液相纳米硒微粒的性质及其共振瑞利散射光谱研究

常温常压下,在0.24 mol·L-1的盐酸介质中,二氧化硒与过量的抗坏血酸(Vc)作用,生成单质硒Se(0),获得含有纳米硒微粒的均匀溶液;采用透射电镜和激光散射技术,测出Se(0)以26～243 nm的球形聚集状态存在,并在470 nm处有最强的共振瑞利散射(RRS),在入射波长2倍和1/2处分别有二级散射(SOS)和倍频散射(MFS),其共振瑞利散射强度ΔI₄₇₀与Se(Ⅳ)的浓度在2.82×10-9～5.64×10-6 g·mL-1范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.997。     

激光诱导金纳米棒图案化光纤SERS探针

研究了激光诱导沉积制备光纤表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）探针,并对探针的SERS性能进行检测。探讨光纤探针制备过程中金纳米棒溶液的浓度对探针灵敏度的影响。结果表明,将不同浓度的金纳米棒溶液进行激光诱导,在光纤端面会形成金纳米棒团簇和分散两种纳米结构。金纳米棒溶液的浓度、激光功率、诱导时间等因素都会对诱导沉积图案产生影响。实验利用功率为5 mW的激光进行诱导,在1.5×10-9,1.0×10-9和7.5×10-10 mol·L-1的金纳米棒溶液中,经5 min沉积,制备出不同图案的光纤SERS探针。采用晶种法合成金纳米棒,用透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察金纳米棒形貌,并根据TEM图像分析计算了合成金纳米棒的长径比约为3.8。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察金纳米棒的形貌以及激光诱导沉积后的纤维修饰端形貌,7.5×10-10 mol·L-1的金纳米棒溶液进行激光诱导,金纳米棒在光纤端面分布较为分散,而1.5×10-9和1.0×10-9 mol·L-1的金纳米棒溶液进行激光诱导,光纤端面都有大量的金纳米棒聚集成团。以4-氨基苯硫酚（4-ATP）为样品分子,通过拉曼光谱对光纤探针的SERS性能进行检测;为了方便比较,选取了拉曼频移1 079.972 cm-1处的拉曼强度作图,结果表明,金纳米棒浓度为7.5×10-10 mol·L-1时,经激光诱导制备出的光纤探针性能较好。采用时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟形成的图案的热点分布,进而解释了金纳米棒浓度为7.5×10-10 mol·L-1时制备的光纤探针性能较好的原因。为了检验光纤探针的重复性,将测试SERS光谱后的光纤浸入无水乙醇中24小时,使4-ATP充分溶解在酒精中,15天后,再次检测光纤探针的SERS检测性能,得到与之前检测同样的光谱图,证明得到的光纤SERS探针具有较强的可重复利用性。激光诱导制备光纤探针具有操作简单、成本低廉、探针制备时间短等优点,能够实现高灵敏度光纤SERS探针的重复、批量制备。     

金纳米棒表面等离子体共振瑞利散射能量转移光谱测定痕量硼

硼是一种生命体必需的微量元素,但过量的硼对人体以及动植物有害。建立一种高灵敏度,高选择性以及简便的硼检测方法,对于环境和人类健康都具有很重要的意义。本研究的目的是建立一种简便,灵敏,选择性测定硼的金纳米棒等离子体共振瑞利散射能量转移光谱新方法。直径为12 nm, 长度为37 nm的金纳米棒采用种子生长法制备。在pH 5.6的NH₄Ac-HAc的缓冲溶液中和甲亚胺-H存在下,金纳米棒在404 nm处产生较强的共振瑞利散射峰。当体系中存在硼酸时,硼酸与甲亚胺-H形成硼酸-甲亚胺-H配合物。作为散射受体的配合物与散射共振能量转移的给体纳金米棒靠近时,发生瑞利散射共振能量转移,导致瑞利散射信号猝灭。随着硼酸浓度的增加,形成的配合物增加,金纳米棒转移给黄色配合物的散射光能量增大,导致体系404 nm处的瑞利散射强度线性降低。其降低值ΔI_{404 nm}与硼的浓度在10～750 ng·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系。考察了共存物质对该法测定2.3×10-7 mol·L-1 B的干扰情况。结果表明该法具有较高的选择性,即4×10-4 mol·L-1的Mn2+,Cd2+,Zn2+,Bi3+,Na+,Al3+,葡萄糖,Hg2+,IO-₃,F-,SO2-₄,SiO2-₃,NO-₃,ClO-₄,过氧化氢等对硼的测定无干扰。据此建立了一个灵敏度高,选择性好,简便快速检测硼的瑞利散射共振能量转移新方法。     

