Tunable unidirectional sound propagation through a sonic-crystal-based acoustic diode

Nonreciprocal wave propagation typically requires strong nonlinear materials to break time reversal symmetry. Here, we utilized a sonic-crystal-based acoustic diode that had broken spatial inversion symmetry and experimentally realized sound unidirectional transmission in this acoustic diode. These novel phenomena are attributed to different mode transitions as well as their associated different energy conversion efficiencies among different diffraction orders at two sides of the diode. This nonreciprocal sound transmission could be systematically controlled by simply mechanically rotating the square rods of the sonic crystal. Different from nonreciprocity due to the nonlinear acoustic effect and broken time reversal symmetry, this new model leads to a one-way effect with higher efficiency, broader bandwidth, and much less power consumption, showing promising applications in various sound devices.     

Propagation of acoustic waves in the woodpile sonic crystal with a defect

Acoustic wave propagation in a woodpile sonic crystal with a defect is studied theoretically and experimentally. The woodpile sonic crystal is composed of polymethyl methacrylate square rods which orthogonally stacked together, and it is embedded in air background. Defects are created by varying the width and positions of the middle rods in the periodic structure. Defect bands and transmission spectra are calculated by using the finite element method with the periodic boundary condition and the Bloch–Floquet theorem. Frequencies of defect bands are strongly dependent on the width and positions of the middle rods in the periodic structure. The experimental transmission spectra of the woodpile sonic crystals with a defect are also presented and compared with the numerical results. The defect mode properties of the woodpile sonic crystal with a defect can be applied to design novel acoustic devices for filtering sound and trapping sound in defects.     

Double topological edge states investigation in sonic metamaterials

We investigate the topologically protected sound propagation in sonic metamaterials, analogous to quantum spin hall effect (QSHE). The sonic metamaterials consist of circular rods and meta-molecules arranged in air with a honeycomb-lattice. The on-demand inversion in topological phase can be achieved by two ways of scatterer controls at locally resonant frequency and Bragg frequency. The Helmholtz resonators in the structure are contributed to the formation of subwavelength double Dirac cones which are more likely to appear due to local resonance enhancement with more number of resonators. By combining two sonic metamaterials with different topological invariants, we demonstrate the robust sound propagation and pseudospin-dependent one-way acoustic propagation at the interface. Experimental measurement of the topologically protected acoustic wave transmission matches well with the simulation result.     

二维三组元声子晶体中的半狄拉克点及奇异特性

设计了一种二维三组元声子晶体结构, 利用偶然简并的方法在布里渊区中心实现了半狄拉克点, 探究了随着组元几何参数的改变半狄拉克点的演变过程. 利用有限元方法研究发现在半狄拉克点频率附近沿着ΓX 方向声子晶体表现出与零折射率材料相似的行为, 许多奇异特性如单向透射等均可以观察到. 另外还发现在半狄拉克点频率附近声子晶体是各向异性的, 沿着不同方向声波的传播现象是不同的, 这种特性是狄拉克点及类狄拉克点所不具备的. 这种各向异性的声波传播特性有许多重要的应用, 如单方向完美透射和单方向波前整形等.     

A review on sonic crystal,its applications and numerical analysis techniques

This paper presents a review study on sonic crystal, their development and present status. The paper also focuses on some of the applications of sonic crystal and numerical methods to study these crystals. Sonic crystals are periodic arrangement of scatterers, whose interaction with acoustic waves leads to the formation of band gap. Band gap are regions of frequencies where the sound propagation is significantly restricted from the sonic crystal. This property is used in many applications such as sound barrier, frequency filter, acoustic imaging etc. The paper presents a review of all these applications. Further the paper presents some of the numerical methods used to calculate the band gap formation in sonic crystal.     

Matryoshka locally resonant sonic crystal

The results of numerical modeling of sonic crystals with resonant array elements are reported. The investigated resonant elements include plain slotted cylinders as well as their various combinations, in particular, Russian doll or Matryoshka configurations. The acoustic band structure and transmission characteristics of such systems have been computed with the use of finite element methods. The general concept of a locally resonant sonic crystal is proposed that utilizes acoustic resonances to form additional band gaps that are decoupled from Bragg gaps. An existence of a separate attenuation mechanism associated with the resonant elements that increases performance in the lower frequency regime has been identified. The results show a formation of broad band gaps positioned significantly below the first Bragg frequency. For low frequency broadband attenuation, a most optimal configuration is the Matryoshka sonic crystal, where each scattering unit is composed of multiple concentric slotted cylinders. This system forms numerous gaps in the lower frequency regime, below Bragg bands, while maintaining a reduced crystal size viable for noise barrier technology. The finding opens alternative perspectives for the construction of sound barriers in the low frequency range usually inaccessible by traditional means including conventional sonic crystals.     

