CE/SE方法数值模拟炸药粉尘爆轰

采用CE/SE方法数值模拟悬浮在空气中的RDX炸药粉尘的两相爆轰过程.炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,释放能量支持爆轰波传播.数值模拟爆轰波管中的粉尘爆轰,得到爆轰波流场中的物理量分布,确定爆轰参数,数值结果与文献符合较好.数值模拟复杂通道中的炸药粉尘爆轰,预测了爆轰波的发展和传播过程以及爆轰波后的流场演化.数值结果表明CE/SE方法能成功模拟气体-固体两相爆轰,为粉尘爆轰的研究提供了新的数值预测手段.     

Numerical Simulation of Explosive Dust Detonation with CE/SE Method

采用CE/SE方法数值模拟悬浮在空气中的RDX炸药粉尘的两相爆轰过程.炸药颗粒在爆轰波阵面后的高温高速气流中加速并升温,释放能量支持爆轰波传播.数值模拟爆轰波管中的粉尘爆轰,得到爆轰波流场中的物理量分布,确定爆轰参数,数值结果与文献符合较好.数值模拟复杂通道中的炸药粉尘爆轰,预测了爆轰波的发展和传播过程以及爆轰波后的流场演化.数值结果表明CE/SE方法能成功模拟气体-固体两相爆轰,为粉尘爆轰的研究提供了新的数值预测手段.     

猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射

 采用高速转镜分幅相机和电探针技术研究了猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射图像和不同位置上的爆轰波传播时间。从研究得出，两种炸药都在拐角顶点附近绕射，爆轰波传播时间增长，爆速变小。但是两种炸药绕射爆轰波的状态不一样，钝感炸药IHE-2中爆轰波绕过直角时，在拐角顶点附近约10 mm范围内炸药未完全反应，猛炸药RHT-901中爆轰波绕过直角时未出现类似现象。两者相比，钝感炸药中绕射爆轰波速度变化大，波阵面曲率半径小，而猛炸药的绕射爆轰波速度变化小，波阵面曲率半径大。这说明炸药的爆轰波绕射与炸药的冲击感度、反应区宽度有关。     

凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射现象分析

凝聚炸药爆轰在边界高声速材料约束下传播时,爆轰波会在约束材料界面上产生复杂的折射现象.本文针对凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射现象展开理论和数值模拟分析.首先通过建立在爆轰ZND模型上的改进爆轰波极曲线理论给出爆轰波折射类型,然后发展一种求解爆轰反应流动方程的基于特征理论的二阶单元中心型Lagrange计算方法来数值模拟典型的爆轰波折射过程.从改进爆轰波极曲线理论和二阶Lagrange方法数值模拟给出的结果看出,凝聚炸药爆轰波在高声速材料界面上的折射类型有四种:反射冲击波的正规折射、带束缚前驱波的非正规折射、带双Mach反射的非正规折射、带λ波结构的非正规折射.     

基于Mie-Grüneisen状态方程的爆轰波运动数值模拟

依据C-J（Chapman-Jouguet）理论,对爆轰问题中的气态爆轰产物和未反应炸药分别考虑不同的参考状态,并根据参考状态选用特定的Mie-Grüneisen状态方程。忽略化学反应过程,爆轰产物厚度为零的前导激波面以界面的形式存在。数值模拟中,爆轰波的演化分为波面传播以及与未反应介质相互作用两个部分。传播过程中,爆轰波的传播速度即恒定的爆速,爆轰产物在传播过程中瞬间形成,而相互作用过程则是通过Mie-Grüneisen多介质混合模型来计算爆轰波的持续冲击作用。借助于Mie-Grüneisen状态方程以及Mie-Grüneisen多介质混合模型,可以很好地模拟爆轰波的运动过程。对比理论参数及文献的计算结果发现,模拟结果具备较好的准确度。     

金属圆管内爆轰波相互作用效应的数值模拟

炸药两端同时起爆时金属圆管运动规律的研究，粗略的实验不少，但在数值模拟方面，特别是在对碰部位，或是不能计算出鼓包现象，或是鼓包的计算结果与实验差别较大。文中采用动力学有限元程序，针对大变形带来的网格扭曲造成计算的锁死现象进行了ALE技术处理，对金属圆管内爆轰波的相互作用效应进行数值模拟，给出了爆轰波对碰作用下金属圆管运动规律的计算结果。     

爆轰波在炸药-金属界面上的折射分析

针对爆轰波在炸药-金属界面上折射时由实验获得的金属折射冲击波压力与经典爆轰波极曲线理论预测的压力存在显著差异这一问题, 本文展开了进一步的理论和数值模拟分析研究. 首先通过分析指出经典爆轰波极曲线理论的缺陷, 并对爆轰波极曲线理论进行了改进, 改进爆轰波极曲线理论给出了炸药爆轰波折射类型以及折射冲击作用点处的压力值. 然后发展了一个基于次特征理论来数值求解爆轰反应流动控制方程的二阶中心型Lagrange方法, 并数值模拟了一个典型的炸药爆轰波折射实验. 改进爆轰波极曲线理论和数值模拟分析结果表明, 爆轰波折射类型有三种:反射冲击波的正规折射、带Mach反射的非正规折射、无反射波的正规折射, 并且金属折射冲击波压力值随入射角增大而单调减小.     