液相硫化银纳米微粒的界面荧光和共振散射光谱特性

在阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和硫代乙酰胺(TAA)存在下,Ag 和S2-反应生成较稳定的Ag2S纳米微粒。它在470nm处产生1个较强的荧光峰,在470nm处产生1个共振散射峰。TAA和Ag 浓度对体系荧光强度的影响与此两种物质浓度对共振散射强度的影响一致,随着Ag 浓度(0~8·0×10-5mol·L-1)增大荧光和共振散射光强度均线性增大。实验结果表明,荧光与共振散射之间存在相关性。此荧光为液相Ag2S纳米微粒产生的固液界面荧光。     

奎宁-[PtI6]2-缔合微粒体系的光谱特性及分析应用

在 0 0 2mol·L-1HCl介质中 ,红色 [PtI6]2 -配合物离子与奎宁作用生成紫红色PtI6 奎宁缔合微粒 ,在 310 ,4 0 0 ,4 70 ,6 10nm处产生 4个瑞利散射峰 ;在 35 0～ 70 0nm波长范围的吸光度值均增大 ,4 5 0nm荧光峰猝灭。在选定条件下 ,奎宁浓度在 0～ 4 0× 10 -6mol·L-1范围内与A62 0nm成正比 ,摩尔吸光系数ε62 0nm为 1 31× 10 4L·mol-1·cm-1。实验结果表明 ,奎宁缔合微粒的形成是导致瑞利散射信号增强和荧光猝灭的根本原因 ,而缔合微粒的颜色是共振散射所致。     

基于AgI2-缔合微粒共振散射效应测定阳离子表面活性剂

在pH 3.5 NaAc-HCl介质中,Ag 与过量的I-形成可溶性AgOI2-;当十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CT-MAB)与AgI2-共存时形成粒径为700 nm的(CTMA-AgI2)n缔合微粒,在360 nm处产生一个共振散射峰,在470 m处产生一同步散射峰.CTMAB浓度cCTMAB在2.0～50.0×10-7mol·L-1范围内与散射光强度I360nm呈线性关系,回归方程为I360nm=2.03×107 cCTMAB 0.48,相关系数r为0.998 5,检出限为8.0×10-8mol·L-1.据此建立了一个测定阳离子表面活性剂含量的共振散射光谱法,用于水样分析,结果满意.共振散射光谱和激光散射研究表明,CTMAB 与AgI2-可通过静电力形成疏水性的CTMA-AgI2缔合物分子,该缔合物分子自动聚集形成稳定的(CTMA-AgI2)n缔合微粒.由于该缔合微粒仅在360 nm处产生共振散射效应,故体系呈乳白色.     