Effects of wave propagation anisotropy on the wave focusing by negative refractive sonic crystal flat lenses

<正>In this study,wave propagation anisotropy in a triangular lattice crystal structure and its associated waveform shaping in a crystal structure are investigated theoretically.A directional variation in wave velocity inside a crystal structure is shown to cause bending wave envelcpes.The authors report that a triangular lattice sonic crystal possesses six numbers of a high symmetry direction,which leads to a wave convergence caused by wave velocity anisotropy inside the crystal.However,two of them are utilized mostly in wave focusing by an acoustic flat lens.Based on wave velocity anisotropy,the pseudo ideal imaging effect obtained in the second band of the flat lens is discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of acoustic wave propagation in locally resonant sonic materials

Sonic crystals are artificial structures consisting of a periodic array of acoustic scatterers embedded in a homogeneous matrix material, with a usually large impedance mismatch between the two materials. They exhibit strong sound attenuation at selective frequency bands due to the interference of multiply reflected waves. However, sound attenuation bands in the audible range are only achieved by unfunctionally large sonic crystals. If local resonators are used instead of simple scatterers, the frequencies of the attenuation bands can be reduced by about two orders of magnitude. In the present paper we perform numerical simulations of acoustic wave propagation through sonic crystals consisting of local resonators using the local interaction simulation approach (LISA). Three strong attenuation bands are found at frequencies between 0.3 and 6.0 kHz, which do not depend on the periodicity of the crystal. The results are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data. We analyze the dependence of the resonance frequencies on the structural parameters of the local resonators in order to create a tool for design and optimization of any kind of sonic crystal.     

Transmission and radiation of acoustic oblique incident through tube arrays based on phononic crystals theory

In a utility boiler, the heat exchanger’s structure is similar to a two-dimensional phononic crystal. Based on the phononic crystal theory, this paper studies sound propagation through tube arrays as a function of the incident sound direction and the surroundings temperature. We carried out both the computational and experimental work for particular values of the pitch and diameters in the tube arrays and studied the band-gap diagram and insertion loss spectra for different angles of incidence. The first band gap is found to correspond to Bragg’s Law while the second band gap moves to lower frequencies as the angle increases. Simulations indicate also that the uneven temperature field influences the insertion loss spectrum. Results of experiments and calculations confirm that, for a particular tube array, the most important factors influencing sound propagation are incidence angle and the surrounding temperature. For the acoustic source in tube arrays, the acoustic radiation have relation with the frequency whether in the acoustic bang gap or not. The results should provide a basis for further work: both on sound source localization and low frequency sonic cleaning in large tube arrays.     

Nonreciprocal microwave transmission under the joint mechanism of phase modulation and magnon Kerr nonlinearity effect

Nonreciprocal microwave devices, in which the transmission of waves is non-symmetric between two ports, are indispensable for the manipulation of information processing and communication. In this work, we show the nonreciprocal microwave transmission in a cavity magnonic system under the joint mechanism of phase modulation and magnon Kerr nonlinearity effect. In contrast to the schemes based on the standard phase modulation or magnon Kerr nonlinearity, we find that the joint mechanism enables the nonreciprocal transmission even at low power and makes us obtain a high nonreciprocal isolation ratio. Moreover, when two microwave modes are coupled to the magnon mode via a different coupling strength, the presented strong nonreciprocal response occurs, and it makes the nonreciprocal transmission manipulating by the magnetic field within a large adjustable range possible, which overcomes narrow operating bandwidths. This study may provide promising opportunities to realize nonreciprocal structures for wave transmission.     

Transmission characteristics of acousto-optic filter using sectioned transducer

The paper examines operation of a tunable acousto-optic filter applying a sectioned piezoelectric transducer. The analysis was carried out for a tellurium dioxide cell having 1.4-cm long transducer divided into 7 identical sections connected in series. Each section generated acoustic waves with a time delay relatively to adjacent sections. The time delay caused electric and acoustic phase shifts as well as inclination of a resulting acoustic wave front in the crystal. We showed that the inclination of the acoustic front influenced on shape of the filter transmission function causing asymmetry of side lobes. Investigation of the filter was carried out at the driving acoustic frequencies 100–240 MHz. The measurement proved that the electric phase shifts between the adjacent sections increased with the frequency up to 30°. Ratio of intensities of the first two side lobes in the transmission function was varying with the frequency from 0.9 to 0.5. Based on the carried out analysis, we discussed a prototype device using the acoustic beam steering effect. The device applied two sets of transducer sections that simultaneously generated two acoustic wave fronts tilted with respect to each other.     