炸药爆轰的连续介质本构模型和数值计算方法

假定炸药和爆轰产物处于局部热力学平衡状态, 即它们的压力和温度相同, 利用热力学基本关系建立炸药爆轰过程的连续介质本构模型的一般理论框架. 在此框架下, 炸药爆轰本构模型由一组常微分方程构成, 包括炸药和爆轰产物的状态方程、简单混合法则、化学反应速率方程和能量守恒方程, 易于由成熟的计算方法如梯形法等进行求解. 一组广义Maxwell型非线性固体本构形式的微分方程描述了压力和温度随时间的演化速率与应变率和化学反应速率的关系, 借助简单混合物理论, 其中的系数由炸药和爆轰产物的材料参数确定. 未反应的炸药和爆轰产物采用JWL状态方程, 化学反应率方程采用Lee-Tarver点火-燃烧二项式模型, 模拟PBX-9404炸药的一维冲击波起爆过程和爆轰波传播过程. 计算结果表明了本文给出的本构模型和相应计算方法的有效性. 关键词： 炸药爆轰 本构模型 化学反应率方程 数值模拟     

螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲发生器2维磁流体力学数值模拟

 基于任意拉氏- 欧拉方法的2维磁流体力学程序APMFCG被用于简单绕制的螺旋型爆磁压缩脉冲发生器动力学过程的模拟,给出了德克萨斯技术大学简单绕制的爆磁压缩发生器数值计算结果,输出电流和线圈电感的模拟结果与实验测量基本吻合。该程序也用于研究由于种子电流的不同所导致的欧姆电阻非线性效应对爆磁压缩过程的影响,实验结果证明了该程序计算的可靠性。     

一种基于特征理论模拟凝聚炸药爆轰的单元中心型Lagrange方法

提出一种数值模拟凝聚炸药爆轰问题的单元中心型Lagrange方法.利用有限体积离散爆轰反应流动方程组,基于双曲型偏微分方程组的特征理论获得离散网格节点的速度与压力,获得的网格节点速度与压力用于更新网格节点位置以及计算网格单元边的数值通量.以这种方式获得的网格节点解是一种"真正多维"的理论解,是一维Godunov格式在二维Riemann问题的推广.有限体积离散得到的爆轰反应流动的半离散系统使用一种显-隐Runge-Kutta格式来离散求解：显式格式处理对流项,隐式格式处理化学反应刚性源项.算例表明,提出的单元中心型Lagrange方法能够较好地模拟凝聚炸药的爆轰反应流动.     

Numerical investigation on detonation cell evolution in a channel with area-changing cross section

The two-dimensional cellular detonation propagating in a channel with area- changing cross section was numerically simulated with the dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme and a detailed chemical reaction model. Effects of the flow expansion and compression on the cellular detonation cell were investigated to illustrate the mechanism of the transverse wave development and the cellular detonation cell evolution. By examining gas composition variations behind the leading shock, the chemical reaction rate, the reaction zone length, and thermodynamic parameters, two kinds of the abnormal detonation waves were identified. To explore their development mechanism, chemical reactions, reflected shocks and rarefaction waves were discussed, which interact with each other and affect the cellular detonation in different ways.     

Generation of magnetic field by detonation waves

The generation of a magnetic field by a system of detonation waves in a condensed explosive is reported. The convergence of the detonation waves, which exhibit a high conductivity in the chemical reaction zone, increases the magnetic field at the axis of the system. The fact of magnetic field generation is demonstrated experimentally. Features of the new method of magnetic cumulation are discussed. A simple compression model that qualitatively agrees with experimental data is proposed.     

爆轰波在弯管内传播过程数值分析

应用基元反应模型和频散可控耗散格式(DCD)对氢氧爆轰波在弯管内的传播过程进行了数值模拟.计算中氢氧混合物化学反应采用了8种组分20个反应方程式.在处理化学反应引起的刚性问题时采用了时间算子分裂的方法.计算结果表明,在弯管小曲率半径壁面附近,由于膨胀稀疏作用,爆轰波强度减弱,在局部出现前导激波与放热反应区的解藕以及二次起爆现象;在弯管大曲率半径壁面上爆轰波在马赫反射和正规反射之间相互转变,使爆轰波加强.弯管内的爆轰现象与弯管曲率半径有关.     