基于阳离子表面活性剂缔合微粒共振瑞利散射光谱法测定痕量O_3

以pH 4.0HAC-NaAC缓冲溶液为介质,用硼酸碘化钾溶液(BKI)作为O3吸收剂。O3将I-氧化生成为I2,溶液中过量的I-与I2又可形成I-3,有阳离子表面活性剂(CS)如氯代十六烷基吡啶(CPCl),溴代十四烷基吡啶(TPB),十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB),十四烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵(TDMAC)存在时,CS与I-3形成稳定的(CS-I3)n缔合微粒,在470nm处有一个较强的共振瑞利散射峰(RRS),随着O3浓度的增大,体系中的I-3增多,I-3与CS形成的(CS-I3)n缔合微粒越多,470nm处的RRS强度I增强,O3浓度与其增强值ΔI成线性关系,各体系的线性范围分别为15~50,50~100,5~25,1~50μmol·L-1,回归方程分别为ΔI=8.81c-4.01,ΔI=5.44c-3.11,ΔI=15.39c-1.55,ΔI=16.88c+0.51,检出限分别为4.9,12,2.85,0.56μmol·L-1 O3。实验考察了共存物质的影响,当O3浓度为2.5×10-6 mol·L-1,相对误差在±10%内时,4.0×10-5 mol·L-1 Hg2+,8.7×10-5 mol·L-1 Fe3+,5.0×10-5 mol·L-1 Ca2+,2.5×10-5mol·L-1 Zn2+和Cu2+,2.8×10-6 mol·L-1 Pb2+和Cr3+,4.2×10-5 mol·L-1 Mg2+,Mn2+和Ba2+对体系的测定无干扰。说明该方法具有良好的选择性。选用TDMAC体系检测空气中的O3,结果令人满意。采用激光散射技术研究了(TDMAC-I3)n缔合微粒体系的粒径分布。当通入O3后,过量KI与O3反应形成I-3,I-3与TDMAC反应生成(TDMAC-I3)n缔合微粒,其粒径集中分布在1 106~3 091nm之间。     

免疫纳米金催化氯金酸-盐酸羟胺光度法检测免疫球蛋白G

在pH 2.27的柠檬酸钠-盐酸缓冲溶液中,纳米金对氯金酸-盐酸羟胺生成较大粒径金颗粒这一慢反应具有较强的催化作用。较大粒径金颗粒在600～1 000 nm处有一个较宽的吸收峰。将纳米金标记羊抗人IgG获得免疫纳米金,免疫纳米金也具有相同催化效果。在一定条件下,金标记羊抗人IgG与IgG发生特异性结合生成纳米金免疫复合物。以16 000 rpm速度离心分离获得未反应的纳米金标抗上层溶液。以它作为催化剂催化氯金酸-盐酸羟胺微粒反应,700 nm处的吸光度A_{700 nm}线性降低。其降低值ΔA_{700 nm}与IgG在0.1～10 ng·mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系, 检出限为0.06 ng·mL-1。本法具有灵敏、快速和较高的特异性,用于定量分析人血清IgG,结果满意。     

硫杂杯[4]荧光探针的离子识别及分子逻辑门研究

以硫杂杯[4]芳烃为母体,在其1,3-位连接羟乙基邻苯二甲酰亚胺,2,4-位以三氮唑为连接基,将苄基引入硫杂杯[4]芳烃的下沿,得到硫杂杯[4]-邻苯二甲酰亚胺衍生物荧光探针(s1)。探针s1发射强烈荧光,在CH₃CN介质中的相对荧光量子产率为0.43。在DMF/H₂O介质中,以310 nm为激发波长,Fe3+能选择性猝灭探针s1在390 nm处的荧光;在CH₃CN介质中,以245 nm为激发波长,I-能选择性猝灭探针s1在310 nm处的荧光,光谱滴定和等温滴定量热均测出探针s1与Fe3+或与I-形成1∶1配合物,结合常数均达105。结合自由能表明配合为自发过程。荧光猝灭检测Fe3+和 I-的浓度线性范围分别为1.0×10-7～1.6×10-4 mol·L-1和1.0×10-7～8.5×10-5 mol·L-1,检测限分别为2.30×10-8 mol·L-1和1.17×10-8 mol·L-1。同时,利用识别和竞争配合作用,控制Fe3+和F-的输入使探针s1发射荧光或荧光猝灭,构建了分子水平上的逻辑电路。红外光谱推测探针s1分子中三氮唑基的氮原子参与了识别Fe3+的配位,而探针s1分子中三氮唑环上的芳氢与I-形成氢键而实现识别。     

