Three-dimensional optical transfer of rotating beams

Systems in which the point spread function (PSF) is a rotating beam have increasing use in three-dimensional (3D) microscopy and depth estimation. We analyze in several ways the 3D optical transfer function (OTF) of Gauss Laguerre modes and rotating beams. This is based on analysis of 3D OTFs of general aperture functions. Consequently, we suggest a criterion for depth resolution based on an effective cutoff of the axial frequency response. This criterion can be used to optimize PSFs explicitly and directly, to maximize axial resolution.     

一种优化波前编码系统相位板参数的新方法

根据波前编码系统的设计理论,在兼顾图像恢复能力的基础上,提出利用不同离焦距离的点扩散函数与焦面处的点扩散函数之间的希尔伯特空间角作为成像特性一致性的评价函数,结合遗传算法,对扩大景深的波前编码成像系统的相位板参数进行优化。分别在空间域和频率域上分析应用波前编码技术前后光学系统的成像特性,并利用最小二乘数字滤波器对中间模糊图像进行复原。仿真实验结果表明:在三次相位板上应用此方法获得的最佳相位板参数使波前编码系统焦深扩展了10倍。     

Wide viewing angle skewed effect of the point spread function in a wavefront coding system

The point spread function (PSF) of a wavefront coding (WFC) system with a cubic phase mask is analyzed with a wide viewing angle based on physical optics for what is believed to be the first time. Two coordinate transformations are made to generate a pupil function, from which we obtain the encoded PSF of the WFC system with defocus parameters W(020) and object angles alpha and beta. The encoded PSFs are further side extended as the object angles get wider. When alphabeta<0, the included angle ? of encoded PSF will skew to an obtuse angle. When alphabeta=0, ? remains orthogonal; when alphabeta>0, ? will skew to an acute angle. Furthermore, the effect of skew and side extension is even symmetric about W(020). As a result, the wide viewing angle has a bad effect on the imaging quality of the WFC system.     

轴锥镜成像系统的点扩散函数分析

为了使大景深光学镜头在工业视觉检测中的测量结果更准确,必须对中间图像进行复原,点扩散函数是图像复原的关键。根据轴锥镜最大无衍射距离公式设计了无衍射成像系统,以标量衍射理论为基础,在频域范围内利用稳定相法推导出系统的点扩散函数公式。利用准单色光理论,分析非相干光照明下的点扩散函数与锥镜夹角和离焦量的关系。仿真和实验结果表明:轴锥镜夹角越大,点扩散函数中心光强越强,衍射条纹越密;离焦像差对点扩散函数的影响与之相反。     

Optimizing thermography depth probing with a dynamic thermal point spread function

Derivation of two point spread functions PSFs suitable for infrared thermograms analysis is illustrated, based on two unique approaches, one based on depth decaying limit and one on diffusion limit. Experimental work using PMMA sample with back drilled holes and pulsed thermographic routine is utilized to show the effectiveness of deconvoluting pixel temperature transient history with suggested PSF’s. Synthetic second time derivative thermograms are utilized for comparison and the signal to noise ratio is used as a figure of merit for quantification.     

Blind restoration of real turbulence-degraded image with complicated backgrounds using anisotropic regularization

This paper proposes a novel blind image restoration method based on estimating the point-spread functions by using two real turbulence-degraded images as input. The non-negative constraint and the spatial correlation are transformed mathematically into the penalty terms and added to the objective function. An anisotropic and nonlinear regularization function is proposed to adequately punish the differences of the point spread functions (PSFs) in the process of optimization estimation. Some definitions of weighted second-order differences are given and a fast method to construct the matrix of second-order weighted gradient operator is derived. The PSF values can be quickly estimated. With the estimated PSFs, the true images can be recovered by non-blind restoration methods. Experiment results for the restoration of real turbulence-degraded images with complicated backgrounds support the effectiveness of this proposed method.     

基于哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的模糊图像复原方法

离焦模糊图像的清晰度较低,因此必须对其进行复原。传统方法通常采用圆盘或高斯函数来近似离焦造成的点扩散函数,复原效果不够理想。为此,提出利用哈特曼-夏克波前传感器探测离焦波前,根据所得波前计算光学系统的点扩散函数,并采用Richardson-Lucy算法对模糊图像进行复原。搭建了实验用的光学系统,采集了离焦模糊图像以及相应的波前信息,获得了清晰的复原图像,并利用客观图像评价方法对退化图像和复原图像进行了评价,同时与传统方法得到的复原图像进行了比较。实验结果表明,该方法能精确重建点扩散函数,有效提高图像的质量。     

基于指数律分布的图像快速盲复原算法

针对现有图像盲复原迭代算法多存在耗时较长和难以保证收敛性等问题,提出一种改进的快速算法.首先根据指数律重建原始图像的频谱,然后利用原始图像和降质图像的频谱关系,采用多方向综合估计方法得到点扩散函数.多方向综合估计方法可降低估计误差,增加算法的稳定性.最后利用得到的点扩散函数和维纳滤波法进行图像重建.与现有算法的对比实验结果表明,针对适合大量成像系统的G类点扩散函数,本算法可以得到更准确的点扩散函数估计,且降低了振铃效应的影响,取得更好的图像复原效果.     

