations of autoignitive reaction front propagation in hydrogen/air mixtures are conducted and the detonation development regime is investigated. A hot spot with linear temperature distribution is used to induce autoignitive reaction front propagation. With the change of temperature gradient or hot spot size, three typical autoignition reaction front modes are identified: supersonic reaction front; detonation development and subsonic reaction front. The effects of initial pressure, initial temperature, fuel type and equivalence ratio on detonation development regime are examined. It is found that the detonation development regime strongly depends on mixture composition (fuel and equivalence ratio) and thermal conditions (initial pressure and temperature). Therefore, to achieve the quantitative prediction of super-knock in engines, we need use the detonation development regime for specific fuel at specific initial temperature, initial pressure, and equivalence ratio.