新的光散射体系测定蛋白质的研究

以1,6-己二胺二吖啶为荧光探针,建立了一种新的蛋白质共振散射检测体系。实验考察了该吖啶荧光探针的共振散射特征光谱、散射反应稳定性,研究了缓冲介质pH、探针浓度等参数对测定蛋白质的影响。结果表明,当pH 8.9时,1,6-己二胺二吖啶染料的散射波长为470 nm;加入BSA,反应约9 min后,体系光散射强度达到最大并维持稳定,2 h内无明显变化。当1,6-己二胺二吖啶探针(浓度1.00×10-4mol·L-1)用量为3.00 mL时,蛋白质与1,6-己二胺二吖啶的光散射增强作用显著,共振散射强度随着BSA的增加而明显增强,光散射强度与蛋白质浓度成良好线性关系,线性浓度范围为1.00～5.00 μg·mL-1,检测限(3σ/K)为0.085 μg·mL-1。测定了血清样品,浓度为2.00～4.00 μg·mL-1,回收率为98.0%～101.7%,测定偏差小于1.7％。     

光照法在玻璃基底上原位生长金纳米结构及其光谱性质

 以硅烷化后吸附粒径小于10 nm的金种子的玻璃片为基底,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为还原剂,在荧光灯照射条件下还原氯金酸,制备出表面具有金纳米粒子聚集结构的基底。用原子力显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、吸收和荧光光谱研究了基底的性质。结果表明：随着光照时间增加至20 h,金种子长大为平均粒径140 nm的不规则状多晶粒子,且出现双层粒子堆叠。基底的吸收光谱上出现了由金粒子的表面等离子体激元偶极子耦合引发的强烈吸收峰,随着粒子粒径增大,耦合峰在600~800 nm波段内连续红移升高,表明耦合程度不断增强。在223 nm紫外光的激发下,基底的荧光光谱上在405 nm处出现发射峰,是由金粒子表面激发电子和空穴的复合辐射造成的,发光强度随着基底上粒子平均尺度增加而减弱。     

Influence of the synthesis conditions of gold nanoparticles on the structure and architectonics of dipeptide composites

A wide variety of peptides and their natural ability to self-assemble makes them very promising candidates for the fabrication of solid-state devices based on nano- and mesocrystals. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to form peptide composite layers with gold nanoparticles through in situ reduction of chloroauric acid trihydrate by dipeptide and/or dipeptide/formaldehyde mixture in the presence of potassium carbonate at different ratios of components. Appropriate composition of components for the synthesis of highly stable gold colloidal dispersion with particle size of 34–36 nm in dipeptide/formaldehyde solution is formulated. Infrared spectroscopy results indicate that dipeptide participates in the reduction process, conjugation with gold nanoparticles and the self-assembly in 2D, which accompanied by changing peptide chain conformations. The structure and morphology of the peptide composite solid layers with gold nanoparticles on gold, mica and silica surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy. In these experiments, the flat particles, dendrites, chains, mesocrystals and Janus particles are observed depending on the solution composition and the substrate/interface used. The latter aspect is studied on the molecular level using computer simulations of individual peptide chains on gold, mica and silica surfaces.     

Optically tunable surfaces with trapped particles in microcavities

We introduce optically tunable surfaces based upon metallic gold nanoparticles trapped in open, water-filled gold cavities. The optical properties of the surfaces change dramatically with the presence and location of the particles inside the cavities. The precise position of the particles is shown to be controllable through optical forces exerted by external illumination, thus leading to all-optical tunability, whereby the optical response of the surfaces is tuned through externally applied light. We discuss the performance of the cavity-particle complex in detail and provide theoretical support for its application as a novel concept of a large-scale optically tunable system.     

Low temperature and low pressure CO oxidation on gold clusters supported on MgO(100)

CO oxidation has been investigated on Au/MgO(100) model catalysts at RT and low pressure. The gold particles prepared by UHV evaporation on clean MgO surfaces are characterized by HRTEM. The gold particles are FCC single crystals or multiple twins with five-fold symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy indicates that two types of adsorption sites are present which correspond to loosely and strongly bound CO. The equilibrium CO coverage for the strongly bound CO is smaller than 0.1 ML. CO titration experiments show that oxygen does not dissociate on the gold nanoparticles. The CO oxidation reaction is studied at RT by molecular beam methods. A steady state CO reaction probability up to 0.50 is measured, for the first time at low pressure, for gold particles with a mean size of 1.5 nm. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which CO adsorbed on low coordinated gold atoms reacts with oxygen adsorbed molecularly, possibly at the Au/MgO interface.     