可调谐相位板空域频域联合分析

波前编码系统采用在传统光学系统中加入相位板来扩大光学系统的景深而避免传统景深延拓技术的不利影响. 由于相位板的参数不可调, 整个系统的景深延拓扩展率也不能动态可调. 采用两相位板组合的方法可以有效克服这一点. 本文首先从光线差的角度提出了两三次相位板组合下的光线像差分布以及点扩散函数尺寸的具体关系表达式, 直观体现了系统的光线结构, 指出了光线结构和点扩散函数尺寸受两三次相位板的面型和相对位移量的影响. 其次采用稳相法从空间域给出了系统点扩散函数表达式, 依据点扩散函数的振荡性质给出了有效带宽表达式, 提出了点扩散函数在像面的位置会随两相位板面型参数以及相对于光瞳中心的位移量而发生平移. 最后利用菲涅耳积分给出两三次相位板任意面型参数和相对位移组合下的准确光学传递函数. 在得到的调制传递函数中直观体现出了面型参数和相对位移量对调制传递函数和相位传递函数以及有效带宽的影响, 并说明了此系统相位传递函数的非线性性质. 通过空间域与频率域相结合的方法分析验证了传统的两三次相位板组合具有景深可调和带宽可调的性质, 为设计可调谐波前编码系统提供了理论依据.     

Three-dimensional superresolution in two-color excitation fluorescence microscopy using theta illumination method

In two-color excitation fluorescence (2CE) theta microscopy, the point spread function (PSF) of the system is the product of the two PSFs of both excitation beams and due to the ellipsoidal shape of the PSFs, the axial width of the PSF of one excitation beam is strongly reduced after multiplication with the lateral section of another PSF in nonconfocal theta microscopy. Taking the advantages of this setup, we propose using two leaky filters inserted in the two illumination arms, respectively, to compress its own lateral width of each PSF; it means, the lateral and axial superresolution (three-dimensional superresolution) of the whole system in 2CE theta microscope with two orthogonal illumination beams are realized.     

中子针孔成像点扩展函数模拟研究

应用Geant4系统对中子针孔成像的点扩展函数进行了模拟研究.建立了点扩展函数的数学模型,并将其分布图像与能量沉积数据的分布图像作了比较,可看出点扩展函数与能量沉积数据吻合得较好.研究结果表明,在一定偏移量范围内,拟合得到的点扩展函数更好,能得到较好的图像分辨率.通过对不同入射能量在一定偏移量入射下的点扩展函数讨论认为,入射能量增大虽然会增强图像的对比度,但会降低分辨率.     

用神经网络鉴别退化图像的模糊类型

提出了一种用神经网络鉴别退化图像的模糊类型的方法。由于采用不同降质方法得到退化图像的频谱差异较大,以此作为判别依据,用概率神经网络实现了对四种模糊类型:离焦,矩形,运动和高斯模糊的鉴别。根据神经网络的鉴别结果决定点扩散函数的初始估计值,可大大地提高盲解恢复算法的复原质量和系统点扩散函数的估计精度,扩大了算法的实用范围。     

Software lens compensation applied to athermalization of infrared imaging systems

A different approach, aiming to achieve the constant blur status of point-spread function (PSF) at a certain defocused plane, is described. The correlation between the two PSF is used to control the PSF blur similarity, and simultaneously the Strehl ratio is also used to control the PSF blur minimization. By designing the PSF so that it is significantly insensitive to defocus or related defocus quantity, for example, due to temperature change, all the constantly blurred images can be accurately de-blurred by a simple inverse restoration filter for an adequate range of defocus. We refer to that as “software lens compensation” and apply a design method to solve the athermalization of middle wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging systems. The resultant PSF is almost invariant in the temperature range from −10 to 50°C at the same focal plane. Consequently, the constant blur spot can be removed by a simple digital signal processing. Thus, clear and sharp de-blurred images at different temperatures are obtained.     

基于小波变换的深度预测复原算法研究

提出了一种基于小波变换的深度预测算法,并将此算法应用于计算光学切片的图像复原.对序列图进行一层小波分解,然后确定阈值和预测规则,对序列图进行预测.根据预测结果进行小波反变换,将图像复原.实验表明:小波系数应取三个高频分量的绝对值及部分低频信息之和;阈值Г随添加低频分量值的比例的增大而增大;采用微分算子规则具有较好的预测和复原效果.该方法计算量小、不需要迭代、不需要点扩展函数,针对没有交叠的序列图有较好的复原效果.     