JO-9159炸药的初始密度对爆轰波反应区宽度影响的实验研究

 利用电磁法对两种具有不同初始密度的JO-9159炸药的爆轰反应区宽度进行了测量。结果表明,对于JO-9159这种爆轰反应区非常窄的炸药,既使爆轰达到了定常状态,化学反应仍然与炸药的初始物理状态有关。     

A study of detonation diffraction and failure for a model of compressible two-phase reactive flow

A two-phase model of heterogeneous explosives, with a reaction rate that is proportional to the gas-phase pressure excess above an ignition threshold, is examined computationally. The numerical approach, a variant of Godunov's method designed to accommodate nonconservative terms in the hyperbolic model, extends previous work of the authors to two-dimensional configurations. The focus is on the behavior of an established detonation as it rounds a 90° corner and undergoes diffraction. The dependence of the post-diffraction conduct on the reaction rate is explored by varying the reaction-rate prefactor and the ignition threshold. The aim is to determine whether the model, as postulated, can capture dead zones, which are pockets of unreacted or partially reacted explosive observed in the vicinity of the corner in diffraction experiments. Results of this study are compared with those of a similar investigation on the one-phase ignition-and-growth model.     

A One-Dimensional Discrete Boltzmann Model for Detonation and an Abnormal Detonation Phenomenon

A one-dimensional discrete Boltzmann model for detonation simulation is presented. Instead of numerical solving Navier-Stokes equations, this model obtains the information of flow field through numerical solving specially discretized Boltzmann equation. Several classical benchmarks including Sod shock wave tube, Colella explosion problem,and one-dimensional self-sustainable stable detonation are simulated to validate the new model. Based on the new model,the influence of negative temperature coefficient of reaction rate on detonation is further investigated. It is found that an abnormal detonation with two wave heads periodically appears under negative temperature coefficient condition.The causes of the abnormal detonation are analyzed. One typical cycle of the periodic abnormal detonation and its development process are discussed.     

爆震波传播速度同阻力和热损失的一般关系

本文采用－维稳态ＺＮＤ模型，从理论分析和数值计算上详细研究了爆震波的结构和非绝热粗糙管中摩擦阻力和热损失对爆震波传播的影响．推导了爆震波的传播方程，揭示了多种爆震机制和爆震极限的存在及其机理。对低速爆震的发生给出了理论解释．     

A study of detonation propagation and diffraction with compliant confinement

Previous computational studies of diffracting detonations with the ignition-and-growth (IG) model demonstrated that, contrary to experimental observations, the computed solution did not exhibit dead zones. For a rigidly confined explosive it was found that while diffraction past a sharp corner did lead to a temporary separation of the lead shock from the reaction zone, the detonation re-established itself in due course and no pockets of unreacted material remained. The present investigation continues to focus on the potential for detonation failure within the IG model, but now for a compliant confinement of the explosive. The aim of the present paper is two-fold. First, in order to compute solutions of the governing equations for multi-material reactive flow, a numerical method is developed and discussed. The method is a Godunov-type, fractional-step scheme which incorporates an energy correction to suppress numerical oscillations that occur near material interfaces for standard conservative schemes. The accuracy of the solution method is then tested using a two-dimensional rate-stick problem for both strong and weak confinements. The second aim of the paper is to extend the previous computational study of the IG model by considering two related problems. In the first problem, the corner-turning configuration is re-examined, and it is shown that in the matter of detonation failure, the absence of rigid confinement does not affect the outcome in a material way; sustained dead zones continue to elude the model. In the second problem, detonations propagating down a compliantly confined pencil-shaped configuration are computed for a variety of cone angles of the tapered section. It is found, in accord with experimental observation, that if the cone angle is small enough, the detonation fails prior to reaching the cone tip. For both the corner-turning and the pencil-shaped configurations, mechanisms underlying the behaviour of the computed solutions are identified.     

拐角空间中悬浮铝粉尘爆轰后效的三维数值模拟

建立三维的铝粉-空气两相爆轰计算模型，采用时-空守恒元解元（CE/SE）方法求解，并开发了悬浮铝粉尘爆轰的三维数值模拟程序.基于消息传递接口（MPI）技术实现了程序的并行化设计.通过对激波管问题以及爆轰管中铝粉-空气两相爆轰实验的模拟验证程序的可靠性.对拐角空间中左侧浓度为368 g·m^-3的铝粉-空气混合物两相爆轰及其在拐角空间右侧和下方空气域内形成的冲击波和温压效应开展数值模拟，获得复杂空间内爆轰波或冲击波的传播、反射以及绕射过程.结果表明：两相爆轰在离铝粉尘区域2 m远的空气域内产生的后效冲击波能达到2.66 MPa的固壁反射压力，火球燃烧范围会超出初始铝粉尘区域约0.8 m，并且造成初始铝粉尘区域附近1.5 m范围内空气的温度高达1 600 K.模拟程序可用于铝粉尘爆轰的后效研究，对工业安全及其防护具有指导意义.