双锥型五模材料低频声波调控及参数设计*

为有效控制噪声并进行声波调控,构造了双锥区域为TC4钛合金,节点区域为硫化橡胶的六边形排列双锥五模材料,进行能带分析发现其具有较窄的低频声子带隙和单模传输区域。为提高五模材料的低频声波调控性能设计了正方形和三角形排列构型,结果表明三角形排列的双锥五模材料带隙的频率更低,带宽更宽且具有单模传输性能和较好的五模特性。此外分别探究了五模材料构型的材料参数包括双锥区和节点区的密度、泊松比和杨氏模量以及几何参数包括双锥宽和节点半径的变化对带隙及单模传输区域的影响,得到带隙和单模传输区的变化规律,选择密度较轻的填充材料、较小的双锥宽和较大的节点半径不仅可以提高低频声波调控性能,而且可以降低结构质量、提高结构的稳定性。本文结果对用于低频声波传播调控的五模材料的构型和参数的设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

二维声子晶体中简单旋转操作导致的拓扑相变

构建了一种简单的二维声子晶体:由两个横截面为三角形的钢柱所组成的复式元胞按三角点阵的形式排列在空气中,等效地形成了一个蜂巢点阵结构.当三角形钢柱的取向与三角点阵的高对称方向一致时,整个体系具有C_(6v)对称性.研究发现:在保持钢柱填充率不变的条件下,只需要将所有三角柱绕着自己的中心旋转180°,就可实现二重简并的p态和d态在布里渊区中心Γ点处的频率反转,且该能带反转过程实质上是一个拓扑相变过程.通过利用Γ点的P态和d态的空间旋转对称性,构造了一个赝时反演对称性,并在声学系统中实现了类似于电子系统中量子自旋霍尔效应的赝自旋态.随后通过k·p微扰法导出了Γ点附近的有效哈密顿量,并分别计算了拓扑平庸和非平庸系统的自旋陈数,揭示了能带反转和拓扑相变的内在联系.最后通过数值模拟演示了受到拓扑不变量保护的声波边界态的单向传输行为和对缺陷的背向散射抑制.文中所研究的声波体系,尽管材料普通常见,但其拓扑带隙的相对宽度超过21%,比已报道的类似体系的带隙都要宽,且工作原理涵盖从次声波到超声波的很大频率范围,从而在实际应用上具有较大的优势和潜力.     

用DIS数字化信息系统测量金属棒中声速的有效方法

本文设计了一种将驻波法与声波传感器相结合测定金属棒中声速的有效方法.将金属棒固定在中点,沿轴向摩擦激励纵振动并在棒中形成驻波而发声,用DIS数字化信息系统接收声波信号,得到波形图,由此测得棒中声波的基频和声速.本文分别测定了铝、钢、黄铜、紫铜4种不同金属材料棒中的声速.结果表明,同种材料、不同长度金属棒中声速的测量结果基本相同;各种金属棒中声速的测量值与公认值的相对误差小于6.00%.此方法的特点是将声波信号变成可视波形,并可从波形图中直接提取准确的计算参数.     

Lumped modeling with circuit elements for nonreciprocal magnetoelectric tunable band-pass filter

This paper presents a lumped equivalent circuit model of the nonreciprocal magnetoelectric tunable microwave bandpass filter.The reciprocal coupled-line circuit is based on the converse magnetoelectric effect of magnetoelectric composites,includes the electrical tunable equivalent factor of the piezoelectric layer,and is established by the introduced lumped elements,such as radiation capacitance,radiation inductance,and coupling inductance,according to the transmission characteristics of the electromagnetic wave and magnetostatic wave in an inverted-L-shaped microstrip line and ferrite slab.The nonreciprocal transmission property of the filter is described by the introduced T-shaped circuit containing controlled sources.Finally,the lumped equivalent circuit of a nonreciprocal magnetoelectric tunable microwave band-pass filter is given and the lumped parameters are also expressed.When the deviation angles of the ferrite slab are respectively 0° and45°,the corresponding magnetoelectric devices are respectively a reciprocal device and a nonreciprocal device.The curves of S parameter obtained by the lumped equivalent circuit model and electromagnetic simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results.When the deviation angle is between 0° and 45°,the maximum value of the S parameter predicted by the lumped equivalent circuit model is in good agreement with the experimental result.The comparison results of the paper show that the lumped equivalent circuit model is valid.Further,the effect of some key material parameters on the performance of devices is predicted by the lumped equivalent circuit model.The research can provide the theoretical basis for the design and application of nonreciprocal magnetoelectric tunable devices.     