Multi-frame partially saturated images blind deconvolution

When blurred images have saturated or over-exposed pixels, conventional blind deconvolution approaches often fail to estimate accurate point spread function (PSF) and will introduce local ringing artifacts. In this paper, we propose a method to deal with the problem under the modified multi-frame blind deconvolution framework. First, in the kernel estimation step, a light streak detection scheme using multi-frame blurred images is incorporated into the regularization constraint. Second, we deal with image regions affected by the saturated pixels separately by modeling a weighted matrix during each multi-frame deconvolution iteration process. Both synthetic and real-world examples show that more accurate PSFs can be estimated and restored images have richer details and less negative effects compared to state of art methods.     

数值模拟快中子针孔成像系统的PSF

采用蒙特卡罗方法对中子针孔成像系统进行了点扩展函数（PSF）的模拟研究, 利用高斯拟合的数学方法分析比较了几种不同条件下该系统的PSF。 研究结果表明, 在偏离量较小时, 利用高斯拟合得到的中子针孔成像系统的PSF是可行的, 而采用挡板可以很显著地减少拟合误差和提高其空间分辨率。 The point spread function (PSF) of a pinhole imaging system for fast neutron has been studied through Monte Carlo method. The PSFs under different conditions have been obtained and analyzed by fitting the simulating data with Gauss function. As the results show, when the excursion is little, the PSF obtained by Gauss function fitting is feasible. A baffle will reduce the error and improve the spatial resolution remarkably.     

Imaging Properties of Hard X-Ray Zone Plates with Corrugated Boundary Roughness

The imaging properties of hard X-ray multilayer zone plates with corrugated roughness along circular zone boundaries are investigated. First, the transmission function for zone plates with the roughness is derived using a geometric optical approach, and based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction theory formulas are developed to calculate the point spread function (PSF) efficiently, assuming that the roughness increases with radius. Then, the PSFs for various magnitudes and angular configurations of the roughness are presented, and the imaging properties are discussed particularly in terms of the focusing efficiency (or the Strehl ratio) and the resolution. Tolerances for the maximum magnitude of the roughness, and the relationship between the angular configuration of the roughness and the symmetry of the PSF are also discussed.     

Relative focus map estimation using blind deconvolution

An automatic focus map extraction method is presented that uses a modification of blind deconvolution for estimation of localized blurring functions. We use these local blurring functions [so-called point-spread functions (PSFs)] for extraction of focus areas on ordinary images. In this inverse task our goal is not image reconstruction but the estimation of localized PSFs and the relative focus map. Thus the method is less sensitive than general deconvolution is to noise and ill-posed deconvolution problems. The focus areas can be estimated without any knowledge of the shooting conditions or of the optical system used.     

基于目标和点扩展函数联合估计的点源目标图像近视解卷积

在传统的基于波前探测的解卷积方法中,由波前探测得到的点扩展函数被认为是精确的,并用维纳滤波进行复原,但是点扩展函数不可避免地存在误差,所以最终的复原目标图像质量不佳.为了解决该难题,提出了基于目标和点扩展函数联合估计的图像近视解卷积算法.它运用了点扩展函数和目标的先验信息,对点扩展函数和目标进行了规整和进一步约束,从而得到更优的恢复图像质量.对该方法的原理和实现过程进行了阐述,并将其运用于室内点源目标数据中.实验结果证明,与维纳滤波方法相比,该方法使图像恢复的效果得到明显改善.     

Deconvolution of vibroacoustic images using a simulation model based on a three dimensional point spread function

Vibro-acoustography (VA) is a medical imaging method based on the difference-frequency generation produced by the mixture of two focused ultrasound beams. VA has been applied to different problems in medical imaging such as imaging bones, microcalcifications in the breast, mass lesions, and calcified arteries. The obtained images may have a resolution of 0.7–0.8 mm. Current VA systems based on confocal or linear array transducers generate C-scan images at the beam focal plane. Images on the axial plane are also possible, however the system resolution along depth worsens when compared to the lateral one. Typical axial resolution is about 1.0 cm. Furthermore, the elevation resolution of linear array systems is larger than that in lateral direction. This asymmetry degrades C-scan images obtained using linear arrays. The purpose of this article is to study VA image restoration based on a 3D point spread function (PSF) using classical deconvolution algorithms: Wiener, constrained least-squares (CLSs), and geometric mean filters. To assess the filters’ performance on the restored images, we use an image quality index that accounts for correlation loss, luminance and contrast distortion. Results for simulated VA images show that the quality index achieved with the Wiener filter is 0.9 (when the index is 1.0 this indicates perfect restoration). This filter yielded the best result in comparison with the other ones. Moreover, the deconvolution algorithms were applied to an experimental VA image of a phantom composed of three stretched 0.5 mm wires. Experiments were performed using transducer driven at two frequencies, 3075 kHz and 3125 kHz, which resulted in the difference-frequency of 50 kHz. Restorations with the theoretical line spread function (LSF) did not recover sufficient information to identify the wires in the images. However, using an estimated LSF the obtained results displayed enough information to spot the wires in the images. It is demonstrated that the phase of the theoretical and the experimental PSFs are dissimilar. This fact prevents VA image restoration with the current theoretical PSF. This study is a preliminary step towards understanding the restoration of VA images through the application of deconvolution filters.