Ultraviolet laser removal of small metallic particles from silicon wafers

Laser removal of small 1 μm sized copper, gold and tungsten particles from silicon wafer surfaces was carried out using ultraviolet radiation at 266 nm generated by Nd:YAG harmonic generation. Successful removal of both copper and gold particles from the surface was achieved whereas tungsten particles proved to be difficult to remove. The cleaning efficiency was increased with an increase of laser fluence. The optimum processing window for safe cleaning of the surface without any substrate damage was determined by measuring the damage threshold laser fluence on the silicon substrate and the required fluence for complete removal of the particles. The different cleaning efficiencies with particle type are discussed by considering the adhesion force of the particle on the surface and the laser-induced cleaning force for the three different particles.     

Effect of oxygen on the production of abnormally high heats of interaction with hydrogen chemisorbed on gold

Abnormally high heats, exceeding 1600 kJ/mol (16 eV) per molecular oxygen, are generated by interaction of the oxygen with the hydrogen adsorbed on gold surfaces at 125 °C. The highest heats were observed during the interactions of fine gold particles supported on titanium oxide, approaching 1700 kJ/mol for three consecutive 100 nmol pulses of O₂ interacting with the adsorbed hydrogen atoms. The heats rapidly decrease after the hydrogen is consumed. It was also observed that the interactions of the gold particles with pure oxygen in the presence of noble gases, such as argon and helium, produced the heats markedly higher than those observed in the absence of noble gases. The abnormally high heats revealed by this work reach values from 3.5 to 6.1 times higher than the heats of formation of gaseous water from molecular hydrogen and oxygen.     

Entropy-mediated patterning of surfactant-coated nanoparticles and surfaces

We perform atomistic and mesoscale simulations to explain the origin of experimentally observed stripelike patterns formed by immiscible ligands coadsorbed on the surfaces of gold and silver nanoparticles. We show that when the conformational entropy gained via this morphology is sufficient, microphase-separated stripelike patterns form. When the entropic gain is not sufficient, we instead predict bulk phase-separated Janus particles. We also show corroborating experimental results that confirm our simulational predictions that stripes form on flat surfaces as well as on curved nanoparticle surfaces.     

First-principles studies on the Au surfactant on polar ZnO surfaces

The surfactant effect of Au in ZnO nanostructures growth is studied using first-principles slab calculations based on density functional theory. The atomic structure and electronic properties of one monolayer of Au atoms on polar ZnO surfaces are examined. It is found that (1) one monolayer (ML) of Au capping layer on the ZnO polar surfaces may modify the growing properties of ZnO nanostructures by enhancing the binding energy by 0.41 eV/atom for Zn adsorption on the polar surfaces; (2) the Au adlayer on the polar ZnO surfaces seems more active for the adsorption of Zn atoms, which may be at the very heart of the effect that Au acts as catalyst for the growth of the ZnO nanostructures; and (3) total energy calculations show that the gold on-top geometry is energetically favorable than the gold diffused geometry, which may be useful to understand the phenomenon that Au particles are only found at the end of ZnO nanostructures during the growth process.     

Nanoindentation of gold nanoparticles functionalized with proteins

The hardness and Young's modulus of 10 and 20 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) modified with bovine serum albumin and streptavidin were measured using a nanoindenter. The Au NPs were immobilized on a semiconductor surface through organic self-assembled monolayers. Changes in mechanical properties occurred when the Au NPs were immobilized on the surface. The hardness and Young's modulus were dependent on the size of the NPs, and the proteins on the particles showed highly plastic and elastic behavior compared to flat surfaces modified with self-assembled monolayers.     

Optical properties of gold nanorings

The optical response of ring-shaped gold nanoparticles prepared by colloidal lithography is investigated. Compared to solid gold particles of similar size, nanorings exhibit a redshifted localized surface plasmon that can be tuned over an extended wavelength range by varying the ratio of the ring thickness to its radius. The measured wavelength variation is well reproduced by numerical calculations and interpreted as originating from coupling of dipolar modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the nanorings. The electric field associated with these plasmons exhibits uniform enhancement and polarization in the ring cavity, suggesting applications in near-infrared surface-enhanced spectroscopy and sensing.