The thermal effects on the negative refraction of sonic crystals

The thermal effects on the refractive direction of a sonic crystal consisted of steel rods in air background is investigated. By means of varying the temperature, the refractive direction and the range of the incident angle with the negative refraction are changed accordingly due to the variations of the air density and sound speed. The focus behaviors, intensity and distance, of the sonic crystal plane lens with varying temperature are studied. Moreover, at certain frequencies and incident angles, the refractive angles can be changed from negative to positive by varying the temperature of a sonic crystal with air background. The tunable sonic crystal can be used to design various novel ultrasonic devices.     

Realization of enhanced sound-driven CNT-based triboelectric nanogenerator,utilizing sonic array configuration

Triboelectric nanogenerators have been emerged as the most promising mechanical energy harvesters, during last few years. Here, a sonic triboelectric nanogenerator with 7-fold enhanced output power is reported, in which carbon nanotubes are utilized to increase the electrode's effective surface area. To improve the efficiency we have taken advantage of acoustic wave localization in a sonic array. For this purpose, first we have studied an array of periodic acoustic scatterers by simulation. Then, we have designed a 1-D phononic crystal consisting of five steel slabs standing in air medium, which leads to resonance of incident acoustic wave at f = 4.34 kHz. We implemented the design, but replaced the middle scatterer by triboelectric nanogenerator. An enhancement factor of about 4 has been measured for the output voltage of the sonic nanogenerator at f = 4.24 kHz, when it is embedded in the sonic array. Also, power enhancement factor of 7-fold has been achieved (P_out≈4 μW/m²), benefiting from the applied sonic cavity. The measured resonance frequency and enhancement factor are in acceptable agreement with the simulation results. The presented enhanced energy harvesting configuration proposes a compact and low cost structure, which allows parallel energy harvesting, and seems promising for realizing sonic harvesters.     

Two-coordinate diffusion of optical beams by an acoustooptic Raman-Nath modulator based on a paratellurite crystal

Acoustooptic Raman-Nath diffraction by a standing acoustic wave in a paratellurite crystal is investigated. An acoustic line is made in the form of a polished cube and serves as a high-Q acoustic resonator. A slow shear wave is excited by a single piezoelectric transducer. Multiple lossless sound reflections lead to two-coordinate light diffusion. When the acoustic intensity introduced into the crystal is about 2 W/cm² at a sound frequency of 7 MHz, there appears a diffraction pattern in the form of a homogeneous light spot with a solid angle of about 0.5 sr. An explanation for the features of the acoustooptic interaction is given. It is shown that this type of diffraction is helpful in designing acoustooptic two-coordinate diffusers of light beams.     

强声波作用下煤颗粒周围气体的振荡流动特性

根据二维非稳态层流的质量和动量守恒方程,研究强声波作用下煤颗粒周围气体的振荡流动特性.入射波的振幅远大于颗粒特征长度,声雷诺数小于20.根据通用微分方程的解,详细分析不同声雷诺数与斯特劳哈尔数下,颗粒壁面的流场分布、轴向压力梯度、切向应力及分离角的分布,发现在低频（~50 Hz）时,颗粒壁面轴向压力梯度、切向应力及流动分离角的分布主要受曲率效应影响,其变化规律与振荡速度的幅值变化相对应;在高频时（~5 000 Hz）,颗粒壁面轴向压力梯度、切向应力及流动分离角的分布同时受到曲率效应和流动加速度的影响.为进一步研究强声波强化煤颗粒燃烧提供理论基础.     

Experimental study for control of sound transmission through double glazed window using optimally tuned Helmholtz resonators

This paper presents an experimental investigation of passively control of sound transmission through a double glazed window by using arrangement of Helmholtz resonators (HRs), which are commonly used for narrow band control application. The laboratory experiments were performed placing the window between reverberation chamber and anechoic chamber. The window was subject to diffuse field, approximate normal wave and oblique wave acoustic excitations. Three sets of HRs were designed and installed in cavity of window. The sound control performances at far-field were measured. The control performances from varying the number of HRs, incident acoustic field, excitation sources (band-limited white noise and traffic noise examples) are presented and discussed in detail. It is shown that a considerable reduction of the transmitted sound pressure levels has been achieved around the mass–air–mass resonance frequency (50–120 Hz). The obtained reductions in the transmitted sound pressure illustrate the potentials of HRs for improving the sound insulation characteristics of double glazed window. The experimental results also indicate that only tuning the HRs to the mass–air–mass resonance frequency does not guarantee the best possible insulation of the sound transmission.